2012考研報(bào)道:考后首發(fā)2012年考研真題及答案解析
2012考研英語考前預(yù)測(cè)之閱讀理解1
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
Text 1
With the extension of democratic rights in the first half of the nineteenth century and the ensuing decline of the Federalist establishment, a new conception of education began to emerge. Education was no longer a confirmation of a pre-existing status, but an instrument in the acquisition of higher status. For a new generation of upwardly mobile students, the goal of education was not to prepare them to live comfortably in the world into which they had been born, but to teach them new virtues and skills that would propel them into a different and better world. Education became training; and the student was no longer the gentleman-in-waiting, but the journeyman apprentice for upward mobility.
In the nineteenth century a college education began to be seen as a way to get ahead in the world. The founding of the land-grant colleges opened the doors of higher education to poor but aspiring boys from non-Anglo-Saxon, working-class and lower-middle-class backgrounds. The myth of the poor boy who worked his way through college to success drew millions of poor boys to the new campuses. And with this shift, education became more vocational: its object was the acquisition of practical skills and useful information.
For the gentleman-in-waiting, virtue consisted above all in grace and style, in doing well what was appropriate to his position; education was merely a way of acquiring polish. And vice was manifested in gracelessness, awkwardness, in behaving inappropriately, discourteously, or ostentatiously. For the apprentice, however, virtue was evidenced in success through hard work. The requisite qualities of character were not grace or style, but drive, determination, and a sharp eye for opportunity. While casual liberality and even prodigality characterized the gentleman, frugality, thrift, and self-control came to distinguish the new apprentice. And while the gentleman did not aspire to a higher station because his station was already high, the apprentice was continually becoming, striving, struggling upward. Failure for the apprentice meant standing still, not rising.
1. Which of the following is true according to the first paragraph?
[A] Democratic ideas started with education.
[B] Federalists were opposed to education.
[C] New education helped confirm people’s social status.
[D] Old education had been in tune with hierarchical society.
2.The difference between “gentleman-in-waiting” and “journeyman” is that _____ .
[A] education trained gentleman-in-waiting to climb higher ladders
[B] journeyman was ready to take whatever was given to him
[C] gentleman-in-waiting belonged to a fixed and high social class
[D] journeyman could do practically nothing without education
3. According to the second paragraph, land-grant College _____.
[A] belonged to the land-owning class
[B] enlarged the scope of education
[C] was provided only to the poor
[D] benefited all but the upper class
4.Which of the following was the most important for a “gentleman-in-waiting”?
[A] Manners. [B] Education. [C] Moral. [D] Personality.
5. The best title for the passage is _____.
[A] Education and Progress
[B] Old and New Social Norms
[C] New Education: Opportunities for More
[D] Demerits of Hierarchical Society
答案
1.D 2.C 3.B 4.A 5.C
總體分析
本文是一篇介紹新的教育體制觀念的文章,其中敘述了該體制觀念的產(chǎn)生及其與舊教育體制的不同之處。考生閱讀時(shí)應(yīng)著重把握新舊兩種教育體制觀念的不同。
第一段:介紹隨著民主權(quán)利的擴(kuò)展以及聯(lián)邦制度的削弱,產(chǎn)生了一種新的教育體制觀念,并對(duì)該觀念進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)的說明。
第二段:指出19世紀(jì),由于國家提供土地的學(xué)校為更多的人提供了機(jī)會(huì),教育變得更職業(yè)化。
第三段:指出教育對(duì)于兩種不同社會(huì)階層的人即“等待的紳士”和“學(xué)徒”的不同意義。
試題精解
1.依據(jù)文章第一段內(nèi)容,下面哪個(gè)論述是正確的?
[A] 民主觀念以教育開始。
[B] 聯(lián)邦主義者反對(duì)教育。
[C] 新式教育幫助人們確立社會(huì)地位。
[D] 舊式教育與等級(jí)社會(huì)一致。
[精解]本題是推理引申題。文章第一段第一句指出,隨著19世紀(jì)上半葉民主權(quán)利的擴(kuò)展以及隨之而來的聯(lián)邦主義機(jī)構(gòu)的削弱,一種新的教育觀念出現(xiàn)了。接下來的內(nèi)容主要是圍繞這種新的教育觀念展開論述。從第一句話中可以得知,是民主權(quán)利的擴(kuò)展帶來了新的教育觀念的產(chǎn)生,[A]項(xiàng)顛倒了二者的先后順序,應(yīng)排除。文中提到“新”的教育觀念是在聯(lián)邦主義機(jī)構(gòu)削弱的情況下產(chǎn)生的。由此只能得出,新的教育觀念與聯(lián)邦主義有些沖突,并不能得出聯(lián)邦主義者反對(duì)整個(gè)教育即[B]項(xiàng)的結(jié)論。第二句作者指出,教育不再是對(duì)人們先前存在的地位的確定,而成了獲得更高地位的手段。[C]項(xiàng)與文意相悖,因此不正確。通過該句“不再”(no longer)可以推斷出,從前的教育可以確定人們的社會(huì)地位,因此[D]項(xiàng)為正確答案。
2.“等待的紳士”和“熟練工人”二者之間的不同之處在于_______。
[A] 教育訓(xùn)練那些“等待的紳士”爬上更高的階梯
[B] “熟練的工人”準(zhǔn)備著去接受所有給予他們的東西
[C] “等待的紳士”屬于確定的較高的社會(huì)階層
[D] 如果沒有教育,“熟練的工人”不能做任何實(shí)際的事情
[精解] 本題考查了具體的細(xì)節(jié)。解題的關(guān)鍵在于考生對(duì)文中關(guān)于兩類人的論述的把握。文章第一段末句提到,教育成了培訓(xùn),學(xué)生也不再是等在那里的紳士,而是要提升自己經(jīng)濟(jì)地位的熟練學(xué)徒。由此可知,“學(xué)徒”與“紳士”的不同就是,紳士不用將教育當(dāng)成工具去努力爭(zhēng)取社會(huì)地位,因此可以推測(cè)出紳士們屬于較高的社會(huì)階層。[C]為正確選項(xiàng)。文中提到教育訓(xùn)練學(xué)徒們而非紳士爬上更高的階梯,所以[A]項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤,[B]項(xiàng)和[D]項(xiàng)在文中沒有相關(guān)論述。
3.根據(jù)第二段,國家贈(zèng)與土地的學(xué)校_________。
[A] 屬于土地所有者階級(jí)
[B] 擴(kuò)大了教育的范圍
[C] 僅為窮人提供(教育)
[D] 使除了上層社會(huì)的人之外的所有的人受益
[精解] 本題考查了事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)。解此類題的關(guān)鍵是根據(jù)題干定位到原文。Land-grant College一詞出現(xiàn)在第二段第二句話:國家贈(zèng)予土地的學(xué)校的建立為那些來自非盎格魯·薩克遜血統(tǒng)、工人階級(jí)和中下層背景的貧窮但有抱負(fù)的男孩們敞開了享受高等教育的大門。由此可知,[B]項(xiàng)為正確答案。作者提到為窮人提供了更多的機(jī)會(huì),卻并沒有將上層人士排除在外,也未曾說明只有窮人才能從中獲益。因此[C]項(xiàng)和[D]項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。[A]項(xiàng)中土地所有者階級(jí)是由land-grant colleges一詞字面意思得來,文中沒有依據(jù)。
4.下述哪一項(xiàng)內(nèi)容對(duì)gentleman-in-waiting比較重要?
[A] 行為舉止。 [B] 教育。 [C] 道德。 [D] 個(gè)性。
[精解] 本題考查了事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)。文章第三段一開始,作者就提到,對(duì)于紳士們來說,美德首先包括了高雅和風(fēng)度,與其身份地位相符的行為方式,教育僅僅是學(xué)會(huì)高雅的一種方式而已。由此可見,在紳士們眼中,[A]項(xiàng)“行為舉止”是比較重要的。[B]項(xiàng)與原文不符,[C]項(xiàng)和[D]項(xiàng)在原文中沒有明顯的論述。
5.比較適合這篇文章的題目是______。
[A] 教育和進(jìn)步
[B] 新舊社會(huì)準(zhǔn)則
[C] 新式教育:為更多的人提供機(jī)會(huì)
[D] 等級(jí)社會(huì)的缺點(diǎn)
[精解] 本題考查了文章的主旨大意。考生需通篇把握全文,不應(yīng)將注意力放到某個(gè)事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)上。文章一開始就提到民主權(quán)利的延展和聯(lián)邦主義的削弱帶來了新教育制度的出現(xiàn)。接下來,作者主要介紹了這一新的教育觀念的內(nèi)涵,及其與舊式教育觀念的異同。并對(duì)新舊兩種教育體制下的學(xué)生進(jìn)行比較�?v覽全文可以推斷,文章主要講的是新的教育觀念,并未涉及教育的發(fā)展問題、社會(huì)準(zhǔn)則問題,所以[A]、[B]項(xiàng)都錯(cuò)誤。[D]項(xiàng)雖然在文中有所提及,但只是部分內(nèi)容,不能概括全文主旨。[C]項(xiàng)為比較佳答案。
核心詞匯或超綱詞匯
(1)extension(n.)延長,擴(kuò)充(的范圍);普及,推廣
(2)ensue(v.)隨之發(fā)生;追求[隨]
(3)confirmation(n.)證實(shí),確認(rèn),批準(zhǔn)
(4)upward(a./ad.)向上的(地);上升的(地);增長的(地);upwardly(ad.)在上面地,向上地
(5)mobile(a.)流動(dòng)的;易變的;(社會(huì)地位等)升降很大的
(6)apprentice(n./v.)(當(dāng))學(xué)徒;實(shí)習(xí)生
(7)polish(n.)磨光,光澤;優(yōu)雅,精良(v.)擦亮;推敲;使完美或完善
(8)ostentatious(a.)裝飾表面的;賣弄的,夸耀的;ostentate(v.)ostentation(n.)
(9)liberality(n.)慷慨,大方;寬大,磊落
全文翻譯
隨著19世紀(jì)上半葉民主權(quán)利的擴(kuò)展和接踵而至的聯(lián)邦體制的衰退,一種新的教育觀念開始浮現(xiàn)出來。教育不再是對(duì)先前存在的地位的確認(rèn),而成了獲得更高地位的工具。對(duì)于不斷進(jìn)步的新一代學(xué)生來說,教育的目標(biāo)不是培養(yǎng)他們?cè)谧约撼錾沫h(huán)境中舒適地生活,而是教給他們一些新的品德和技能,從而把他們推進(jìn)一個(gè)不同的更好的世界。教育變成了訓(xùn)練,學(xué)生也不再是“等待的紳士”,而成了一些尋求提高社會(huì)地位的職業(yè)學(xué)徒。
在19世紀(jì),大學(xué)教育開始被看成是躋身世界前列的一種手段。國家贈(zèng)予土地的大學(xué)為那些來自非盎格魯.薩克孫血統(tǒng),工人階級(jí)以及社會(huì)中下層的貧窮而有抱負(fù)的男孩們敞開了高等教育的大門。那些完成大學(xué)學(xué)業(yè)而獲得成功的窮孩子的神話驅(qū)使數(shù)百萬的窮人孩子涌入新的大學(xué)校園。隨著這種轉(zhuǎn)變,教育變得更加職業(yè)化:教育的目標(biāo)是獲取實(shí)用的技術(shù)和有用的信息。
對(duì)于那些準(zhǔn)紳士來說,美德首先包括高雅的風(fēng)度和作風(fēng),及符合自己身份地位的表現(xiàn);教育僅僅是達(dá)到優(yōu)雅的一種方式。而笨拙,粗俗,無禮,招搖等都是惡行的表現(xiàn)。而對(duì)于那些學(xué)徒來說,美德表現(xiàn)在通過努力獲得的成功中。人物必備的品質(zhì)不是優(yōu)雅風(fēng)度而是積極,決心和尋找機(jī)會(huì)的銳利的眼光。當(dāng)懶散的自由化及至揮霍浪費(fèi)成了紳士的特色時(shí),節(jié)儉,自制就成了新學(xué)徒的標(biāo)志。紳士的社會(huì)地位已經(jīng)很高,因此不再渴望更高的社會(huì)地位,而學(xué)徒卻一直努力地向上攀登。對(duì)于學(xué)徒來說,原地不動(dòng),沒有上升就意味著失敗。
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