九、羅馬人的建國(guó)

　　The success of Augustus owed much to the character of Roman theorizing about the state. The Romans did not produce ambitious blueprints1 the construction of idea__l__ states，such as__2__ to the Greeks. With very few exceptions，Roman theorists ignored，or rejected__3__ valueless，intellectual exercises like Plato‘s Republic，in__4__ the relationship of the individual to the state was__5__ out painstakingly without reference to__6__ states or individuals. The closest the Roman came to the Greek model was Cicero’s De Re Publica，and even here Cicero had Rome clearly in __7__. Roman thought about the state was concrete，even when it__8__ religious and moral concepts. The first ruler of Rome，Romulus，was__9__ to have received authority from the gods，specifically from Jupiter，the“guarantor”of Rome. All constitutional__10__was a method of conferring and administering the__11__. Very clearly it was believed that only the assembly of the__12__，the family heads who formed the original senate，__13__the religious character necessary to exercise authority，because its original function was to__14__the gods. Being practical as well as exclusive，the senators moved__15__to divide the authority，holding that their consuls，or chief officials，would possess it on__16__months，and later extending its possession to lower officials.__17__the important achievement was to create the idea of continuing__18__authority embodied only temporarily in certain upper-class individuals and conferred only__19__the mass of the people concurred. The system grew with enormous __20__，as new offices and assemblies were created and almost none discarded. 1.[A] with [B] for [C] in [D] to 2. [A] tempted [B] attracted [C] appealed [D] transferred 3. [A] on [B] for [C] as [D] about 4. [A] which [B] that [C] what [D] it 5. [A] turned [B] worked [C] brought [D] made 6. [A] special [B] specific [C] peculiar [D] particular 7. [A] existence [B] store [C] reality [D] mind 8. [A] abandoned [B] caught [C] separated [D] involved 9. [A] told [B] held [C] suggested [D] advised 10. [A] tendency [B] procedure [C] development [D] relation 11. [A] authority [B] power [C] control [D] ruling 12. [A] officers [B] men [C] administrators [D] fathers 13. [A] possessed [B] claimed [C] assured [D] enforced 14. [A] confirm [B] confer [C] consult [D] consider 15. [A] over [B] along [C] on [D] about 16. [A] alternate [B] different [C] varied [D] several 17. [A] And [B] So [C] Or [D] But 18. [A] state [B] country [C] people [D] national 19. [A] as [B] when [C] if [D] so 20. [A] dimension [B] complexity [C] exercise [D] function答案1. B 2. C 3. C 4. A 5. B 6. D 7.D 8.D 9. B 10. C 11. A 12. D 13.A 14.C 15. C 16. A 17. D 18. A 19. B 20. B

　　總體分析本文介紹了羅馬人有關(guān)國(guó)家建設(shè)的理論。第一句指出羅馬人有關(guān)國(guó)家形成的理論很有特點(diǎn)。第二句至第五句指出，羅馬人的理論與希臘人的大不相同，是非常具體的。第六句至文章結(jié)尾具體闡述了羅馬人關(guān)于國(guó)家權(quán)力的所有和分配形式。

　　全文翻譯奧古斯都（羅馬帝國(guó)第一代皇帝）的成功很大程度上歸功于羅馬人將國(guó)家理論化的特點(diǎn)。羅馬人沒(méi)有制定出讓希臘人感興趣的建設(shè)理想國(guó)家的宏偉藍(lán)圖。在柏拉圖的《理想國(guó)》中不涉及具體個(gè)人或國(guó)家的一種個(gè)人與國(guó)家之間的關(guān)系被詳細(xì)地設(shè)計(jì)出來(lái)，但羅馬理論家們幾乎無(wú)一例外地忽視或拒絕接受像《理想國(guó)》這樣的智力訓(xùn)練，認(rèn)為它們毫無(wú)價(jià)值。羅馬人比較接近希臘模式的是西塞羅的《論國(guó)家》，甚至在這本書(shū)中西塞羅的心中已經(jīng)對(duì)羅馬有了非常清楚的想法。即使涉及到宗教和道德概念，羅馬人關(guān)于國(guó)家的想法也是具體的。羅馬的第一位統(tǒng)治者羅穆盧斯被認(rèn)為從神，尤其是從羅馬的守護(hù)神宙斯那里獲得了權(quán)力。所有憲法的發(fā)展都是一種賦予和監(jiān)督這種權(quán)力的方法。很顯然，人們相信只有先父?jìng)兊牧⒎�機(jī)構(gòu)，即一家之主們組成的比較初的參議院，才擁有行使這種權(quán)力所必需的宗教特質(zhì)，因?yàn)樗�比較初的功能是尋求神的啟示。既實(shí)際又排外的參議員們將權(quán)力再進(jìn)一步分割，認(rèn)為他們的司法官或總管官員，將每隔一個(gè)月?lián)碛羞@項(xiàng)權(quán)力，并在之后將其擁有權(quán)擴(kuò)大到更低等級(jí)的官員。但是重要的成就是創(chuàng)造了持續(xù)的國(guó)家權(quán)力的概念，這種權(quán)力只是臨時(shí)體現(xiàn)在某些上層階級(jí)的個(gè)人身上，并且只有當(dāng)普通大眾一致同意的時(shí)候才被賦予。當(dāng)新的部門(mén)和立法機(jī)構(gòu)被創(chuàng)造出來(lái)并且?guī)缀鯖](méi)有任何一個(gè)被擯棄的時(shí)候，這個(gè)系統(tǒng)變得越來(lái)越復(fù)雜。