八、老齡化

　　Aging poses a serious challenge to OECD（Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development）countries，in particular，how to pay for future public pension liabilities. And early retirement places an__1__burden on pension financing. There is no easy solution，but__2__retirement could help. Early retirement may seem like a worthy individual goal，but it is a socially__3__one，and makes the present public pension system difficult to sustain for long. The__4__reason is that more people are retiring early and living longer. That means more retirees depending on the__5__of those in work for their income. The__6__is worrying. In the next 50 years，low fertility rates and__7__life expectancy in OECD countries will cause this old-age dependency rate to roughly double__8__size. Public pension payments，which afford 30-80% of total retirement incomes in OECD countries，are__9__to rise，on average，by over three percentage points in GDP and by as much as eight percentage points in some countries.__10__is the pressure on pension funds that there is a danger of today‘s workers not getting the pensions they expected or felt they__11__for. Action is needed，__12__simply aiming to reduce the__13__（and cost）of public pensions，or trying to__14__the role of privately funded pensions within the system，though necessary steps，may be__15__to deal with the dependency challenge. After years of__16__early retirement schemes to avoid__17__and higher unemployment，many governments are now looking__18__persuading people to stay in work until they are older. Surely，the thinking goes，if we are healthier now and jobs are physically less__19__and unemployment is down，then perhaps the__20__rate should rise anew. 1.[A] unsolvable [B] additional [C] unsustainable [D] undue 2.[A] delaying [B] retaining [C] detaining [D] hindering 3.[A] ultimate [B] unattainable [C] specific [D] expensive 4.[A] substantial [B] essential [C] potential [D] controversial 5.[A] donating [B] sponsoring [C] subsidizing [D] funding 6.[A] outlook [B] outcome [C] outbreak [D] outset 7.[A] prolonging [B] expanding [C] soaring [D] rising 8.[A] in [B] on [C] by [D] for 9.[A] conceived [B] reckoned [C] expected [D] meant 10.[A] As [B] Such [C] So [D] It 11.[A] should pay [B] paying [C] be paid [D] would pay 12.[A] but [B] for [C] and [D] thus 13.[A] multitude [B] implementation [C] application [D] generosity 14.[A] exaggerate [B] augment [C] magnify [D] multiply 15.[A] insufficient [B] influential [C] inefficient [D] intrinsic 16.[A] advancing [B] previous [C] ahead [D] preceding 17.[A] suspensions [B] abundances [C] redundancies [D] discrepancies 18.[A] for [B] to [C] about [D] at 19.[A] turbulent [B] strenuous [C] compact [D] intricate 20.[A] dependency [B] fertility [C] present [D] mortality答案1.C 2.A 3.D 4.B 5.D 6.A 7.D 8.A 9.C 10.B 11.C 12.A 13.D 14.B 15.A 16.A 17.C 18.D 19.B 20.C總體分析本文主要討論了老齡化給經(jīng)合組織國(guó)家現(xiàn)存養(yǎng)老體系帶來(lái)的挑戰(zhàn)。文章第一段指出老齡化給經(jīng)合組織國(guó)家?guī)��?lái)的挑戰(zhàn)，并提出推遲退休可能對(duì)解決該問(wèn)題有所幫助。第二段分析了早退休給養(yǎng)老體系帶來(lái)的問(wèn)題，即越來(lái)越多的人早退休而壽命延長(zhǎng)，隨著出生率的降低，就會(huì)有更多退休的人依靠更少工作的人來(lái)為他們養(yǎng)老，養(yǎng)老金在國(guó)家財(cái)政中所占的比例增加，成為無(wú)法承受的負(fù)擔(dān)。第三段探討了解決方法，指出僅僅減少公共養(yǎng)老金的數(shù)量，增加私有養(yǎng)老的比例是不夠的，許多政府在考慮說(shuō)服人們晚退休。

　　全文翻譯老齡化給經(jīng)合組織國(guó)家，尤其是在如何支付未來(lái)的公共養(yǎng)老金負(fù)債方面，帶來(lái)了嚴(yán)重的挑戰(zhàn)。早退休給退休金的融資帶來(lái)了難以承受的負(fù)擔(dān)。沒(méi)有什么簡(jiǎn)單的解決方案，但推遲退休（年齡）可能有所幫助。

　　早退休可能看起來(lái)是個(gè)值得追求的個(gè)人目標(biāo)，但對(duì)于社會(huì)來(lái)說(shuō)卻是昂貴的，它使當(dāng)前的公共養(yǎng)老金系統(tǒng)難以持久�；�本原因是更多的人退休早而壽命卻更長(zhǎng)。這意味著更多的退休人員要依賴在職者的資助作為收入。這一前景是令人擔(dān)憂的。未來(lái)50年，經(jīng)合組織國(guó)家的低出生率和預(yù)期壽命的增加將使這一老年依賴率提高大約一倍。占經(jīng)合組織國(guó)家全部退休收入30%-80%的公共退休金的支出，在國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值中的比例預(yù)期將平均增加超過(guò)三個(gè)百分點(diǎn)，而在有些國(guó)家甚至?xí)�增加八個(gè)百分點(diǎn)。養(yǎng)老基金的壓力如此之大以至于現(xiàn)在的工人有得不到他們預(yù)期或認(rèn)為應(yīng)該得到的養(yǎng)老金的危險(xiǎn)。

　　行動(dòng)是必需的，但僅僅試圖減少公共養(yǎng)老金的慷慨度或增加系統(tǒng)內(nèi)私有養(yǎng)老金的作用，盡管是必要的，但在應(yīng)對(duì)這種依賴挑戰(zhàn)方面仍是不夠的。前些年為了避免下崗及高失業(yè)，政府采取提前早退休的方案，而現(xiàn)在許多政府正考慮勸說(shuō)人們晚點(diǎn)退休。當(dāng)然，他們是這么想的，如果現(xiàn)在我們更加健康了、工作對(duì)體力的要求降低了、失業(yè)率也降低了，那么（工作）出席率可能也該重新上升了。