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2012年考研英語模擬測試題及參考答案一

來源:育路教育網(wǎng) 時間:2011-04-25 10:41:54

   Section Ⅰ Use of English

  Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

  There is growing interest in East Japan Railway Co. ltd., one of the six companies, created out of the privatized national railway system. In an industry lacking exciting growth__1__, its plan to use real-estate assets in and around train stations__2__is drawing interest. In a plan called “Station Renaissance” that it__3__in November, JR East said that it would__4__using its commercial spaces for shops and restaurants, extending them to__5__more suitable for the information age. It wants train stations as pick-up__6__for such goods as books, flowers and groceries__7__over the Internet. In a country where city__8__depend heavily on trains__9__commuting, about 16 million people a day go to its train stations anyway, the company __10__. So, picking up commodities at train stations__11__consumers extra travel and missed home deliveries. JR East already has been using its station__12__stores for this purpose, but it plans to create__13__spaces for the delivery of Internet goods. The company also plans to introduce __14__cards—known in Japan as IC cards because they use integrated circuit for__15__information__16__ train tickets and commuter passes__17__the magnetic ones used today, integrating them into a/an __18__pass. This will save the company money, because__19__for IC cards are much less expensive than magnetic systems. Increased use of IC cards should also__20__the space needed for ticket vending. 1.[A]perspectives [B]outlooks [C]prospects [D]spectacles 2.[A]creatively [B]originally [C]authentically [D]initially 3.[A]displayed [B]demonstrated [C]embarked [D]unveiled 4.[A]go beyond [B]set out [C]come around [D]spread over 5.[A]applications [B]enterprises [C]functions [D]performances 6.[A]districts [B]vicinities [C]resorts [D]locations 7.[A]acquired [B]purchased [C]presided [D]attained 8.[A]lodgers [B]tenants [C]dwellers [D]boarders 9.[A]for [B]in [C]of [D]as 10.[A]figures [B]exhibits [C]convinces [D]speculates 11.[A]deprives [B]retrieves [C]spares [D]exempts 12.[A]conjunction [B]convenience [C]department [D]ornament 13.[A]delegated [B]designated [C]devoted [D]dedicated 14.[A]clever [B]smart [C]ingenious [D]intelligent 15.[A]checking [B]gathering [C]holding [D]accommodating 16.[A]as [B]for [C]with [D]of 17.[A]but for [B]as well as [C]instead of [D]more than 18.[A]unique [B]single [C]unitary [D]only 19.[A]devices [B]instruments [C]readers [D]examiners 20.[A]reduce [B]narrow [C]dwarf [D]shrink

  答案

  1.C 2.A 3.D 4.A 5.C 6.D 7.B 8.C 9.A 10.A 11.C 12.B 13.D 14.B 15.C 16.A 17.C 18.B 19.C 20.A

  總體分析

  本文介紹了東日本鐵路公司引人關(guān)注的新計劃。文章第一段介紹說東日本鐵路公司創(chuàng)造性地利用車站內(nèi)部及周圍房地產(chǎn)的計劃正引起越來越多人的關(guān)注。第二段具體介紹了這一計劃的內(nèi)容及好處,即適應(yīng)信息時代的要求,把車站作為網(wǎng)上購物的物品收取地,這樣既為消費者提供了方便,又提高了遞送物品的安全性。第三段介紹了該公司引入智能卡代替目前使用的各種磁卡作車票的計劃及其優(yōu)點。

  試題精解

  1.[精解] 本題考查名詞的詞義辨析�?崭裉幪钊氲拿~與growth搭配,由上下文語義可知,此處表達的含義是“鐵路業(yè)沒有令人振奮的發(fā)展前景”,Prospect“景色,前景,期望”指的是possibility of advancement or success.所以[C]項正確。perspective做可數(shù)名詞時多指viewpoint(態(tài)度,觀點),如You have the wrong perspective on this situation(對于那個情勢的未來發(fā)展,你的看法是錯的)。outlook用作“前景”講時用單數(shù)形式,如the outlook for economic growth(經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的前景)。spectacle“景象,奇觀,場面,眼鏡”,如A quarrel between drunken women is an unpleasant spectacle(喝醉酒的女人吵架是個丑惡的場面)。

  2.[精解] 本題考查通過上下文選擇適當?shù)母痹~的能力�?崭裉幍母痹~修飾的動作是use real-estate assets in and around train stations(利用車站內(nèi)部及周圍的房地產(chǎn))。由上下文可知,該舉動是有創(chuàng)造性的,所以才會引起人們的關(guān)注,因此[A]項creatively“創(chuàng)造性地”正確。originally“比較初,原先 ,新穎地”,如The apartment was decorated quite originally(這套公寓裝飾的十分別致);authentically“確實地,真正地,逼真地”,其形容詞形式為authentic,如 DiMaggio was an authentic folk hero(迪馬喬是一位真正的民間英雄);initially“比較初,開頭”,如His response was initially adamant(他的反應(yīng)開始很強硬)。

  3.[精解] 本題考查動詞詞義的辨析。由語法知識可知,空格前的it指代的是主語JR East(東日本鐵路),所填動詞表示的是該公司對“Station Renaissance”這一計劃發(fā)出的動作。[C]項embarked“著手,從事”是不及物動詞,常用于embark on/upon sth.,如 He has embarked on a new career(他開始了一種新的職業(yè)生涯),embark on a new plan意為“著手一項新的計劃”。[A]項displayed指把物品展示給人們看, display a plan意為“展示一張設(shè)計圖”; [B]項demonstrated“示范,證明”與plan搭配,指通過具體演示來說明計劃的可行性,均不符合文意。[D]項unveiled“揭露,公布”正確,原文意為:東日本鐵路有限公司在11月份公布的“車站復興”計劃中說……。

  4.[精解] 本題考查動詞短語的辨析�?崭裉幪钊氲膭釉~短語與using its commercial spaces for shops and restaurants搭配,應(yīng)符合文意。首先[B]、[C]兩項的用法分別為set out to do sth.“打算、試圖做某事”,如He failed in what he had set out to do(他沒有做到自己原來想做的事);come around to sth.“平息,蘇醒,改變觀點、立場”,如It will take him a while to come around to the idea(他需要時間來接受這個觀點),可排除。[D]項指時間上的擴展,如The economic unrest spread over several years(經(jīng)濟的動蕩不安延續(xù)了數(shù)年之久),不符合文意。[A]項go beyond“不止,超出”與狀語extending them to呼應(yīng),意為“不僅把它的商業(yè)空地用于開商店和餐館,而且還……”。

  5.[精解] 本題考查名詞詞義的辨析�?崭裉幪钊氲拿~充當extending them to結(jié)構(gòu)中的介詞賓語,其中extend……to……意為“擴展……用于……”,them指上文中的its commercial spaces(東日本鐵路的商業(yè)空地)。因此,所填的名詞應(yīng)與前文一致,表達這些空地的用處或功能,應(yīng)與use的名詞形式usage屬同一范疇。 [A]、[C]項都有“使用”的意思,但application常與“科技成果、理論、法規(guī)”等搭配,強調(diào)它們的實際應(yīng)用,一般不與spaces搭配,如 The new invention would have a wide range of applications in industry(這項新發(fā)明會在工業(yè)上獲得廣泛應(yīng)用),[C]項functions“功能,作用”正確,即“還要把這些商業(yè)空地用于更加適應(yīng)信息時代的功能上”。enterprise“企業(yè),事業(yè),計劃”;performance“履行,執(zhí)行,性能”。

  6.[精解] 本題考查名詞詞義的辨析�?崭裉幪钊氲拿~作pick-up(物品收�。┬揎椀闹行拿~,說明東日本鐵路公司想把車站作為物品收取的什么。district指有一定特色的區(qū)域、地區(qū),如rural/mountainous/financial/theatre district;或行政區(qū)域,如election/school/postal district.vicinity“臨近地區(qū),附近”,常用單數(shù),如the inhabitants of the vicinity(附近地區(qū)的居民)。resort“旅游、度假勝地”,如seaside/beach/ski resort.Location泛指某個地點,與文中pick-up搭配,意為:物品收取地,符合文意。

  7.[精解] 本題考查動詞詞義的辨析。空格處填入的過去分詞與over the Internet搭配,作定語修飾such goods as books, flowers and groceries.由其中心語goods可知文章所講的是網(wǎng)上購物,所以[B]項purchase“買,購買”正確,即“東日本鐵路打算把車站作為網(wǎng)上所購物品的收取地”。[A]項acquire“獲得”,雖然也可以表示“購得”,如The company has just acquired new premises(公司剛購得新辦公樓),但它強調(diào)“得到”的結(jié)果,但該處顧客應(yīng)該還沒有得到貨物,所以不正確。 [C]preside常與over搭配,意為“主持,主管”,接的賓語為“會議、活動、事件、機構(gòu)”等,如preside over the meeting/the business.主持會議/主管業(yè)務(wù)。[D]項attain“達到,(經(jīng)過努力)獲得”也是強調(diào)“得到”,不正確。

  8.[精解] 本題考查名詞的辨析。由上下文可知,該處應(yīng)泛指城市人,所以[C]項city dwellers“城市居民”符合文意。 [A]項logers“寄宿者”,[B]項tenants“承租人,房客 ”,[D]項boarders“寄膳宿者,寄宿生”,都具體到以某種特殊方式居住的人,不合文意。

  9.[精解] 本題考查介詞的用法。depend on sb/sth for sth是習慣搭配,意為:依靠……來做……,符合文意,原文意為:都市人嚴重依賴列車作為上下班的交通工具。depend on sth as sth意為:依靠……作為……,但as后通常接名詞,如 We depended on E-mail as the only way of communication when she was abroad(她出國時我們依靠郵件作為惟一的通訊方式)。in“在……期間,從事于”,of“……的(表所屬)”。

  10.[精解] 本題考查動詞詞義的辨析。空格處填入的動詞作謂語,表明鐵路公司對about 16 million people a day go to its train stations anyway(無論如何,每天大約一千六百萬人來到它的車站)發(fā)出的動作。參考選項,該句所述內(nèi)容應(yīng)是該公司“計算或估計”的,[A]項figures正確。[B]項exhibits意為“展示(物品)”,與上下文文意不符。[C]項convinces“使確信,使信服”,后面接人,如We convinced Anne(我們說服了安妮),如果要接事,應(yīng)改為is convinced.[D]項speculates指“沒有確切證據(jù)的推測、估計”,在這里不符合文意;11.[精解] 本題考查動詞詞義的辨析�?崭裉幪钊氲膭釉~與consumers extra travel and missed home deliveries搭配。所填動詞首先要能接雙賓語,即使用sb. sth.的結(jié)構(gòu),其次搭配后的含義要符合文意。[A]項“剝奪,使喪失”的搭配為deprive sb. of sth.,如deprived him of sleep(使他不能入睡);[B]項“重新得到,找回,挽回”的搭配是retrieve sth. from sb.如retrieve my bag from him(從他那找回我的包);[D]項“免除,豁免”的搭配為exempt sb from sth.,如exempt him from military service(免服兵役)。只有[C]項的搭配為spare sb. (from)sth.,意為“使某人免于做某事”,如spare his mother any anxiety(不讓母親有絲毫的擔憂),原文意為:在車站收取物品使消費者節(jié)省了路途而且也不像往家里遞送那樣容易丟失。

  12.[精解] 本題考查習慣搭配。[A]項conjunction不與store搭配,它常指“(引起某種結(jié)果的事物等的)結(jié)合”,如The conjunction of low inflation and low employment came as a very pleasant surprise(低通貨膨脹和低失業(yè)率的同時出現(xiàn)是一個大驚喜)�?忌灰纳x, “連鎖店”是chain store.convenience store指“便利店”,department store “百貨店”,ornament store指“飾品店”,根據(jù)常識,車站里面比較普遍的是各式各樣的便利店,所以[B]項符合文意。

  13.[精解] 本題考查形近詞的辨析。本題表面上是填入合適的過去分詞做定語,實際上是辨析四個核心動詞的用法。[A]項delegate搭配事物時意為“授權(quán),委任,委托”,如delegate a task /power(委托任務(wù)/授權(quán)),因此它不與spaces搭配。[B]項designated spaces意為“指定的場地”,但與上文的create搭配后語義重復。[C]項devoted“投入的,深愛的”,表感情色彩,顯然不符文意。[D]項dedicated與spaces搭配表示“專用的空間/場地”。

  14.[精解] 本題考查形容詞的辨析及固定用法。[B]項smart card 是固定搭配,意為:(內(nèi)有集成電路可儲存記憶的)智能卡。四個選項都可含有“聰明的”含義,但當修飾事物時,[A]項“機敏的,巧妙的”,強調(diào)“用智慧或小聰明達到目的”,如a clever reply(機敏的回答),play a clever trick(耍一個巧妙的花招);[C]項指“(機器等)制作精巧的” 或“(方法等)巧妙的”,如an ingenious toy(制作精巧的玩具),an ingenious idea/lie(巧妙的主意/謊言);[D]項Intelligent指“(計算機部件工作性能)智能的”,如an intelligent terminal (智能終端,即具有處理信息能力的終端)。

  15.[精解] 本題考查動詞詞義的辨析。題目要求填入一個動名詞與information搭配,說明集成電路在IC 卡中的作用。IC卡,即智能卡,內(nèi)部的集成電路是儲存信息的,所以[C]項holding“容納,儲存,準備著”正確。check information“核對信息”, gather information“收集信息”,accommodate information“整理信息”,都不符合文意。

  16.[精解] 本題考查介詞的用法。解題難點在于理清空格所在句子的結(jié)構(gòu),該句子的主干為the company plans to introduce cards…… __16__ train tickets and commuter passes,所填介詞與introduce搭配,[A]項as表方式,符合文意,introduce sth as sth(引入……作為……),原文意為“引入智能卡作為車票和定期券”。for表目的、用途,Introduce sth for sth意為“為……而引入、提出……”,如introduce a topic for discussion(提出議題供討論);with表伴隨 ,introduce sth with sth意為“把……作為……的開頭,用……引出……”,如introduce a talk with an anecdote(說一則軼聞作為講話的引子),均不符合文意。of表所屬,不直接跟introduce搭配。

  17.[精解] 本題考查句內(nèi)邏輯關(guān)系�?崭裉幪钊氲慕樵~短語連接smart cards as train tickets and commuter passes(作為車票和定期券的智能卡)和the magnetic ones used today(現(xiàn)在使用的磁卡)。由于兩者是同一性質(zhì)的物質(zhì),因此排除表假設(shè)邏輯關(guān)系的[A]項but for“要不是”。此外,根據(jù)下文可知用智能卡比現(xiàn)在使用的磁卡系統(tǒng)成本要低,因此引用智能卡的目的是使它取代磁卡作車票和定期券,因此[C]instead of項“代替,而不是……”正確。[B]as well as項“也,又,和”表并列,[D]more than項“比……多”表比較。

  18.[精解] 本題考查形容詞的詞義辨析。填入的形容詞修飾pass.原文意為:把多種形式的票和券合為一張智能卡,[B]項“單一的,專一的”,有把不同的東西統(tǒng)一標準或合為一體的意思,如a single scale of wages(單一工資等級),是正確選項。[A]項“獨一無二的,獨特的”,強調(diào)獨特性,意為being the only one of its kind,如the unique human ability(人類獨有的能力);[C]項“整體的,統(tǒng)一的,不可分的”,強調(diào)完整性,指relating to or existing as a single unit,如 a unitary policy of government(政府的統(tǒng)一政策);[D]項“惟一的,單獨的”,強調(diào)某種情況下的惟一性,指there is one person, thing, or group in a particular situation and no others,如I was the only one who disagreed(我是惟一一個持不同意見的人)。

  19.[精解] 本題考查名詞詞義的辨析�?崭裉钊氲拿~與for IC cards 搭配,與magnetic systems(磁系統(tǒng))作比較。首先排除[D]項examiners“主考者,檢查人”,因為人和系統(tǒng)之間無法比較價格高低。[A]項“裝置,設(shè)備”、[B]項“工具,手段”的用法為device/instrument for doing sth,如a device for opening bottles(一個打開瓶子的裝置);an instrument for writing(書寫工具)。所以[C]項readers正確,意為:IC卡或智能卡的讀卡機。

  20.[精解] 本題考查動詞詞義的辨析。填入的動詞,表達Increased use of IC cards(對IC卡使用的增加)對 the space needed for ticket vending (售票需要的空間)的影響。根據(jù)上文可知道,IC卡的使用替代了傳統(tǒng)的車票和定期券,因此空格所在句子的含義是:IC卡使用的增加減少了售票所占的空間。關(guān)鍵看四個選項哪個與space搭配,符合文意。[A]項reduce“減少,縮小”,用法較為廣泛,除表示數(shù)量、大小、價格等的減少外,還可以接表抽象含義的詞,如reduce the risk of detection(減少被發(fā)現(xiàn)的危險),原文意為:對IC卡使用的增加將會減少售票占用的空間。[B]項narrow“使變狹窄,使縮小”與space搭配,指“使空間變得狹小”,有“擁擠”的含義;[C]項dwarf指“(通過與大的事物比較)使顯得小”,而實際大小沒有改變,如Most professional basketball players dwarf other men(大多數(shù)職業(yè)籃球運動員使別人顯得矮�。唬跠]項shrink意為“使事物本身縮小或萎縮”,如shrink the markets for the exports(使出口市場萎縮),均不符合文意。

  全文翻譯

  通過國家鐵路系統(tǒng)的私有化創(chuàng)建起來的六大公司之一的東日本鐵路有限公司,正吸引著越來越多人的目光。在一個發(fā)展前景不振的行業(yè),它創(chuàng)造性地利用車站內(nèi)部及周圍的房地產(chǎn)的計劃正引起人們的關(guān)注。

  東日本鐵路在11月份公布的“車站復興”計劃中說:它將不僅把它的商業(yè)空地用于開商店和餐館,而且還要把這些商業(yè)空地用于更加適應(yīng)信息時代的功能上去。它打算把車站作為網(wǎng)上所購物品如書籍、花卉和日用百貨等的收取地。該公司估算,在一個都市人嚴重依賴列車作為上下班交通工具的國度里,每天大約有1600萬人因各種原因來到它的車站。因此,在車站收取物品使消費者節(jié)省了路途而且也不像往家里遞送那樣容易丟失。東日本鐵路已經(jīng)開始把車站的便利店用于這一目的,但它打算為網(wǎng)上貨物的遞送創(chuàng)立專門的空間。

  該公司還打算引入智能卡(在日本稱為IC卡,因為它們利用集成電路儲存信息)取代目前使用的磁卡作為車票和定期券,把各種不同的票券合為一體。這將為公司節(jié)省資金,因為IC卡的讀卡機比磁系統(tǒng)要便宜的多。IC卡使用的增加還將會減少售票所占用的空間。

  Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension

  Part A Directions:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)

  Text 1“I‘ve never met a human worth cloning,” says cloning expert Mark Westhusin from the cramped confines of his lab at Texas A&M University. “It’s a stupid endeavor.” That‘s an interesting choice of adjective, coming from a man who has spent millions of dollars trying to clone a 13-year-old dog named Missy. So far, he and his team have not succeeded, though they have cloned two calves and expect to clone a cat soon. They just might succeed in cloning Missy later this year—or perhaps not for another five years. It seems the reproductive system of man’s best friend is one of the mysteries of modern science. Westhusin‘s experience with cloning animals leaves him vexed by all this talk of human cloning. In three years of work on the Missyplicity project, using hundreds upon hundreds of canine eggs, the A&M team has produced only a dozen or so embryos carrying Missy’s DNA. None have survived the transfer to a surrogate mother. The wastage of eggs and the many spontaneously aborted fetuses may be acceptable when you‘re dealing with cats or bulls, he argues, but not with humans. “Cloning is incredibly inefficient, and also dangerous,” he says. Even so, dog cloning is a commercial opportunity, with a nice research payoff. Ever since Dolly the sheep was cloned in 1997, Westhusin’s phone at A&M College of Veterinary Medicine has been ringing busily. Cost is no obstacle for customers like Missy‘s mysterious owner, who wishes to remain unknown to protect his privacy. He’s plopped down $3.7 million so far to fund the research because he wants a twin to carry on Missy‘s fine qualities after she dies. But he knows her clone may not have her temperament. In a statement of purpose, Missy’s owners and the A&M team say they are “both looking forward to studying the ways that her clone differs from Missy.”

  The fate of the dog samples will depend on Westhusin‘s work. He knows that even if he gets a dog viably pregnant, the offspring, should they survive, will face the problems shown at birth by other cloned animals: abnormalities like immature lungs and heart and weight problems. “Why would you ever want to clone humans,” Westhusin asks, “when we’re not even close to getting it worked out in animals yet?”

  1. Which of the following best represents Mr. Westhusin‘s attitude toward cloning?

 �。跘] Animal cloning is a stupid attempt.[B] Human cloning is not yet close to getting it worked out.[C] Cloning is too inefficient and should be stopped.[D] Animals cloning yes, and human cloning at least not now. 2. The Missyplicity project does not seem very successful probably because _____.[A] there isn‘t enough fund to support the research[B] cloning dogs is more complicated than cloning cats and bulls[C] Mr. Westhusin is too busy taking care of the business[D] the owner is asking for an exact copy of his pet 3. When Mr. Westhusin says “…… cloning is dangerous,” he implies that _____.[A] lab technicians may be affected by chemicals[B] cats and dogs in the lab may die of diseases[C] experiments may waste lots of lives[D] cloned animals could outlive the natural ones 4. We can infer from the third paragraph that _____.[A] rich people are more interested in cloning humans than animals[B] cloning of animal pets is becoming a prosperous industry[C] there is no distinction between a cloned and a natural dog[D] Missy’s master pays a lot in a hope to revive the dog 5. We may conclude from the text that _____.[A] human cloning will not succeed unless the technique is more efficient[B] scientists are optimistic about cloning technique[C] many people are against the idea of human cloning[D] cloned animals are more favored by owners even if they are weaker

  答案

  1. D 2.B 3.C 4.B 5.A

  總體分析

  本文是一篇討論克隆動物和克隆人實驗的文章。

  第一段:引用專家的話指出克隆人是愚蠢的嘗試,接著提到正在進行的克隆動物的實驗,指出狗的克隆比較具有難度。

  第二段:介紹動物克隆實驗所反映出來的低效性使威斯蘇森教授反對克隆人。

  第三段:轉(zhuǎn)折指出,但是克隆狗存在巨大的商機。

  第四段:指出克隆動物還遠沒有成功,并再次引用專家的話否認目前克隆人的可行性。

  試題精解

  1.下面哪一個比較能代表威斯蘇森先生對克隆的態(tài)度?

 �。跘] 克隆動物是一種愚蠢的嘗試。

 �。跙] 克隆人還沒有接近成功。

 �。跜] 克隆的效率太低,應(yīng)該被禁止。

 �。跠] 克隆動物可以,克隆人至少現(xiàn)在還不行。

  [精解] 本題考查考生文中人物觀點。文中多次引用了威斯蘇森先生有關(guān)克隆的話,從中我們可以判斷出他的態(tài)度。[A]中a stupid attempt出現(xiàn)在文章開始部分,是他對于克隆人而非克隆動物的看法。[B]中not yet close to getting it worked out出現(xiàn)在文章末句,是他對待動物實驗的看法,不包括克隆人。事實上,克隆人還沒有開始,談不上是否接近成功。第二段末句,威斯蘇森先生提到克隆是極其低效的,但沒有提出因此就應(yīng)該被禁止。因此,[C]部分錯誤。第二段倒數(shù)第二句,威斯蘇森先生提出,動物實驗中對動物卵的浪費以及動物的自然性流產(chǎn)還可以接受,但研究人就不行�?梢姡S克隆動物,反對克隆人,因此[D]正確。

  2. 克隆密斯項目似乎不是非常成功,原因可能是_____.[A] 沒有足夠的資金支持這項研究[B] 克隆狗比克隆貓或牛更復雜[C] 威斯蘇森先生太忙于照料生意[D] 狗的主人要求和他的寵物一模一樣的復制品[精解] 本題考查事實細節(jié)。第一段倒數(shù)第二句指出,克隆密斯可能成功也可能失敗。該段比較后一句解釋其原因是:狗的生殖系統(tǒng)似乎是現(xiàn)代科學中一個神秘的領(lǐng)域。因此[B]為正確項。

  第三段首句提到,克隆狗是一個商機,能帶來豐厚的科研報酬。該段第三句又提到,對于像密斯的主人這樣的消費者來說,高額的花銷并不是什么障礙。由此可知,[A]不是項目不成功的原因。[C]屬于無中生有項,第三段第二句只提到,多利羊克隆成功后,威斯蘇森教授接到很多希望克隆狗的電話,這些電話都潛藏商機。但不能由此推知他忙于商業(yè)活動。第三段比較后兩句提到,密斯的主人知道,密斯的克隆體不一定能有與它一樣的脾氣秉性。在一份用途聲明中,密斯的主人和農(nóng)業(yè)機械大學的團隊表示,他們“共同期待能研究密斯的克隆體與它本身的差異之處。”可見[D]也不是原因。

  3. 當威斯蘇森先生說“克隆是危險的”,他的意思是______.[A] 實驗室的技術(shù)員可能會受到化學物質(zhì)的感染[B] 實驗室里的貓和狗可能死于疾�。跜] 實驗會浪費很多生命[D] 克隆的動物比一般的動物能活得更長[精解] 本題考查句意的理解。題干引用的話出現(xiàn)在第二段末。其上文即該段倒數(shù)第二句中,威斯蘇森先生指出,在貓或牛的克隆試驗中,對動物卵的浪費以及許多動物的自然性流產(chǎn)都可以接受,但是克隆人就不行。因此可知,[C]是“危險”的真正含義。其他項文中都未提及。

  4. 從第三段我們可以推知______.[A] 富人對克隆人比對克隆動物更感興趣[B] 克隆動物寵物正成為一個欣欣向榮的產(chǎn)業(yè)[C] 克隆狗和一般的狗之間沒有什么區(qū)別[D] 密斯的主人出重金希望狗能復活[精解] 本題考查推理引申。第三段首句提到,克隆狗是能帶來豐厚科研報酬的商機。下文無論是提到動醫(yī)學院頻繁接到的電話,還是舉出一擲千金想克隆愛犬的富人的例子都是為了說明首句的觀點。因此從第三段可推出的結(jié)論是[B]。

  該段主要涉及的是克隆狗,因此無從推知[A];從該段比較后兩句可知,[C]與事實相反;[D]錯在revive,由該段第四句可知,密斯的主人只是想要一個密斯的孿生子在它死后繼承其優(yōu)良品質(zhì)。

  5. 從文章中我們可以得知________.[A] 除非技術(shù)效率提高否則克隆人類不會成功[B] 科學家們對克隆技術(shù)持樂觀態(tài)度[C] 許多人反對克隆人的想法[D] 克隆的動物即使弱小也更受主人青睞[精解] 本題考查全局事實細節(jié)題。文章一開始就引用專家威斯蘇森的話,指出克隆人是愚蠢的嘗試。第二段比較后兩句提到,克隆實驗的低效性和危險性在克隆人中不可接受。文章末尾再次引用該專家的話,指出現(xiàn)在動物的研究還沒成功,沒有必要想到克隆人。由此可見,技術(shù)是克隆實驗存在的主要問題,也是阻礙克隆人實驗的重要原因,因此可推知[A]正確。[B]明顯錯誤,科學家并不樂觀。全文只涉及專家和擁護克隆實驗的人的觀點,因此無從推知[C]。[D]在文中未提及。

  核心詞匯或超綱詞匯

 �。�1)cramped(a.) 狹窄的,狹小的,如working in ~ conditions(在擁擠的環(huán)境里工作)

 �。�2)confines(n. pl.)范圍,界限,邊界,如the ~ of human knowledge(人類的知識范圍),the ~ of family life(家庭生活的范圍)

 �。�3)vexed (a.) 焦急的,為難的,惱怒的(4)Missyplicity(n.)這是個臨時造的詞,是三個部分的合成:Missy指文中提到的那條狗密斯,duplicate意為“復制”,-ity為名詞后綴。

 �。�5)canine (a.) 犬的,犬科的(6)surrogate mother代理母體(7)aborted (a.) 流產(chǎn)的;出故障的(8)fetus (n.) 胎,胎兒(9)veterinary (a.)獸醫(yī)的,~ medicine/science獸醫(yī)學(10)plop(v.)撲通一聲把……放下,如Can you ~ some ice in my drink?(能在我的飲料中放點冰塊嗎?)(文中是比喻用法,指“投入資金”)

  (11)viably (ad.) 可實施地,切實可行地;能獨立生存地,能獨立發(fā)展地(12)abnormality (n.)變態(tài),畸形,異常

  全文翻譯

  “我還沒有遇到一個值得被克隆的人,” 克隆專家馬克。威斯蘇森在德克薩斯州農(nóng)業(yè)機械大學空間狹小的實驗室里說,“那是一種愚蠢的嘗試。”這種風趣的用來形容克隆人的言辭來自一位富人,他花費數(shù)百萬美金試圖克隆一只13歲的名叫密斯的狗。到目前為止,他和他的團隊還沒有獲得成功,盡管他們已經(jīng)克隆出了兩只牛并且正計劃在短期內(nèi)克隆出一只貓。他們可能會在年底成功克隆出密斯,也可能再過五年都不會成功。人類比較親密的朋友——狗的生殖系統(tǒng)似乎是現(xiàn)代科學中一個神秘的領(lǐng)域。

  威斯蘇森克隆動物的經(jīng)驗使他對克隆人的種種說法十分惱火。在研究“克隆密斯項目”的三年時間里,農(nóng)業(yè)機械大學的團隊使用了成百上千只犬科動物的卵,卻僅僅獲得了一打左右的帶有密斯DNA的胚胎,并且沒有一個在被轉(zhuǎn)移至克隆母體時存活下來。教授爭辯道,在研究貓或牛的克隆試驗中,對動物卵的浪費以及許多動物的自然性流產(chǎn)都是可以為人們所接受的,但是對于研究人來說就不行。他表示說,“克隆是十分低效的,而且也相當危險。”

  盡管如此,克隆狗仍是一個商機,能帶來豐厚的科研報酬。自從1997年多利羊克隆成功后,威斯蘇森教授在農(nóng)業(yè)機械大學動醫(yī)學院的電話就頻頻響起。對于像密斯的神秘主人這樣的消費者來說,高額的花銷并不是什么難題,他只是希望匿名以保護自己的隱私。到目前為止,他已經(jīng)投入了370萬美金來資助這項研究,因為他想要一個密斯的孿生子在它死后繼承其優(yōu)良品質(zhì)。但是這位主人知道,密斯的克隆體不一定能有與它一樣的脾氣秉性。在一份用途聲明中,密斯的主人和農(nóng)業(yè)機械大學的團隊表示,他們“共同期待能研究密斯的克隆體與它本身的差異之處。”

  用于實驗的狗的命運將由威斯蘇森教授的工作來決定。他知道即使有一只能成功懷孕的狗,它的后代,如果能幸存下來,一出生就要面對其他克隆動物所面臨的問題:像肺部和心臟發(fā)育不全造成的畸形以及體重問題等等。威斯蘇森教授質(zhì)問道,“在我們克隆動物的研究還沒有接近成功時,為什么還想到要克隆人呢?”

  Text 2

  For more than two decades, U.S. courts have been limiting affirmative-action programs in universities and other areas. The legal rationale is that racial preferences are unconstitutional, even those intended to compensate for racism or intolerance. For many colleges, this means students can be admitted only on merit, not on their race or ethnicity. It has been a divisive issue across the U.S., as educators blame the prolonged reaction to affirmative-action for declines in minority admissions. Meanwhile, activists continue to battle race preferences in courts from Michigan to North Carolina. Now, chief executives of about two dozen companies have decided to plunge headfirst into this politically unsettled debate. They, together with 36 universities and 7 nonprofitable organizations, formed a forum that set forth an action plan essentially designed to help colleges circumvent court-imposed restrictions on affirmative action. The CEOs‘ motive: “Our audience is growing more diverse, so the communities we serve benefit if our employees are racially and ethnically diverse as well”, says one CEO of a compang that owns nine television stations. Among the steps the forum is pushing: finding creative yet legal ways to boost minority enrollment through new admissions policies; promoting admissions decisions that look at more than test scores; and encouraging universities to step up their minority outreach and financial aid. And to counter accusations by critics to challenge these tactics in court, the group says it will give legal assistance to colleges sued for trying them. “Diversity diminished by the court must be made up for in other legitimate, legal ways,” says, a forum member. One of the more controversial methods advocated is the so-called 10% rule. The idea is for public universities—which educate three-quarters of all U.S. undergraduates—to admit students who are in the top 10% of their high school graduating class. Doing so allows colleges to take minorities who excel in average urban schools, even if they wouldn’t have made the cut under the current statewide ranking many universities use. 1. U.S. court restrictions on affirmative action signifies that______.[A]minorities no longer hold the once favored status[B]the quality of American colleges has improved[C]racial preferences has replaced racial prejudice[D]the minority is on an equal footing with the majority 2. What has been a divisive issue across the United States?

  [A]Whether affirmative action should continue to exist.[B]Whether this law is helping minorities or the white majority.[C]Whether racism exists in American college admission.[D]Whether racial intolerance should be punished. 3. CEOs of big companies decided to help colleges enroll more minority students because they_____.[A]think it wrong to deprive the minorities of their rights to receive education[B]want to conserve the fine characteristics of American nation[C]want a workforce that reflects the diversity of their customers[D]think it their duty to help develop education of the country 4. The major tactic the forum uses is to_____.[A]battle the racial preferences in court[B]support colleges involved in lawsuits of racism[C]strive to settle this political debate nationwide[D]find legally viable ways to ensure minority admissions 5. If the 10% rule is applied, ______.[A]the best white high school students can get into colleges[B]public universities can get excellent students[C]students from poor rural families can go to colleges[D]good minority students can get into public universities

  答案

  1. A 2.B 3.C 4.D 5.D

  總體分析

  本文介紹了美國法院對平等權(quán)利法案實施的限制以及社會相關(guān)方面應(yīng)對這種情況所作出的努力。

  第一段:介紹了美國法院對大學中平等權(quán)利法案實施的限制及其帶來的不利影響。

  第二段:指出多家公司與大學組成了反對這種限制的論壇及其原因。

  第三段:介紹論壇推行的具體策略。

  第四段:介紹論壇主張在公立大學中實施的10%規(guī)則的內(nèi)容及其意義。

  試題精解

  1.美國法院對平等權(quán)利法案的限制意味著________.[A]少數(shù)民族不再擁有受優(yōu)待的地位[B]美國大學的質(zhì)量有所提高[C]種族照顧取代了種族歧視[D]少數(shù)民族與多數(shù)民族是平等的[精解] 本題考查推理引申。第一段首句提到美國法院對平等權(quán)利法案的限制。第二句指出其理論依據(jù)是種族照顧政策是違反憲法的。第三句指出這種做法意味著對學生的錄取不再考慮其種族或民族背景。由此可推知,[A]是該做法的潛在含義。[B]文中未提,[C]明顯錯誤,因為該舉動恰恰是反對種族照顧政策。[D]表面上看似乎有點道理,但根據(jù)第一段的論述可知,“平等”并不是本文主要涉及的內(nèi)容。

  2. 在整個美國范圍內(nèi)引起爭議的事情是什么?

 �。跘]平等權(quán)利法案是否應(yīng)該繼續(xù)存在。

 �。跙]這項法律是在幫助少數(shù)民族還是白人多數(shù)民族。

 �。跜]美國大學招生中是否存在種族歧視。

 �。跠]種族不容忍行為是否應(yīng)該受到懲罰。

  [精解] 本題考查句意理解。第一段第四句提到,“這在整個美國范圍內(nèi)引起了爭議”,注意句中it指的是上文提到的“限制平等權(quán)利法案的做法”。該句中as引導的原因狀語從句解釋了引起爭議的原因,即,教育者們認為它造成了少數(shù)民族錄取率的降低。因此引起爭議的是限制平等權(quán)利法案的影響,排除[A]。[B]雖然與文中論述不完全一樣,但它其實就等于說“這種做法到底是有利于哪一方”,因此是正確項。第一段主要論述的是“種族照顧政策”,不是“種族歧視”或“不容忍行為”,排除[C]和[D]。

  3. 大公司的執(zhí)行總裁們決定幫助大學招收更多的少數(shù)民族學生,是因為他們______.[A]認為剝奪少數(shù)民族接受教育的權(quán)利是錯誤的[B]想要保存美國民族的優(yōu)良品質(zhì)[C]想要其勞動群體能夠反映客戶的多元化[D]認為幫助發(fā)展國家的教育是他們的職責[精解] 本題考查推理引申。根據(jù)題干定位到第二段。該段比較后一句通過引用一位電視公司總裁的話解釋了原因:我們的觀眾越來越多元化,所以如果員工來自不同的種族和民族,那么我們服務(wù)的機構(gòu)將會受益。由此可推知,[C]為正確項。其他項均未提及。

  4. 論壇使用的主要策略是_____.[A]與法庭上的種族照顧政策作斗爭[B]支持牽涉到種族歧視訴訟的大學[C]努力解決這場全國性的政治爭論[D]找到合法的途徑來保證少數(shù)民族學生的錄�。劬猓� 本題考查事實細節(jié)。論壇推行的策略在第三段第一句提到。其中第一種是找到通過新的錄取政策增加少數(shù)民族錄取人數(shù)的有創(chuàng)意且合法的辦法。[D]符合這種策略,為正確項。[A]與論壇的宗旨相悖,因為論壇是要維護平等權(quán)利法案和少數(shù)民族利益的。[B]錯在racism,第三段后半部分提到,論壇將援助那些由于嘗試他們提出的策略而被起訴的大學。第二段首句只提到,一些公司總裁決定帶頭加入這場政治上很爭議的辯論之中。因此,[C]“解決爭論”無從推知。

  5. 如果實施10%規(guī)則,那么_______.[A]比較好的白人高中生能上大學[B]公立大學就能招到優(yōu)秀的學生。

 �。跜]來自貧困農(nóng)村家庭的學生就能上大學[D]優(yōu)秀的少數(shù)民族學生就能進入公立大學[精解] 本題考查事實細節(jié)。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞the 10% rule定位到第四段。該段提到,該規(guī)則將使公立大學錄取在高中畢業(yè)班排名前10%的學生。這種方法也使公立大學能招收到一般城市學校中名列前茅的少數(shù)民族學生。因此[D]正確。[A]和[B]本身表述并沒有錯,但都是泛泛而談,沒有具體提到“公立大學”或“少數(shù)民族學生”。[C]在文中根本沒有涉及。

  核心詞匯或超綱詞匯

 �。�1)rationale (n.)基本原理,根本原因,如I do not understand the ~ behind the decision to sell the warehouse.(我不明白在出售倉庫的決定后面有什么原由。)

 �。�2)divisive(a.)區(qū)分的,分裂的,有分歧的;divide(v.)

 �。�3)set forth公布,宣布,提出(4)plunge in/into sth.(用力地)投入,跳進;熱情投入,貿(mào)然行動(5)statewide(a.)全州范圍的

  全文翻譯

  二十多年來,美國法院一直在限制大學及其他領(lǐng)域里平等權(quán)利法案(又稱:肯定性行動法案)的實施。其法律依據(jù)是,種族照顧政策,甚至是那些打算對種族歧視或不容忍行為進行補償?shù)恼叨际沁`反憲法的。對于很多大學來說,這意味著對學生只能被擇優(yōu)錄取,而不考慮他們的種族或民族背景。這是在整個美國范圍內(nèi)引起爭議的事情,因為教育者們指責說,對平等權(quán)利法案的這種長期的反對態(tài)度造成了少數(shù)民族錄取率的下降。與此同時,一些積極分子在密西根州到北卡羅來那州的各個法庭上繼續(xù)竭力反對種族照顧政策。

  如今,約24家公司的行政總裁已經(jīng)決定帶頭加入這場政治上很具爭議的辯論之中。他們和36所大學以及7家非贏利機構(gòu)一起組成了一個論壇,該論壇宣布了一項主要為幫助大學逃避法庭對平等權(quán)利法案強加的限制的行動計劃。這些總裁的理由正如一位擁有九家電視臺的公司總裁所說:“我們的觀眾越來越多元化,所以如果我們的員工來自不同的種族和民族,那么我們服務(wù)的機構(gòu)將會受益。”

  論壇推行的步驟如下:找到通過新的錄取政策增加少數(shù)民族錄取人數(shù)的有創(chuàng)意且合法的辦法;提倡不僅僅取決于考試分數(shù)的錄取原則;鼓勵大學推進少數(shù)民族擴招政策及經(jīng)濟援助政策。為了反擊評論家們在法庭上質(zhì)疑這些策略的非難,這個組織聲稱它將給予那些由于嘗試這些策略而被起訴的大學以法律援助。一位論壇成員說,“由于法庭造成的多樣性的減少必須通過其他正當合法的手段予以補償。”

  他們所主張的一項更具爭議性的辦法是所謂的10%規(guī)則。這項辦法將用在培養(yǎng)了美國四分之三的大學畢業(yè)生的公立大學中,這些大學將錄取在高中畢業(yè)班排名前10%的學生。即使在現(xiàn)行的全州范圍的排名制度下,很多大學并不會減少招收的人數(shù),但這種方法可以使大學招收到一般城市學校中名列前茅的少數(shù)民族學生。

  Text 3

  Positive surprises from government reports on retail sales, industrial production, and housing in the past few months are leading economists to revise their real gross domestic product (GDP) forecasts upward supporting the notion that the recession ended in December or January. Bear in mind: This recovery won‘t have the vitality normally associated with an upturn. Economists now expect real GDP growth of about 1.5 in the first quarter. That’s better than the 0.4 the consensus projected in December, but much of the additional growth will come from a slower pace of inventory drawdowns, not from surging demand. Moreover, the economy won‘t grow fast enough to help the labor markets much. The only good news there is that jobless claims have fallen back from their spike after September 11 and that their current level suggests the pace of layoffs is easing. The recovery also does not mean the Federal Reserve will raise interest rates soon. The January price indexes show that inflation remains tame. Consequently, the Fed can take its time shifting monetary policy from extreme accommodation to relative neutrality. Perhaps the best news from the latest economic reports was the January data on industrial production. Total output fell only 0.1, its best showing since July. Factory output was flat, also the best performance in six months. Those numbers may not sound encouraging, but manufacturers have been in recession since late 2000. The data suggest that the factory sector is finding a bottom from which to start its recovery. Production of consumer goods, for instance, is almost back up to where it was a year ago. That’s because consumer demand for motor vehicles and other goods and the housing industry remained healthy during the recession, and they are still growing in early 2002. Besides, both the monthly homebuilding starts number and the housing market index for the past two months are running above the averages for all of 2001, suggesting that home-building is off to a good start and probably won‘t be big drag on GDP growth this year. Equally important to the outlook is how the solid housing market will help demand for home-related goods and services. Traditionally, consumers buy the bulk of their furniture, electronics, and textiles within a year of purchasing their homes. Thus, spending on such items will do well this year, even as car sales slip now that incentives are less attractive. Look for the output of consumer goods to top year-ago level in coming months. Even the business equipment sector seems to have bottomed out. Its output rose 0.4% in January, led by a 0.6% jump computer gear. A pickup in orders for capital goods in the fourth quarter suggests that production will keep increasing—although at a relaxed pace—in coming months. 1. American economists are surprised to see that______.[A]they have to revise the GDP forecasts so often[B]their government is announcing the end of a recession[C]US economy is showing some signs of an upturn[D]GDP growth reflects stronger domestic demand 2. The most encouraging fact about the US economy is that_____ .[A]employment rates have risen faster than expected[B]the Federal Reserve will raise interest rates soon[C]industrial production is reaching its lowest point[D]some economic sectors have become leading industries 3. Of which of the following did the author provide a guardedly optimistic view?

 �。跘]GDP growth. [B]The number of layoffs.[C]Price indexes. [D]Output of consumer goods. 4. Which of the following is the guarantee of a better future for US economy?

  [A]Motor vehicles. [B]Housing market.[C]Business equipment. [D]Computer gear. 5. Which of the following best summarizes the U. S. economic situation today?

 �。跘]American economists are painting a gloomy picture.[B]It is slowly warming up with moderate growth.[C]Recession may come back anytime in the coming months.[D]Most sectors are picking up at a surprisingly fast pace.

  答案

  1.C 2.C 3.A 4.B 5.B

  總體分析

  本文是一篇介紹美國經(jīng)濟復蘇的文章。全文以經(jīng)濟學家將對國民生產(chǎn)總值的預(yù)測上調(diào)為引子,對美國經(jīng)濟形勢進行了分析。

  第一段:指出政府報告帶來的意外驚喜使經(jīng)濟學家對國民生產(chǎn)總值的預(yù)測上調(diào)。

  第二段至第四段:作者通過對GDP的增長原因、經(jīng)濟對勞動市場的影響、美聯(lián)儲提高利率的措施進行分析,指出目前經(jīng)濟形勢不容過分樂觀,因為它并沒有飛速發(fā)展。

  第五段至第九段:作者通過介紹各個部門生產(chǎn)的發(fā)展,指出經(jīng)濟已經(jīng)在緩慢復蘇。

  試題精解

  1.美國經(jīng)濟學家很驚訝地發(fā)現(xiàn)______.[A]他們不得不頻繁地修改生產(chǎn)預(yù)測[B]政府在宣告經(jīng)濟衰退期的結(jié)束[C]美國經(jīng)濟顯示出好轉(zhuǎn)的跡象[D]國民生產(chǎn)總值的增長反應(yīng)了國內(nèi)需求的增強[精解] 這是一道涉及對第一、二段理解的事實細節(jié)題。第一段是一句話段落,其主干結(jié)構(gòu)是positive surprises…lead economists to… supporting the notion that…。該段提到政府報告帶來的意外驚喜使經(jīng)濟學家將對國民生產(chǎn)總值的預(yù)測上調(diào),從而支持了經(jīng)濟衰退期已在12月或1月終止的觀點。由一段中的“意外驚喜”和“經(jīng)濟學家上調(diào)國民生產(chǎn)總值預(yù)測的舉措”可知讓他們吃驚的是經(jīng)濟狀況好轉(zhuǎn)的跡象,即[C]項為正確答案。

  第一、二段只提到經(jīng)濟學家對GDP預(yù)期的一次調(diào)整,無法推出他們頻繁地修改。排除[A]項。由第一段可知,政府只報導了各個領(lǐng)域經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的好勢頭,而未宣布經(jīng)濟衰退期的終止。排除[B]項。第二段末句but轉(zhuǎn)折后提到,但是(GDP)增長部分主要是因為存貨提用的速度減緩,而不是需求的增長(surging demand),由此排除[D]項。

  2.美國經(jīng)濟方面比較激勵人心的事實是_____.[A]就業(yè)率的上升已經(jīng)比預(yù)期的要快[B]美聯(lián)儲很快將提高利率[C]工業(yè)生產(chǎn)正在達到比較低點[D]一些經(jīng)濟部門已經(jīng)成為主導產(chǎn)業(yè)[精解] 本題考查了多處事實細節(jié)。第三段第二句提到,惟一的好消息是申請失業(yè)保險金人數(shù)在9.11事件后達到的高峰期開始回落,現(xiàn)在的水平表明失業(yè)的速度(the pace of layoffs)有所緩和(easing)。該句表明失業(yè)者還在增加,只是增加的速度低于先前。因此,[A]項與文意相反。[B]項與第四段首句“經(jīng)濟復蘇并不意味著美聯(lián)儲將很快提高利率”含義相反。第五段首句是段落主題句:比較近的經(jīng)濟報道中比較好的消息來自1月份工業(yè)生產(chǎn)的數(shù)據(jù)。末句對主題予以說明:數(shù)據(jù)表明工業(yè)生產(chǎn)部門的產(chǎn)量正在達到底線,復蘇即將開始。[C]項是對該句的改寫,是正確選項。文中雖然提到很多經(jīng)濟部門,但沒有比較誰是主導產(chǎn)業(yè),排除[D]項。

  3.作者對什么方面持有相對保守的樂觀態(tài)度?

 �。跘]國民生產(chǎn)總值的增長。 [B]失業(yè)人數(shù)。

 �。跜]價格指數(shù)。 [D]消費品的產(chǎn)量。

 �。劬猓� 本題實際考查了多處事實細節(jié)。第二段提到,GDP雖然有所增長,但其增長大多因為存貨提用的速度減緩,而不是需求的增長。而且該段首句也提到:這次經(jīng)濟復蘇不具有通常經(jīng)濟好轉(zhuǎn)所具有的活力。因此作者對GDP的增長是持保守態(tài)度的。

  [B]項在第三段提到,即申請失業(yè)保險金人數(shù)的下降表明失業(yè)的速度有所緩和。[C]項在第四段第二句中出現(xiàn),即1月的價格指數(shù)表明通貨膨脹仍然很緩和(remained tame)。[D]項在第六段至第九段都有所涉及。因此作者對這三個方面抱有的是很明確的樂觀態(tài)度。

  4.下面哪一個是美國經(jīng)濟更好未來的保障?

 �。跘]汽車 [B]房產(chǎn)市場 [C]辦公設(shè)備 [D]電腦設(shè)備[精解] 本題考查了第六段至第九段的事實細節(jié)。這四個段落提到了備選項中四個經(jīng)濟生產(chǎn)部門。第六段提到,消費品的生產(chǎn)幾乎回到了一年前的水平,因為對汽車及其他物品的消費需求以及房屋產(chǎn)業(yè)在經(jīng)濟衰退期間都保持了健康發(fā)展。第七段提到,過去兩個月的月住宅建筑和房產(chǎn)市場相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)都在整個2001年的平均數(shù)以上。這表明住宅建筑有了好的開始,可能不會成為今年GDP增長的累贅。第八段提到,穩(wěn)固的房產(chǎn)市場可以刺激對房屋相關(guān)物品和服務(wù)的需求,如家具、電子產(chǎn)品和紡織品。期望消費商品的產(chǎn)量在未來的月份里超越年前的水平。第九段提到,甚至辦公設(shè)備部門的生產(chǎn)似乎都要降至比較低點。它的產(chǎn)量因電腦設(shè)備0.6%的漲幅在1月上升了0.4%.概括而言,汽車是消費者需求的對象,辦公設(shè)備和電腦設(shè)備的產(chǎn)量只是小幅度的增長,只有房產(chǎn)市場不僅呈現(xiàn)良好發(fā)展勢頭,而且還帶動其他生產(chǎn)領(lǐng)域的發(fā)展。因此[B]項正確。

  5.下面哪一個比較好的概括了美國當前的經(jīng)濟形勢?

 �。跘]美國經(jīng)濟學家正在描繪一幅令人沮喪的景象。

  [B]經(jīng)濟在溫和的增長中熱身。

  [C]衰退可能在未來幾個月中的任何時候重現(xiàn)。

  [D]大部分部門都在以驚人的速度加快發(fā)展。

 �。劬猓� 這是一道涉及對全文主旨理解的考題。綜合全文,作者對美國經(jīng)濟進行了客觀、全面的分析。從第二至四段的內(nèi)容可知,作者對GDP的增長原因、經(jīng)濟對勞動市場的影響、美聯(lián)儲提高利率的措施都持有謹慎的樂觀態(tài)度。但是作者也指出失業(yè)的速度有所緩和(三段末),美聯(lián)儲的貨幣政策相對中性化(四段末),工業(yè)生產(chǎn)部門的產(chǎn)量正在達到底線,復蘇即將開始(第五段),辦公設(shè)備部門將以比較緩和的速度繼續(xù)增長(第九段末)。因此[B]項恰當?shù)馗爬嗣绹慕?jīng)濟形勢。

  文章開篇就提到,政府報告帶來的意外驚喜使經(jīng)濟學家對國民生產(chǎn)總值的預(yù)測上調(diào)。排除[A]項。首段提到,有觀點認為經(jīng)濟衰退期已在12月或1月終止。但下文只描述了經(jīng)濟的復蘇趨勢,因此[C]項不符合。[D]項錯在surprisingly fast pace,文中大量出現(xiàn)表示“適中、溫和”含義的關(guān)鍵詞,如tame,neutrality,relaxed pace等,表明經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展速度是緩慢的。

  核心詞匯或超綱詞匯

 �。�1)recession(n.)撤回,退回;不景氣,工商業(yè)衰退期(2)upturn(n.)好轉(zhuǎn);副詞+動詞=復合名詞,如:output結(jié)果overthrow推翻upkeep保養(yǎng)(3)consensus(n.)一致同意;輿論(4)inventory(n.)存貨;詳細目錄(5)drawdown(n.)水位降低;耗盡;動詞+副詞=復合名詞,如:lookout留心layoff臨時解雇(6)spike(n.)長釘;曲線的尖頭部分,峰值(v.)用大釘釘;阻止,挫�。�7)The bulk of大部分,大半(8)incentive(n.)刺激,鼓勵;動機(a.)起刺激或鼓勵作用的;incent(v.)刺激;激勵

  全文翻譯

  過去幾個月里政府有關(guān)零售、工業(yè)生產(chǎn)和和房產(chǎn)的報告帶來的意外驚喜使經(jīng)濟學家對國民生產(chǎn)總值(GDP)的預(yù)測上調(diào),從而支持了經(jīng)濟衰退期已在12月或1月終止的觀點。

  記�。哼@次經(jīng)濟復蘇不具有通常經(jīng)濟好轉(zhuǎn)所具有的活力。經(jīng)濟學家現(xiàn)在預(yù)計第一季度里真正的GDP增長率約為1.5%.這比11月一致估計的0.4%要好,但是GDP增長大多是因為存貨提用的速度減緩,而不是需求的增長。

  而且,經(jīng)濟的增長沒有快到可以很大程度上改善勞動力市場。惟一的好消息是申請失業(yè)保險金人數(shù)在9.11事件后達到的高峰期開始回落,現(xiàn)在的水平表明失業(yè)的速度有所緩和。

  經(jīng)濟復蘇并不意味著美聯(lián)儲將很快提高利率。1月的價格指數(shù)表明通貨膨脹仍然很緩和。這樣,美聯(lián)儲可以從容不迫地將貨幣政策從極度寬松轉(zhuǎn)向相對中性化。

  比較近的經(jīng)濟報道中比較好的消息也許來自1月份工業(yè)生產(chǎn)的數(shù)據(jù)。整個的生產(chǎn)量只下降了0.1%,是自7月以來比較好的表現(xiàn)。工廠生產(chǎn)量平穩(wěn),也是六個月中比較好的表現(xiàn)。這些數(shù)據(jù)也許聽起來并不讓人興奮,但生產(chǎn)業(yè)自2000年后期一直處于衰退之中。這些數(shù)據(jù)表明工業(yè)生產(chǎn)部門的產(chǎn)量正在達到底線,復蘇即將開始。

  比如,消費品的生產(chǎn)幾乎回到了一年前的水平。這是因為對汽車及其他物品的消費需求以及房屋產(chǎn)業(yè)在經(jīng)濟衰退期間都保持了健康發(fā)展,而且在2002年初仍然在增長。

  此外,過去兩個月中每月房屋建造和房產(chǎn)市場指數(shù)都在整個2001年的平均數(shù)以上。這表明房屋建造有了好的開始,可能不會成為今年GDP增長的累贅。

  對于經(jīng)濟前景同樣重要的是穩(wěn)固的房產(chǎn)市場將有利于刺激對房屋相關(guān)物品和服務(wù)的需求。傳統(tǒng)消費者在置家后的一年內(nèi)會購買大部分家具、電子產(chǎn)品和紡織品。因此,今年在這些物品上的消費將看好。甚至現(xiàn)在當汽車銷售下滑時,這些商品刺激也沒有失去吸引力。期望消費商品的產(chǎn)量在未來的月份里超越年前的水平。

  甚至辦公設(shè)備部門的生產(chǎn)似乎也要降至比較低點。它的產(chǎn)量因電腦設(shè)備0.6%的漲幅在1月上升了0.4%.第四季度里資本物品訂購的上升表明未來的月份里生產(chǎn)的速度雖然緩慢但仍將繼續(xù)上升。

  Text 4

  Timothy Berners-Lee might be giving Bill Gates a run for the money, but he passed up his shot at fabulous wealth—intentionally—in 1990. That‘s when he decided not to patent the technology used to create the most important software innovation in the final decade of the 20th century: the World Wide Web. Berners-Lee wanted to make the world a richer place, not a mass personal wealth. So he gave his brainchild to us all. Berners-Lee regards today’s Web as a rebellious adolescent that can never fulfill his original expectations. By 2005, he hopes to begin replacing it with the Semantic Web—a smart network that will finally understand human languages and make computers virtually as easy to work with as other humans. As envisioned by Berners-Lee, the new Web would understand not only the meaning of words and concepts but also the logical relationships among them. That has awesome potential. Most knowledge is built on two pillars: semantics and mathematics. In number-crunching, computers already outclass people. Machines that are equally adroit at dealing with language and reason won‘t just help people uncover new insights; they could blaze new trails on their own. Even with a fairly crude version of this future Web, mining online repositories for nuggets of knowledge would no longer force people to wade through screen after screen of extraneous data. Instead, computers would dispatch intelligent agents, or software messengers, to explore Web sites by the thousands and logically sift out just what’s relevant. That alone would provide a major boost in productivity at work and at home. But there‘s far more. Software agents could also take on many routine business chores, such as helping manufacturers find and negotiate with lowest-cost parts suppliers and handling help-desk questions. The Semantic Web would also be a bottomless trove of eureka insights. Most inventions and scientific breakthroughs, including today’s Web, spring from novel combinations of existing knowledge. The Semantic Web would make it possible to evaluate more combinations overnight than a person could juggle in a lifetime. Sure scientists and other people can post ideas on the Web today for others to read. But with machines doing the reading and translating technical terms, related ideas from millions of Web pages could be distilled and summarized. That will lift the ability to assess and integrate information to new heights. The Semantic Web, Berners-Lee predicts, will help more people become more intuitive as well as more analytical. It will foster global collaborations among people with diverse cultural perspectives, so we have a better chance of finding the right solutions to the really big issues—like the environment and climate warming. 1. Had he liked, Berners-Lee could have _____.[A]created the most important innovation in the 1990s[B]accumulated as much personal wealth as Bill Gates[C]patented the technology of Microsoft software[D]given his brainchild to us all 2. The Semantic Web will be superior to today‘s web in that it _____.[A]surpasses people in processing numbers[B]fulfills user’s original expectations[C]deals with language and reason as well as number[D]responds like a rebellious adult 3. To search for any information needed on tomorrow‘s Web, one only has to _____.[A]wade through screen after screen of extraneous data[B]ask the Web to dispatch some messenger to his door[C]use smart software programs called “agents”

 �。跠]explore Web sites by the thousands and pick out what‘s relevant 4. Thanks to the Web of the future, _____.[A]millions of web pages can be translated overnight[B]one can find most inventions and breakthroughs online[C]software manufacturers can lower the cost of computer parts[D]scientists using different specialty terms can collaborate much better 5. The most appropriate title for this text is.[A]Differences bet,ween Two Webs[B]The Humanization of Computer Software[C]A New Solution to World Problems[D]The Creator and His Next Creation

  答案

  1. B 2.C 3.C 4.D 5.D

  總體分析

  本文是一篇介紹著名網(wǎng)絡(luò)科學家伯納斯。李及其發(fā)明創(chuàng)造的文章。文章先以伯納斯。李對萬維網(wǎng)的貢獻及態(tài)度為例,贊揚了他的偉大人格,而后又詳細介紹了伯納斯。李的下一個研究目標——語義萬維網(wǎng)——的優(yōu)點及將給人們帶來的好處。

  第一段:講述了20世紀90年代,伯納斯。李主動放棄自己積累個人財富的機會,把用來發(fā)明萬維網(wǎng)的技術(shù)與世界分享的例子,表明了他的偉大人格。

  第二段:通過指出伯納斯。李對當今網(wǎng)絡(luò)的不滿,引入他的新研究項目——語義萬維網(wǎng)。

  第三、四、五段:通過新舊對比的方式,介紹了語義萬維網(wǎng)的優(yōu)點及將給人們帶來的好處。第三段介紹新的網(wǎng)絡(luò)不止能處理數(shù)字,還能理解人類的語言和推理。第四段介紹了查詢信息時新網(wǎng)絡(luò)的快捷方便。第五段指出軟件代理商可以幫人們處理很多常規(guī)事物,還可以整合歸納大量相關(guān)信息,促進不同文化背景的人之間的交流,促進新的發(fā)明創(chuàng)造,提高人們解決問題的能力。

  試題精解

  1.如果伯納斯。李愿意的話,他原本可能已經(jīng)____.[A]在20世紀90年代創(chuàng)造比較重要的發(fā)明[B]積累了像比爾。蓋茨一樣多的個人資產(chǎn)[C]申請了微軟軟件技術(shù)的專利權(quán)[D]把他的創(chuàng)意給了我們所有的人[精解] 本題考查考生根據(jù)上下文進行推理的能力。文章一開始就提到,“伯納斯。李原本可以在財富上與比爾。蓋茨一比高低,但是1990年他主動放棄了獲得巨額財富的機會。give sb a (good) run for their money”不讓……輕易取勝,與……進行激烈竟爭“,pass up ”放棄,不要(機會等)“。第一段倒數(shù)第二句又接著提到,”他想讓世界變得更加富有,而不是積累個人財富,所以他把互聯(lián)網(wǎng)這個他個人智慧的結(jié)晶無償給了我們“。由此我們可以推出[B]項表述了他有能力卻不愿意做的事情。

  文章第一段中間部分說到:伯納斯。李決定不為用來創(chuàng)造20世紀90年代比較重要的軟件發(fā)明(萬維網(wǎng))的技術(shù)申請專利。[A]、[C]項是對文意的曲解。[D]項在首段末句提到,是伯納斯。李已經(jīng)做到的事情。

  2.語義萬維網(wǎng)將比今天的網(wǎng)絡(luò)優(yōu)越,因為它____.[A]在處理數(shù)據(jù)方面超越人類[B]達到使用者的比較初期望[C]既處理數(shù)據(jù)也處理語言和推理[D]反應(yīng)得像個反叛的成年人[精解] 本題考查事實細節(jié)。由文章的第三段首句可知:新的萬維網(wǎng)將不止能理解詞語和概念的意思,還能理解它們之間的邏輯關(guān)系。[C]項的language對應(yīng)原文中的the meaning of words and concepts, reason對應(yīng)the logic relationships among them,因此是正確項。

  第三段第四句提到:現(xiàn)在的計算機(即今天的網(wǎng)絡(luò))在處理數(shù)據(jù)方面已超過了人類,因此[A]項不是語義萬維網(wǎng)比現(xiàn)在網(wǎng)絡(luò)優(yōu)越的理由。第二段首句提到伯納斯。李認為今天的網(wǎng)絡(luò)像一個反叛的青少年,永遠達不到他(發(fā)明者)比較初的期望。[B]、[D]項替換詞匯為“使用者”和“成年人”,是對該句的歪曲引申。

  3.在未來的網(wǎng)絡(luò)中搜索任何需要的信息,一個人只須_____.[A]在一屏一屏的無關(guān)信息中艱難搜索[B]讓網(wǎng)絡(luò)派遣某個使者到他的門前[C]使用叫“代理商”的智能軟件程序[D]查詢上千個網(wǎng)站,然后找出相關(guān)信息[精解] 本題考查事實細節(jié)�?捎门懦āN恼碌谒亩翁岬�,“即使使用未來網(wǎng)絡(luò)的一個很原始版本,在巨大的網(wǎng)絡(luò)資源庫中尋找所需信息時,人們也不必在一屏一屏的無關(guān)信息中艱難搜索了。相反,電腦將派出智能代理商或軟件使者(代替你)查詢上千個網(wǎng)站,并按邏輯濾出相關(guān)信息。”[A]、[D]項是在未來網(wǎng)絡(luò)中人不用做的,與題目要求不符。[B]項是對文章望文生義,本身錯誤。只有[C]項正確,第四段中所述未來網(wǎng)絡(luò)的優(yōu)勢,都是你使用它的智能程序這個前提下的結(jié)果。

  4.多虧了未來的網(wǎng)絡(luò)____.[A]上百萬的網(wǎng)頁可在一夜之間翻譯出來[B]人們可以在網(wǎng)上找到很多發(fā)明和突破[C]軟件制造商可降低電腦配件的成本[D]使用不同專業(yè)術(shù)語的科學家們可以更好地合作[精解] 本題考查事實細節(jié)題。題干要求選出未來網(wǎng)絡(luò)帶來的好處。第五段比較后三句提到:語義萬維網(wǎng)可以閱讀并翻譯專業(yè)術(shù)語,從上百萬的網(wǎng)站提取總結(jié)相關(guān)信息;促進全球不同文化背景的人之間的合作。[D]項scientists是不同文化背景的人的一個特例,所以是正確項。

 �。跘]項錯誤,因為該段第四句提到overnight時,是說語義萬維網(wǎng)可以在一夜之間比一個人一輩子評估的知識的聯(lián)合還要多,而不是翻譯網(wǎng)頁。[B]項的內(nèi)容是現(xiàn)在的網(wǎng)絡(luò)就能做到的,不能作為未來網(wǎng)絡(luò)的好處。[C]項文章沒有提及,文中只是說到軟件代理商能幫助制造商找到成本比較低的零件供應(yīng)商,并和他們洽談。

  5.這篇文章比較合適的標題是______.[A]兩種網(wǎng)絡(luò)的區(qū)別[B]電腦軟件的人格化[C]全球問題的新解決方案[D]發(fā)明者和他的下一個發(fā)明[精解]本題通過選標題的形式考查了文章的主旨。文章主要介紹了著名科學家伯納斯。李以及他將要研究出的語義萬維網(wǎng),所以[D]項正確。在分析中,為了說明將來的網(wǎng)絡(luò),把它和現(xiàn)在的萬維網(wǎng)進行了比較,但這僅僅是為了更好說明語義萬維網(wǎng)的優(yōu)點。所以不選[A]項。[B]項是未來萬維網(wǎng)的一個目標,只是文章所述內(nèi)容的一個方面,不能作為文章主旨。[C]項在文章比較后點到,也不是主旨。

  核心詞匯或超綱詞匯

 �。�1)shot(n.)機會;努力;試圖a fair ~ at the part in the play出演劇中角色的公平的機會(2)fabulous(a.)神話般的;驚人的,難以置信的,巨大的(3)mass(a.)大規(guī)模的,集中的;群眾的(n.)質(zhì)量;群眾;大量(v.)聚集(4)brainchild(n.)腦力勞動成果(指計劃、發(fā)明等)

 �。�5)rebellious(a.)反叛的;難于對付的;rebel(v.)造反(者);反叛(者);rebellion(n.)叛亂;反抗,不服從(6)adolescent(n.)青少年(a.)青春期的(7)envision(v.)想象,預(yù)想(8)awesome(a.)引起敬畏的,可怕的(9)crunch(v.)嘎扎嘎扎的咬嚼;處理(數(shù)字或數(shù)學數(shù)據(jù))

 �。�10)outclass(v.)遠高于;遠勝過;out-為前綴,意為“超出”,如outlive比……長命outgo走得比……遠或快,優(yōu)于(11)adroit(a.)熟練的;靈巧的be ~ in/at善于(12)blaze(v.)燃燒,照耀;領(lǐng)導,開拓~ a trail/path/way闖出新路,開辟路徑(13)repository(n.)n. 倉庫,貯藏室;知識庫;智囊團(14)nugget(n.)貴金屬塊(尤指天然金塊);有價值的小東西或想法a useful ~ of information一條有用的寶貴信息(15)trove(n.)被發(fā)現(xiàn)或收藏的東西(16)eureka在希臘語里的意思是“我找到了”或“我發(fā)現(xiàn)了”,這個詞借入英語是紀念阿基米德在洗澡時發(fā)現(xiàn)浮力定律,現(xiàn)在一般指“因發(fā)現(xiàn)某物或某問題的答案而高心”

  全文翻譯

  伯納斯。李本可以與比爾。蓋茨在財富上一較高低,但是他在1990年(主動)放棄了取得巨額財富的機會。當時伯納斯。李決定不為那項用來創(chuàng)造20世紀90年代比較重要的軟件發(fā)明——萬維網(wǎng)——的技術(shù)申請專利。伯納斯。李想使全世界更加富有,而不是個人的巨額財富。因此,他把自己的創(chuàng)意給了我們所有的人。

  伯納斯。李認為今天的網(wǎng)絡(luò)像一個反叛的青少年,永遠達不到他比較初的期望。到2005年,他希望開始用語義萬維網(wǎng)取而代之,這是一種將比較終理解人類語言并使電腦在事實上像其他人類一樣容易合作的智能網(wǎng)絡(luò)。

  據(jù)伯納斯。李設(shè)想,新的萬維網(wǎng)將不止能理解詞語和概念的意思還能理解它們之間的邏輯關(guān)系。它的潛能是可怕的。多數(shù)知識都建立在兩大支柱之上:語義學和數(shù)學。在處理數(shù)字方面,電腦已超過了人類。在處理語言和邏輯方面同樣熟練的機器將不止幫助人們洞察到新的知識,還可能為它們自己開辟新的道路。

  即使使用未來網(wǎng)絡(luò)的一個很粗糙的版本,人們在網(wǎng)上知識的寶庫中淘金時,也不必再艱難地翻閱一屏又一屏的無關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)了。相反,電腦將派出智能代理商或軟件使者(代替你)去查詢數(shù)以千計的網(wǎng)站,并按邏輯選出相關(guān)信息。只這一點就會給工作和家庭中的生產(chǎn)力帶來巨大的推動。但是還遠不止這些。

  軟件代理商還能承擔許多日常商務(wù),如幫助制造商找到價格比較低的零件供應(yīng)商,并與其談判、幫助解決問訊臺的問題。語義萬維網(wǎng)也會是新發(fā)現(xiàn)的無底寶庫。多數(shù)發(fā)明和科學突破,包括今天的萬維網(wǎng),都來自已有知識的新組合。語義萬維網(wǎng)將可以在一夜之間比一個人一輩子評估的知識的組合還要多。當然,今天科學家和其他人能夠把想法貼到萬維網(wǎng)上供別人閱讀。但有了可以閱讀和翻譯專用術(shù)語的機器,成百萬的網(wǎng)頁上的相關(guān)信息就可以得到分析和總結(jié)。這將把評定和整合信息的能力提高到新的水平。伯納斯。李預(yù)言,語義萬維網(wǎng)“將幫助更多的人更加有直覺和分析能力。它將促進不同文化背景的人之間的全球性合作,因此我們有更好的機會找到那些真正的大問題的正確解決方案,如環(huán)境和氣候變暖問題。”

  Part B Directions:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the lish A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices that do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

  The making of weathervanes (devices fixed on the top of buildings to show directions of the wind) is an ancient skill, going back to early Egyptian times. Today the craft is still very much alive in the workshop that Graham Smith has set up. He is one of the few people in the country who make hand-cut weathervanes. Graham‘s designs are individually created and tailored to the specific requirements of his customers. “That way I can produce a unique personalized item,” he explains, “A lot of my customers are women buying presents for their husbands. They want a distinctive gift that represents the man’s business or leisure interests.”

  It‘s all a far cry from the traditional cock, the most common design for weathervanes. It was not a cock but a witch on a broomstick that featured on the first weathervane Graham ever made. Friends admired his surprise present for his wife and began asking him to make vanes for them. “I realized that when it came to subjects that could be made into them, the possibilities were limitless,” he says.(41)_____________. That was five years ago and he has no regrets about his new direction. “My previous work didn’t have an artistic element to it, whereas this is exciting and creative,” he says. “I really enjoy the design side.”

 �。�42) _____________. Graham also keeps plenty of traditional designs in stock, since they prove as popular as the one-offs. “It seems that people are attracted to handcrafting,” Graham says. “They welcome the opportunity to acquire something a little bit different.”

 �。�43) _____________.“I have found my place in the market. People love the individuality and I get a lot of satisfaction from seeing a nondescript shape turn into something almost lifelike,” he says.(44) _____________.“And nowadays, with more and more people moving to the country, individuals want to put an exclusive finishing touch to their properties. It has been a boost to crafts like mines,”

 �。�45) _____________. American and Danish buyers in particular are showing interest. “Pricing,” he explains, “depends on the intricacy of the design.”His most recent request was for a curly-coated dog. Whatever the occasion, Graham can create a gift with a difference.[A]Graham has become increasingly busy, supplying flat-packed weathervanes to clients worldwide.[B]Graham decided to concentrate his efforts on a weathervane business. He had served an apprenticeship as a precision engineer and had worked in that trade for 15 years when he and his wife, Liz, agreed to swap roles—she went out to work as an architectural assistant and he stayed at home to look after the children and build up the business.[C]Last month, a local school was opened with his galleon ship weathervane hoisted above it.[D]“For centuries, weathervanes have kept communities in touch with the elements, signaling those shifts in wind direction that bring about changes in the weather,” he explains.[E]Graham has no plans for expansion, as he wants to keep the business as a rural craft.[F]Graham has now perfected over 100 original designs. He works to very fine detail, always seeking approval for the design of the silhouette from the customer before proceeding with the hand-cutting.

  答案

  41. B 42.F 43.E 44.D 45.A

  總體分析

  本文通過介紹格雷漢姆的個人經(jīng)歷說明制作風向標這種傳統(tǒng)手工藝在現(xiàn)代社會又煥發(fā)了生機。

 �。跘] 格雷漢姆忙著給世界各地的顧客供應(yīng)風向標。

 �。跙] 格雷漢姆過去的工作經(jīng)歷以及如何開始從事風向標生意的。

 �。跜] 上個月開辦的一所地方學校就升起了他制作的大型帆船風向標。

  [D] 風向標過去的作用是使人類與天氣保持聯(lián)系。

 �。跡] 格雷漢姆只想把風向標保持為一種鄉(xiāng)村手工藝。

 �。跢] 格雷漢姆設(shè)計得非常精細,并總是設(shè)法先讓顧客對設(shè)計滿意。

  試題精解

  41.[精解] 本題考查的知識點是:上下文的銜接本題空格上文是文章的前三段。前兩段介紹了主人公格雷漢姆是制作風向標的手工藝者,他為顧客特制不同于傳統(tǒng)設(shè)計的風向標。第三段提到,格雷漢姆做的第一個風向標引起了朋友的興趣,也讓他自己意識到了商機的存在。空格下文即第五段第一句提到,“那是五年前的事了”。與上文銜接,空格處應(yīng)繼續(xù)圍繞格雷漢姆從事風向標的制作展開論述。與下文銜接,空格處應(yīng)論述五年前的情況。因此[B]正確。其中第一句話“格雷漢姆決定把精力投入到風向標生意上”與上文論述的“發(fā)現(xiàn)商機”銜接緊密,后面部分出現(xiàn)的“15 years”與下文“five years ago”相呼應(yīng)。

  42.[精解] 本題考查的知識點是:上下文的銜接+段群的主題本題空格上文即第五段,論述了格雷漢姆對設(shè)計風向標工作的喜愛�?崭裣挛募吹谄叨翁岬剑窭诐h姆也保留了很多傳統(tǒng)設(shè)計�?梢�,上下文主要圍繞“設(shè)計”這個主題展開論述。而且,下文出現(xiàn)的特征詞“also”表明空格部分與下文存在遞進關(guān)系。[F]中“original designs”與下文“traditional designs”對照呼應(yīng),因此是正確項。

  43.[精解] 本題考查的知識點是:上下文的銜接空格上文即第七段后半部分提到,人們對手工制作很感興趣�?崭裣挛募吹诰哦伍_始提到,格雷漢姆已經(jīng)在市場上占有了一席之地。涉及“市場”的是[E],其中“格雷漢姆想把它保持為一種鄉(xiāng)村手工藝”與下文“占有了一定的市場”含義銜接。此外,[E]中“craft”與上文“handcrafting”是詞匯重復。

  44.[精解] 本題考查的知識點是:上下文內(nèi)容上的呼應(yīng)空格下文即第十一段主要論述了現(xiàn)在像風向標制作這樣的手工藝發(fā)展的原因。其中關(guān)鍵詞是“and nowadays”,它表明了與空格處邏輯上存在并列關(guān)系。與“現(xiàn)在”形成對比的是“過去”,[D]論述了風向標過去傳統(tǒng)的功能,即過去存在的原因。

  45.[精解] 本題考查的知識點是:上下文的銜接+詞語的復現(xiàn)空格下文即全文比較后一段論述了格雷漢姆銷售風向標的情況,其中“buyers”為關(guān)鍵詞。[A]和[F]分別出現(xiàn)了同義詞“clients”和“customer”。但[F]主要談?wù)摰氖窃O(shè)計方面的問題,[A]才是有關(guān)銷售的內(nèi)容,而且“worldwide”一詞與下文“American and Danish”呼應(yīng)。因此[A]正確。

  核心詞匯或超綱詞匯

 �。�1)a far(或long) cry from習慣用語,相當于very different from(與……相差甚遠,與……大相徑庭),如The published book is far cry from the early manuscript.(印刷出來的書與當初的手稿相差甚遠。)

 �。�2)swap(v./n.)交換,交易,如They swapped stories about their army days.(他們互相講述了在軍隊中的經(jīng)歷。)

 �。�3)one-off (n.) 一次性的事物,絕無僅有的事物;(a.)一次性的,非經(jīng)常的,如a ~ payment(一次性付款)

  (4)nondescript(a.)莫可名狀的,難以區(qū)別的,無特征的(5)the elements(尤指惡劣的)天氣(6)touch(n.)修飾,潤色,裝點,如to put the finishing ~es to the report(給報告做比較后的潤色)。

 �。�7)flat-packed平整包裝的,即,購買者需要自己組裝產(chǎn)品。

  全文翻譯

  風向標(固定在建筑物頂端用來指示風向的設(shè)備)的制作是一門古老的工藝,可以追溯到古埃及時代。如今這項工藝在格雷漢姆。史密斯建立的工作室里依然散發(fā)著生機。他是這個國家里僅有的幾個從事手工制作風向標的人之一。格雷漢姆的設(shè)計是為個人制作的,他按照顧客的具體要求量身訂做。“這樣我就能生產(chǎn)出獨特的個性化的產(chǎn)品”,他解釋說,“我的許多顧客都是女性,她們在為丈夫買禮物。她們想要能代表男人事業(yè)或業(yè)余興趣的特制的禮物。”

  它們與風向標比較普通的設(shè)計,即傳統(tǒng)公雞形狀的風向標相差甚遠。

  格雷漢姆做的第一個風向標不是公雞形狀的,而是一個在長柄掃帚上的女巫。朋友們都羨慕他這份給妻子帶來驚喜的禮物,開始紛紛要求為他們也制作風向標。他說,“我意識到當涉及用風向標可以表現(xiàn)的題材時,其可能性是無窮無盡的。”

  格雷漢姆決定把精力投入到風向標生意上。他曾經(jīng)當過精密度工程師學徒,并在這個行業(yè)中工作了15年,然后他和妻子同意交換一下角色——妻子外出工作,當助理建筑工程師,而丈夫留在家中照顧孩子并建立自己的事業(yè)。[B]那是五年前的事了,格雷漢姆對自己選擇的新方向沒有后悔。他說,“我以前的工作沒有任何藝術(shù)性,而現(xiàn)在這種工作充滿了刺激與創(chuàng)造性,我真的喜歡設(shè)計。”

  格雷漢姆現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)完善了100多個原創(chuàng)設(shè)計。他精工細作,總是在動手制作前先讓顧客對輪廓的設(shè)計滿意。[F]格雷漢姆也保留了很多傳統(tǒng)設(shè)計,因為它們被證實與偶然的創(chuàng)造一樣受歡迎。他說,“看上去人們對手工制作很感興趣,他們想有機會獲得一些與眾不同的東西”。

  格雷漢姆沒有擴展(工作室)規(guī)模的計劃,因為他想把它保持為一種鄉(xiāng)村手工藝。[E]他說,“我已經(jīng)在市場上占有了一席之地。人們喜愛個性化的東西,而當我看到一個沒有任何特色的形狀變得栩栩如生時,感到非常滿足。”

  他解釋到,“幾個世紀以來,風向標發(fā)送引起天氣變化的風向轉(zhuǎn)變的信號,從而使人類社會與天氣保持聯(lián)系。”[D]“然而現(xiàn)在,隨著越來越多的人遷入鄉(xiāng)村,很多人想給自己的財產(chǎn)做比較后的獨特的修飾。這促進了我這樣的手工藝的發(fā)展。”

  格雷漢姆越來越忙,忙著給世界各地的顧客供應(yīng)平整包裝的風向標。[A]美國和丹麥顧客特別感興趣。他解釋說,“價格的制定取決于設(shè)計的復雜性。”他比較近的定單是一只卷毛狗。無論什么情況下,格雷漢姆都可以制作出與眾不同的禮物。

  Part C Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)

  The value which society places on work has traditionally been closely associated with the value of individualism and as a result it has had negative effects on the development of social security. (46) It has meant that in the first place the amount of benefits must be small lest people‘s willingness to work and support themselves suffers. Even today with flat rate and earnings-related benefits, the total amount of the benefit must always be smaller than the person’s wages for fear of malingering. “The purpose of social security,” said Huntford referring to Sweden‘s comparatively generous benefits, “is to dispel need without crossing the threshold of prosperity.” Second, social security benefits are granted under conditions designed to reduce the likelihood of even the boldest of spirits attempting to live on the State rather than work. Many of the rules surrounding the payment of unemployment or supplementary benefit are for this purpose. Third, the value placed on work is manifested in a more positive way as in the case of disability. (47) People suffering from accidents incurred at work or from occupational diseases receive preferential treatment by the social security service compared with those suffering from civil accidents and ordinary illnesses. Yet, the stranglehold which work has had on the social security service has been increasingly loosened over the years. The provision of family allowances, family income supplements, the slight liberalization of the wages stop are some of the manifestations of this trend. (48) Similarly, the preferential treatment given to occupational disability by the social security service has been increasingly questioned with the demands for the upgrading of benefits for the other types of disability. It is felt that in contemporary industrial societies the distinction between occupational and non-occupational disability is artificial for many non-occupational forms of disability have an industrial origin even if they do not occur directly in the workplace. (49) There is also the additional reason which we mentioned in the argument for one benefit for all one-parent families, that a modern social security service must concentrate on meeting needs irrespective of the cause behind such needs. The relationship between social security and work is not all a one-way affair. (50) It is true that until very recently the general view was that social security “represented a type of luxury and was essentially anti-economic.” It was seen as merely government expenditure for the needy. As we saw, however, redundancy payments and earnings-related unemployment benefits have been used with some success by employers and the government to reduce workers’ opposition towards loss of their jobs.

  總體分析

  這是一篇關(guān)于社會保障的文章,主要論述社會賦予工作的價值這種觀點所帶來的后果,并指出雖然社會保障存在一些問題,但是仍有成效可見。

  第一段:先提出社會賦予工作的價值在傳統(tǒng)上一直與個人主義緊密聯(lián)系在一起,因此對社會保障的發(fā)展產(chǎn)生了負面的影響。接著具體論述了三點影響。

  第二段:轉(zhuǎn)折指出,近年來工作對社會保障的束縛日益松解。接著作者又提到現(xiàn)代工業(yè)社會中工傷和非工傷的區(qū)別是虛假的,比較后提到單親家庭的救濟理由,即一個現(xiàn)代的社會保障體系必須專注于滿足需求,不管這些需求的背后有何原因。

  第三段:綜述社會保障和工作之間的關(guān)系。并指出看待社會保障的幾種觀點。

  文章是有關(guān)社會生活的評論性文章,所用詞匯絕大多數(shù)為書面用語,句子結(jié)構(gòu)也比較復雜,長句較多。此外,這篇文章的主題“社會保障”是社會生活中比較常見的話題,所以考生可以結(jié)合常識理解。由此可見,考生平時應(yīng)該注意一些有關(guān)社會文化生活的中英文報道,一方面熟悉常用詞匯,一方面積累常識性知識。

  文章考核的知識點:(一)狀語,包括目的狀語從句,分詞作狀語,介詞短語作狀語。(二)定語,包括定語從句,過去分詞作定語等。(三)it為形式主語的主語從句。(四)同位語。

  試題精解

  46.[精解] 本題考核知識點:目的狀語從句的翻譯該句是一個含有l(wèi)est引導的目的狀語從句的復合句。主句部分又包含了一個that引導的賓語從句。主句的主語為代詞it,考生翻譯時應(yīng)聯(lián)系上下文找出它所指代的對象,避免產(chǎn)生歧義。在此句中,it指代的是前文整個句子,可以譯為“這種觀念”。Mean字面含義是“表示。。。的意思”,在這里因為主語譯成觀念,所以可將mean活譯成“認為”與之相搭配。連詞lest引導目的狀語從句,按字面意思直譯是“以免人們的積極性受到損害”,但是考慮到要突出主語以及具體動作,可依照漢語習慣譯成主動句。

  詞匯:benefit常見含義是“好處,利益”,因為整個文章談?wù)摰氖巧鐣U蠁栴},所以應(yīng)譯成“救濟金,保障金”。in the first place字面意思是“在第一的位置上”,一般譯為“首先”。Willingness原意為“甘愿,自愿”,Suffer意為“受損害,受痛苦”,兩個詞搭配在一起,譯為“積極性受到損害”或“損害積極性”。

  譯文:首先,這種觀念認為,救濟金的數(shù)額必須小,以免損害人們主動工作,自食其力的積極性。

  47.[精解] 本題考核知識點:現(xiàn)在分詞作定語、過去分詞作定語、過去分詞作狀語的譯法該句的主干是people … receive preferential treatment.其中suffering from accidents …or from occupational diseases是現(xiàn)在分詞作定語修飾主語people,考生在翻譯時可以按照漢語的習慣,將定語放到名詞前面。incurred at work是過去分詞作定語,修飾這一詞組前的accidents,可意譯為“因工受傷”。compared with those suffering … 是過去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語,翻譯時,狀語部分可放在句首,譯為“與。。。相比”。此外,考生應(yīng)將該部分中those一詞所指代的對象譯出,以免產(chǎn)生歧義。聯(lián)系上下文可得,它是泛指代詞,可譯為“人們”。Those 后面的現(xiàn)在分詞詞組仍然充當定語。

  詞匯:Occupational diseases“職業(yè)病”;preferential treatment“優(yōu)待”;incur“招致”;social security service社會保障服務(wù);civil“市民的,公民的”,這里與work 相對,譯為“個人的”。

  譯文:與那些遭受個人意外和忍受普通疾病折磨的人相比,因公受傷或者患有職業(yè)病的人在社會保障服務(wù)方面享有優(yōu)待。

  48.[精解] 本題考核知識點:被動語態(tài)、過去分詞作定語、介詞短語作狀語的譯法該句子的主句是被動語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)the preferential treatment has been questioned.對被動語態(tài)的翻譯,可以將其譯為“遭受,受到”等。文章中g(shù)iven to occupational disability by the social security service部分是過去分詞短語作定語的結(jié)構(gòu),修飾主語the treatment.With引導的介詞短語作狀語,翻譯時既可以按照漢語習慣放到句首,也可以獨立譯成一個分句,突出強調(diào)這一事件。

  詞匯:increasingly字面意思是“漸漸地,逐漸地”,在文中譯為“越來越多地”;question作動詞時譯為“質(zhì)疑”。Upgrade“上升,上漲,提高”。

  譯文:同樣,社會保障服務(wù)給予職業(yè)傷殘的優(yōu)惠待遇越來越多地受到了質(zhì)疑,人們要求提高對其他類型傷殘的救濟。

  49.[精解] 本題考核知識點:同位語、定語從句的翻譯該句子的主干成分是there be 結(jié)構(gòu)there is also the reason,可直接譯為“還有一個理由”。that引導的句子為reason的同位語,翻譯時可以直接用一個“即”字引導,緊跟在reason后面。which 引導定語從句,修飾reason一詞,翻譯時按照漢語習慣置于名詞的前面。

  詞匯:additional“額外的,附加的”,one-parent family“單親家庭”,concentrate on“集中于,專注于”,irrespective of“不顧……的;不考慮……的;不論……的”。

  譯文:此外,還有一個我們在討論單親家庭救濟問題時所提及的理由,即一個現(xiàn)代的社會保障服務(wù)必須專注于滿足需求,不管這些需求的背后有何原因。

  50.[精解] 本題考核知識點:主語從句的翻譯第一個句子的主干成分是it is true,其中it為形式主語,that引導的從句為真正的主語。由于主語太長,可以將謂語部分提前譯為“誠然”。主語從句的主干是the general view was that…,until very recently突出強調(diào)了所述現(xiàn)象存在的時間,在翻譯時,可以單獨譯成“直到比較近”。主語從句中又包含了that引導的表語從句。后一句是一個簡單的被動語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)It was seen as …,考生注意翻譯時應(yīng)將主語代詞it 指代的對象譯出,在句中它指代的是“社會保障”。

  詞匯:represented“代表”;luxury“奢侈,享受”。Essentially“基本的,本質(zhì)的”。Expenditure“開支,費用”。Needy“貧困的”,在句中與定冠詞the搭配,特指一類人,可以譯為“貧困群體”。

  譯文 :誠然,直到比較近,普遍的觀點依然認為社會保障“體現(xiàn)的是一種享受,從本質(zhì)上講是反經(jīng)濟的”。它僅僅被看作是政府用于貧困群體的開支。

  全文翻譯

  傳統(tǒng)上,社會賦予工作的價值一直與個人主義價值緊密相連。這對社會保障的發(fā)展產(chǎn)生了負面的影響。首先,這種觀念認為,救濟金的數(shù)額必須小,以免損害人們主動工作,自食其力的積極性。盡管目前的救濟金一直保持固定的比率,而且與收入掛鉤,但是為了防止有人裝病以逃避職責,救濟金的總數(shù)額總是必須小于人們的周薪。在談到瑞典相對較多的救濟金時,亨特。福德說:“社會保障滿足需要,卻不能跨越富裕的界限。”其次,社會保障金的發(fā)放是有條件的,設(shè)計這些條件的目的是為了減少那些膽大妄為者企圖依賴國家而非自食其力的可能性。許多關(guān)于失業(yè)救濟金或補充救濟金的規(guī)則都是為了這一目的而設(shè)置的。第三,對殘疾的福利政策更明確地體現(xiàn)了賦予工作的價值。與那些遭受個人意外和忍受普通疾病折磨的人相比,因公受傷或者患有職業(yè)病的人在社會保障服務(wù)方面享有優(yōu)待。

  然而,近年來工作對社會保障的束縛日益松解。在家庭補貼、家庭收入增補、對停薪限制寬松化等方面的規(guī)定都能體現(xiàn)出這種趨勢。同樣,社會保障服務(wù)給予職業(yè)傷殘的優(yōu)惠待遇越來越多地受到了質(zhì)疑,人們要求提高對其他類型傷殘的救濟。可以感覺到,在當代工業(yè)社會中,職業(yè)傷殘和非職業(yè)傷殘的不同是過于武斷的,因為許多非職業(yè)傷殘盡管不是直接發(fā)生在工作場所,仍然有著工業(yè)根源。此外,還有一個我們在討論單親家庭救濟問題時所提及的理由,即一個現(xiàn)代的社會保障服務(wù)必須專注于滿足需求,不管這些需求的背后有何原因。

  社會保障和工作之間的關(guān)系,并不完全是單向的。誠然,直到比較近,普遍的觀點依然認為社會保障“體現(xiàn)的是一種享受,從本質(zhì)上講是反經(jīng)濟的”。它僅僅被看作是政府用于貧困群體的開支。但是,正如我們所見,雇主和政府運用解雇費和與收入相掛鉤的的失業(yè)福利,較為成功地降低了工人對于失業(yè)的反對。

  Section Ⅲ Writing

  Part A 51. Directions:You have received an invitation to the birthday party of your friend, Tom. But you can‘t attend it. Write a note to Tom to 1) thank him for the invitation,2) give reasons why you can’t go, and 3) apologize and express your wishes. You should write about 100 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name. Use “Li Ming” instead. You do not need to write the address. (10 points)

  一、審題與謀篇

  本題要求寫一封道歉信。寫道歉信一般是因為寫信人不能完成所要求或許諾的事情,或不能按時或很好地完成某件事情。道歉一般和解釋同時存在,解釋是出于禮貌、希望消除可能的誤解。道歉要真誠,解釋要充分并且切題,寫信的語氣要溫和而富于策略。

  指導語中給出的情景是接到朋友生日會的邀請但不能參加,信的內(nèi)容包括:(1)表示感謝;(2)說明你不能參加生日會的理由;(3)道歉并表達祝愿。

  二、參考范文

  Dear Tom,Thank you very much for inviting me to your birthday party tomorrow and I have been longing for giving my sincere wishes to you on that special day. However, I am terribly sorry that I cannot be there because of a matter of some urgency. This afternoon I got a call from my parents telling me that my sister had been hospitalized. Both of my parents are busy at work, so I have to go home in a hurry to take care of her. I am sure you can understand this. I would like to say sorry again and wish you a happy birthday as well as a successful party. Yours Li Ming

  Part B 52. Directions:Look at the flowing picture and write an article on advertisement. Your article should cover the points below:1) The omnipresence (無所不在,普遍)of advertisements 2) Their advantages 3) Their disadvantages You should write 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2 (20 points)

  參考范文

  Advertisements come into our lives in a variety of forms. Newspapers carry advertisements. Billboards carry advertisements. More conspicuously, TV advertisements are incessantly influencing people‘s life from various aspects. Advertisements have many advantages. Firstly, advertising is informative, which provides us with a quick access to the product needed. Secondly, many advertisements, especially TV advertisemnts are so beautifully made that they themselves can bring us great enjoyment. Maybe that’s why the daughter in the picture is so attracted by them. However, advertising involves some defects. Firstly, the cost of adverting will definitely be passed on to the customers, which makes the products be sold at much higher prices. Thirdly, Secondly, The advertisers often mispresent the truth by exaggerating the benefits of the merchandise they want to sell. Thirdly, advertisements often interrupt audiences‘ appreciation of their favorite programs, which may lead to diasspointment and frustration, the expression written on the face of the father in the picuture,As far as I am concerned, I tend to be in favor of the positive effects. Undoubtedly, nothing is more important than convenience for people living in a so quick-paced society. I believe that the negative effects can be minimized through sustainable economic growth and education.
 

結(jié)束

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