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    Suburbanization

    If by "suburb" is meant an urban margin that grows more rapidly than its already developed interior， the process of suburbanization began during the emergence of the industrial city in the second quarter of the nineteenth century. Before that period the city was a small highly compact cluster in which people moved about on foot and goods were conveyed by horse and cart. But the  early  factories  built  in  the  1830's  and  1840's  were  located  along   waterways  and  near railheads at the edges of cities， and housing was needed for the thousands of people drawn by the prospect of employment. In time， the factories were surrounded by proliferating mill towns of apartments  and    row  houses  that  abutted  the  older，  main cities.  As  a  defense  against  this encroachment and to enlarge their tax bases， the cities appropriated their industrial neighbors. In1854，  for  example，  the  city  of  Philadelphia  annexed most  of  Philadelphia  County.  Similar municipal maneuvers took place in Chicago and in New York. Indeed， most great cities of the United States achieved such status only by incorporating the communities along their borders. With the acceleration  of industrial growth came acute urban crowding and accompanying social stress —— conditions that began to approach disastrous proportions when， in 1888， the first commercially  successful   electric  traction line  was  developed.  Within   a  few  years   the horse-drawn trolleys were  retired and electric streetcar networks crisscrossed and connected every  major  urban  area，  fostering  a  wave  of  suburbanization  that  transformed  the  compact industrial  city into  a dispersed metropolis.This first  phase  of mass-scale suburbanization was reinforced  by  the  simultaneous  emergence  of  the  urban  Middle  Class，  whose  desires  for homeownership in neighborhoods far from the aging inner city were satisfied by the developers of single-family housing　tracts.全文翻譯：郊區(qū)的發(fā)展  如果"郊區(qū)"指的是比已建好的城市內(nèi)部發(fā)展更為迅速的城市邊緣地帶，那 么郊區(qū)化可以說(shuō)始于 1825 年至 1850 年工業(yè)化城市出現(xiàn)期間。

    在這之前，城市只是高度密 集的小聚居群。 在其中，人們步行走動(dòng)，商品靠馬車來(lái)運(yùn)送。 但是建于 18 世紀(jì)三四十年 代的早期工廠位于城邊的航道和鐵路附近，被工作機(jī)會(huì)吸引到這里的成千上萬(wàn)的人們需要住房。 漸漸地，在與舊有的主要城區(qū)相毗鄰的地方，不斷涌現(xiàn)出由排房和公寓樓組成的工人聚居區(qū)，包圍了工廠。作為對(duì)這種侵蝕的自衛(wèi)，也為了擴(kuò)大它們收稅的地域范圍，城市吞并了工業(yè)化的臨近地帶，比如 1854 年費(fèi)城的城區(qū)就兼并了費(fèi)縣的絕大部分地區(qū)。相似的城市 化也發(fā)生在芝加哥和紐約。今天很多美國(guó)的大城市其實(shí)就是靠吞并它們附近的邊緣地區(qū)而 變成大都會(huì)的。隨著工業(yè)化的加速發(fā)展，城市里出現(xiàn)了嚴(yán)重?fù)頂D和相伴而來(lái)的社會(huì)壓力。 當(dāng)1888 年第一條商業(yè)上成功的電氣化鐵軌被制造出來(lái)時(shí)，壓力開始接近危機(jī)的程度。 幾年之內(nèi)，馬車就被廢棄了，電車網(wǎng)相互交織連接著各個(gè)重要的城區(qū)，從而形成了一種郊區(qū)化的潮 流，即密集的工業(yè)城市轉(zhuǎn)變成了分散的都市。

    此時(shí)城市中產(chǎn)階級(jí)的出現(xiàn)進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)了第一 波大規(guī)模郊區(qū)化。  這些中產(chǎn)階級(jí)希望在遠(yuǎn)離老舊城市的地區(qū)擁有住宅，單一家庭住宅地區(qū) 的開發(fā)者滿足了他們的愿望。