It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the authors‘ names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received， the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.

    No longer. The Internet - and pressure from funding agencies， who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it-is making access to scientific results a reality .The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development （ OECD） has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report， by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD， makes heavy reading for publishers who have， so far ，made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has， until now， been a key element of scientific endeavor.

    The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends， in part， upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America， the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association of Scientific， Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2，000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subject. They publish more than1.2 million articles each year in some 16，000 journals.

    This is now changing. According to the OECD report ， some 75% of scholarly journals are now online Entirely new business models are emerging. three main ones were identified by the report‘s authors. There is the so-called big deal， where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing， typically supported by asking the author （or his employer） to pay for the paper to be published. Finally， there are open-access archives， where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories.Other models exist that are hybrids of these three. such as delayed open-access， where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months， before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process， at least for the publication of papers.

    譯文

    曾經(jīng)一切是很直接的。一組在實(shí)驗(yàn)室合作的研究者會(huì)將他們的研究成果發(fā)給期刊雜志。雜志編輯會(huì)將作者名字和附件從論文上刪去再交給同領(lǐng)域的其他研究者進(jìn)行復(fù)審。編輯將根據(jù)得到的評(píng)價(jià)決定是發(fā)表論文還是退回稿件。版權(quán)歸雜志發(fā)行人所有，研究人員要查詢(xún)有關(guān)知識(shí)成果必須先購(gòu)買(mǎi)雜志。

    但這已成為歷史。因特網(wǎng)以及來(lái)自資金提供部門(mén)的壓力——這些組織一直質(zhì)疑為什么商業(yè)發(fā)行人通過(guò)限制資源來(lái)從政府資助的研究項(xiàng)目中牟利——使取得科技研究成果成為現(xiàn)實(shí)。經(jīng)濟(jì)合作和發(fā)展組織比較新發(fā)布了一項(xiàng)報(bào)告描述了這將產(chǎn)生的意義深遠(yuǎn)的結(jié)果。這篇報(bào)告由澳大利亞維多利亞大學(xué)的約翰。胡頓和經(jīng)合組織的格拉汗。維克里合作完成，迄今已經(jīng)獲利豐厚的發(fā)行人來(lái)讀這篇文章必定如芒在背。但是它的意義不僅如此，它標(biāo)志著到現(xiàn)在為止一直是科學(xué)研究中的關(guān)鍵的東西將會(huì)發(fā)生改變。

    知識(shí)的價(jià)值和在研究上的公共投資回報(bào)部分來(lái)說(shuō)，取決于廣大的發(fā)行量和迅速的途徑。這是一樁大生意。美國(guó)核心科技出版市場(chǎng)據(jù)估計(jì)市值70億美元到110億美元之間。國(guó)際科技協(xié)會(huì)，醫(yī)學(xué)技術(shù)發(fā)行人組織表示世界范圍內(nèi)超過(guò)2000個(gè)出版機(jī)構(gòu)是專(zhuān)注于這一些領(lǐng)域。他們每年在16000多種雜志上刊載出超過(guò)1200萬(wàn)篇文章。

    這些正在發(fā)生改變。根據(jù)經(jīng)合組織的報(bào)告，75%的學(xué)術(shù)期刊在因特網(wǎng)上都能找到。全新的商業(yè)模式正在形成。報(bào)告作者將其分成三種主要模式�，F(xiàn)在出現(xiàn)一種所謂的大雜燴，研究單位訂閱者通過(guò)網(wǎng)站許可協(xié)議，購(gòu)買(mǎi)網(wǎng)上期刊合集的使用權(quán)。還有一種開(kāi)放式發(fā)行，一般需要作者（或者其雇主）為發(fā)表的論文付費(fèi)。比較后，還有一種開(kāi)放路徑的檔案庫(kù)，由一些如大學(xué)或者研究院所的實(shí)驗(yàn)室等機(jī)構(gòu)扶持建立。其他類(lèi)型的模式主要是這三種模式混合而成。延時(shí)開(kāi)放閱覽——期刊前六個(gè)月只允許訂閱者閱讀論文，然后對(duì)所有想讀該論文的人免費(fèi)開(kāi)放。所有以上所述都可能改變同行復(fù)審流程的傳統(tǒng)模式，至少對(duì)論文發(fā)行來(lái)講是如此。

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