Americans no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing: The Degradation of Language and Why We Should, Like, Care, John McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English。
Blaming the permissive 1960s is nothing new, but this is not yet another criticism against the decline in education. Mr. McWhorter’s academic specialty is language history and change, and he sees the gradual disappearance of “whom”, for example, to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case-endings of Old English。
But the cult of the authentic and the personal, “doing our own thing”, has spelt the death of formal speech, writing, poetry and music. While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page. Equally, in poetry, the highly personal, performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness. In both oral and written English, talking is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft。
Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture, the trend that Mr. McWhorter documents is unmistakable. But it is less clear, to take the question of his subtitle, why we should, like, care. As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive—there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas. He is not arguing, as many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper。
Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry large chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned to most English speakers. Mr. McWhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical education reforms—he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful. We now take our English “on paper plates instead of china”. A shame, perhaps, but probably an inevitable one。
36. According to McWhorter, the decline of formal English
[A] is inevitable in radical education reforms。
[B] is but all too natural in language development。
[C] has caused the controversy over the counter-culture。
[D] brought about changes in public attitudes in the 1960s。
37. The word “talking” (Line 5, Paragraph 3) denotes
[A] modesty. [B]personality. [C]liveliness. [D]informality。
38. To which of the following statements would McWhorter most likely agree?
[A] Logical thinking is not necessarily related to the way we talk。
[B] Black English can be more expressive than standard English。
[C] Non-standard varieties of human language are just as entertaining。
[D] Of all the varieties, standard English can best convey complex ideas。
39. The description of Russians’ love of memorizing poetry shows the author’s
[A] interest in their language. [B] appreciation of their efforts。
[C] admiration for their memory. [D]contempt for their old-fashionedness。
40. According to the last paragraph, “paper plates” is to “china” as
[A] “temporary” is to “permanent”。
[B] “radical ”is to “conservative”。
[C] “functional ” is to “artistic”。
[D] “humble” is to “noble”。
名師解析
36. According to Mc Whorter, the decline of formal English
根據(jù)麥克沃特所言, 正式英語的衰退
[A] is inevitable in radical education reforms. 在激進(jìn)的教育改革中是不可避免的。
[B] is but all too natural in language development. 在語言的發(fā)展中實屬自然。
[C] has caused the controversy over the counter-culture. 造成了對反文化潮流的爭議。
[D] brought about changes in public attitudes in the 1960s. 帶來了20世紀(jì)60年代公眾態(tài)度的變化。
【答案】 B
【考點】 事實細(xì)節(jié)題。
【分析】 第二段的第二句中作者提到麥克沃特,諸如“he sees gradual disappearance of ‘whom’, for example, to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case-endings of Old English,”就是要求考生能夠理解出正式英語在語言發(fā)展中衰退的自然性。選項[A]中提到的激進(jìn)的教育在文章的比較后一段中可以找到“Mr. McWhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical education reforms—he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful�!边@句話具有很強的干擾,主要是因為一些考生喜歡直接閱讀,而不是先看題目,看到后面反而重點不夠突出,似是而非。出題人常用的一個方法就是將一些文章中出現(xiàn)但是實際上沒有必然聯(lián)系的內(nèi)容揉雜在一起,起到很大的干擾。其實文章中根本沒有提到二者有什么關(guān)系,只是順帶說他沒有提議用激進(jìn)的教育來改變正式英語衰退的趨勢。選項[C]說對反文化有爭議,從文中可以看出,將正式英語的衰退歸咎于反文化并不會引起什么爭議,沒有人會認(rèn)為反文化使得正式英語得到了發(fā)展。選項[D]說正式英語的衰退導(dǎo)致公眾態(tài)度的變化,這樣的說法屬于典型的因果倒置。出題人意圖利用考生臨場考試時不穩(wěn)定的心理狀態(tài)來干擾考生,看其能否正確理解文章的大意。如果考生不能夠養(yǎng)成良好的考試習(xí)慣,往往會花費很多額外的時間,因為很多時候,我們只需要知道正確答案是什么,而無需知道也沒有時間來分析其他選項錯在哪里。
37. The word“talking”(Line 6, Paragraph3) denotes “talking”(第三段第六行)一詞表示
[A] modesty. 謙虛。 [B] personality. 個性。
[C] liveliness. 活潑。 [D] informality. 非正式。
【答案】 D
【考點】 語義題。
【分析】 考生必須利用上下文推測單詞意思,在原文中首先找到這句話,然后仔細(xì)研讀,比較后才能夠體會出這個單詞的意思。第三段首先提到“做我們自己的事情”的結(jié)果是規(guī)范的演講、作品、詩歌和音樂的死亡。然后提到在20世紀(jì)60年代以前那些受過一般教育的人在寫作時都用比較高雅的語氣,比較后又說那些被認(rèn)為是比較重要的作品都試圖表現(xiàn)出口語的特色,“talking”戰(zhàn)勝了演講,即興戰(zhàn)勝了技巧。而口語化的特點就是非正式。
38. To which of the following statements would Mc Whorter most likely agree?
下列哪一種說法麥克沃特比較有可能會同意?
[A] Logical thinking is not necessarily related to the way we talk。
邏輯思維并不必然與我們說話的方式相關(guān)。
[B] Black English can be more expressive than standard English。
黑人所使用的英語可能比正式英語更有表現(xiàn)力。
[C] Non-standard varieties of human language are just as entertaining。
人類的各種各樣非標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的語言一樣有趣。
[D] Of all the varieties, standard English can best convey complex ideas。
在英語的各種變體中,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英語比較能表達(dá)復(fù)雜的思想。
【答案】 A
【考點】 推斷題。
【分析】 在第四段第四句話中,我們可以看到,麥克沃特認(rèn)為所有人類語言,包括黑人的非標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英語,都具有很強的表現(xiàn)力。[B]選項中提到黑人使用的英語,但是說這種英語比正式英語更具有表現(xiàn)力是顯然夸大了范圍。[D]選項認(rèn)為正式英語比較能夠表達(dá)復(fù)雜的思想,也犯了同樣的錯誤。緊接著作者提到麥克沃特不認(rèn)為因為我們不能很好地說話我們就不能正確地進(jìn)行思考。這句話正好應(yīng)了[A]選項,即正確的邏輯思維不一定與我們說話的方式有關(guān)。因此選項[A]是正確的。[C]的說法與原文完全不符合。
39. The description of Russians’ love of memorizing poetry shows the author’s
就俄羅斯人喜歡記憶詩歌的描述顯示出作者
[A] interest in their language. 對他們的語言感興趣。
[B] appreciation of their efforts. 欣賞他們的努力。
[C] admiration for their memory. 對他們記憶力的仰慕。
[D] contempt for their old-fashionedness. 對他們的守舊表示蔑視。
【答案】 B
【考點】 推斷題。
【分析】 文章比較后一段第一句話提到“俄羅斯人對本國語言的熱愛,能夠記得很多詩歌,而意大利的政治家們常常發(fā)表在大多數(shù)英國人看來有點過時的經(jīng)過精心準(zhǔn)備的演講。麥克沃特認(rèn)為正式語言并非不可或缺,也沒有提出要進(jìn)行激進(jìn)的教育改革——他其實只是為那些美好而不是實用品的消逝而感到遺憾。”結(jié)合文章主題可以看出這幾句話中作者的言下之意:他欣賞俄羅斯人為保持自身語言的優(yōu)美性所做的努力。但是這并不能夠說明他對俄羅斯語感興趣,或者贊賞他們的記憶力,更不可能是輕視他們。
40. According to the last paragraph, “paper plates” is to “china” as
根據(jù)比較后一段,將“紙盤子”和“瓷器”相比就相當(dāng)于
[A] “temporary”is to“permanent””. “暫時的”與“永久的”相比。
[B] “radical”is to“conservative”. “激進(jìn)的”與“保守的”相比。
[C] “functional”is to“artistic”. “功能的”與“藝術(shù)的”相比。
[D] “humble”is to“noble”. “謙卑的”與“高貴的”相比。
【答案】 C
【考點】 推斷題。
【分析】 紙盤子和瓷盤子的區(qū)別不止一個,但是比較后一段中作者提到優(yōu)美和實用這層意思,也就是說作者想要說明的不是暫時與永久,不是激進(jìn)與保守,不是謙卑與高貴,而是能夠反映紙盤子和瓷盤子背后的優(yōu)美和實用這一對概念,也就是功能與藝術(shù)的比較。
難句解析:
1. In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing. The Degradation of language and Music and why we should like, care, John McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English。
【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 該句子的主干是“John McWhorter sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline。”主語前的介賓短語“in his latest book”做狀語,“book”后有一個較長的書名充當(dāng)其同位語。主語和謂語之間“a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views”為主語的同位語,對主語補充說明。
2. As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive—there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas。
【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 該復(fù)合句的主干是“he acknowledges that all varieties can be expressive”,謂語“acknowledges”后面是“that”引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。從句中主謂之間插入了介賓短語“including non-standard ones like Black English”。破折號后面分句對前面話語進(jìn)行補充說明,其中還有一個“that”引導(dǎo)的定語從句。
全文翻譯:
美國人已不再期待公眾人物在演講或?qū)懽髦心苓\用技巧和文采來駕馭英語,而公眾人物自己也不渴望這樣。語言學(xué)家和辯論家麥克沃特的觀點混雜著自由派與保守派的看法。在他比較近的書《做我們自己的事:語言和音樂的退化,以及我們?yōu)槭裁匆诤踹@樣的事情》中,這位學(xué)者認(rèn)為60年代反文化運動的勝利要對正式英語的退化負(fù)責(zé)。
責(zé)備放縱的六十年代毫不新鮮,但這次并不是對教育退步的又一場批判。麥克沃特先生專長于語言史和語言變遷。比如說,他認(rèn)為“whom”一詞的逐漸消失是自然的,并不比古英語中詞格尾綴的消失更讓人惋惜。
然而,“做自己的事”這一崇尚真實和個性化的時尚,造成了正式演講、寫作、詩歌及音樂的消亡。在20世紀(jì)60年代以前,僅受過一般教育的人在下筆時都會尋求一種更高雅的強調(diào);而那之后,即使是比較受關(guān)注的文章也開始逮住口語就寫在紙面上。同樣的,對于詩歌來說,非常個性化和富有表現(xiàn)力的創(chuàng)作風(fēng)格成為了能夠表達(dá)真實生動含義的唯一形式。無論作為口語還是書面語的英語,隨意言談勝過雅致的言辭,自我發(fā)揮也壓過了精心準(zhǔn)備。
麥克沃特先生從上層和下層文化中列舉了一系列有趣的例子,從而說明他記錄的這種趨勢是確鑿無誤的。但就書中副標(biāo)題中的疑問“我們?yōu)槭裁匆诤?這樣變化趨勢)”,答案卻不夠明確。作為語言學(xué)家,麥克沃特認(rèn)為各種各樣的人類語言,包括像黑人語言這樣的非標(biāo)準(zhǔn)語言,都具有強大的表達(dá)力――世上沒有傳達(dá)不了復(fù)雜思想的語言或方言。不像其他大多數(shù)人,他并不像許多人那樣,認(rèn)為我們說話方式不再規(guī)范就會使我們不能夠準(zhǔn)確地思考。
俄羅斯人深愛自己的語言,并在腦海中存儲了大量詩歌;而意大利的政客們往往精心準(zhǔn)備演講,即使這在大多數(shù)講英語的人們眼里已經(jīng)過時。麥克沃特先生認(rèn)為正式語言并非不可或缺,也沒有提出要進(jìn)行徹底的教育改革——他其實只是為那些美好事物而不是實用品的消逝而哀嘆。我們現(xiàn)在用“紙盤子”而非“瓷器”裝著我們的英語大餐。真是慚愧啊,但是卻是一種不可避免的羞愧。