二、名詞性從句
　　在句子中起名詞作用的句子叫名詞性從句。名詞性從句的功能相當于名詞詞組， 它在復合句中可能擔任主語、賓語(包括介詞賓語)、表語、同位語等，根據它在句中不同的語法功能，名詞從句可分為主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。引導名詞性從句的連接詞包括連詞如that，whether/ if，as if /as though等;連接代詞如what, who, whom, whose, which等;連接副詞如when, where, how, why等。
　　 (一)名詞性that從句
　　由that引導，在從句中可充當主語、賓語、表語、同位語和形容詞賓語等，that在從句中不作成分，翻譯時不譯出來。
　　 1.that引導主語從句，經常用it作形式主語。
　　【真題例句】Further more，it is obvious that the strength of a country’s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. (2000-72)
　　【結構分析】本句主干在第一個逗號后，it is obvious that…，其中it是形式主語，真正的主語為and連接的兩個that引導的名詞性從句that the strength of a country’s economy is…和that this in turn rests…。第一個主語從句中，代詞its指代 country’s;第二個主語從句中，this指代 efficiency of its agriculture and industry。
　　【參考譯文】再者，顯而易見的是一個國家的經濟實力與其工業(yè)生產效率密切相關，而效率的提高又有賴于各種科技人員的努力。
　　【真題例句】But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions。(2005閱讀2)
　　【結構分析】以逗號and為切入點，本句為兩個并列分句，其中第一個分句中does表示強調;第二個分句it為形式主語，critical后面的that引導的名詞性從句that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments…為真正的主語，在此主語分句中，又包含一個that引導的定語從句修飾judgments，關系代詞that在從句中作provide的賓語，分詞結構concerning the future consequences of present actions為后置定語修飾judgments。
　　【參考譯文】但是科學確實為我們的未來提供了比較好的指導，關鍵是我們的國家和其他各國在作重要決策時，應該以科學能夠提供給我們的對于人類現在的行為對未來影響的比較好的判斷為依據。
　　 2.that引導表語從句
　　【真題例句】One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind，feelings，traits of character，human nature，and so on. (2002英譯漢)
　　【結構分析】本句的主干是一個主系表結構One difficulty is that…，其中表語由that引導的表語從句充當。在此表語從句中，主語部分all of what is called behavioral science包含what引導的名詞性從句，what在從句中作主語。
　　【參考譯文】困難之一在于幾乎所有所謂的行為科學仍從心態(tài)、情感、性格特征、人性等方面尋找行為的依據。
　　【真題例句】（考試大）If good people do nothing, there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress. (2003閱讀2)
　　【結構分析】本句是復合句。逗號前為if引導的條件狀語從句，主句由there be句型充當。possibility后that引導同位語從句that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress，說明possibility的具體內容。
　　【參考譯文】如果好人袖手旁觀，有可能真讓無知的人們撲滅醫(yī)學進步中珍貴的火種。
　　【真題例句】The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that the brain finds it inefficient to keep all smell receptors working all the time but can create new receptors if necessary。(2005完形)

　　【結構分析】本句的主干為主系表結構The explanation…seems to be…，表語部分由that引導的表語從句充當。在此從句中，使用了find it +adj.+to do 結構，it是形式賓語，真正的賓語由不定式短語充當。but并列了the brain后的兩個謂語finds it inefficient to keep…和 can create new receptors if necessary。
　　【參考譯文】對氣味的不敏感似乎可以這樣解釋，大腦發(fā)現讓所有的氣味感覺器官一直工作效率會很低，但在需要的時候仍可以創(chuàng)造新的感覺器官。
　　【真題例句】The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past。(2006閱讀3)
　　【結構分析】本句的主干為主系表結構The notion is that…，其中be動詞后的表語由that引導的名詞性從句充當。在此從句中，賓語部分changes后面是which引導的限制性定語從句which have happened…，which在從句中指代changes作主語，在此從句中，又包含一個because引導的原因狀語從句。
　　【參考譯文】這一觀點指出人們沒有察覺發(fā)生在海洋中的巨大變化是因為他們在審視與現在作對比的過去時，用來衡量這個變化的時間段相對較短。
　　【真題例句】Part of the problem is that many homeless adults are addicted to alcohol or drugs. (2006完形)
　　【結構分析】本句主干為主系表結構Part of the problem is that…，表語部分由that引導的名詞性從句that many homeless adults are addicted to alcohol or drugs充當，注意be addicted to…翻譯為“對……成癮”。
　　【參考譯文】部分問題在于許多無家可歸的成年人都是酒鬼或者是癮君子。
　　 3.that引導賓語從句
　　【真題例句】This does not mean that ambition is at an end, that people no longer feel its stirrings and promptings, but only that, no longer openly honored, it is less openly professed。(2000閱讀4)
　　【結構分析】本句主干為This does not mean that…，that…，but only that…這三個that引導的名詞性從句都作mean的賓語，第三個that引導的賓語從句中，分詞no longer openly honored作原因狀語。
　　【參考譯文】但這并不意味著雄心抱負已經走到了盡頭，也不意味著人們不再感覺到它的鼓舞和激勵了，而是指由于人們不再以有雄心抱負為榮，所以也很少公開了。
　　【真題例句】Replies show that compared with other Americans, journalists are more likely to live in upscale neighborhoods, have maids, own Mercedeses, and trade stocks, and they’re less likely to go to church, do volunteer work, or put down roots in a community。(2001閱讀3)
　　【結構分析】本句主干在逗號前，Replies show that…，賓語部分是that引導的賓語從句。在此從句中，compared with other Americans為分詞所作的狀語，主要部分為and并列的兩個分句journalists are more likely to live…和they’re less likely to go to…。
　　【參考譯文】對問題的回答表明，與其他美國人相比，記者往往住高檔社區(qū)、雇有傭人、擁有奔馳車、做股票交易、較少上教堂、做志愿者工作或在一個社區(qū)扎根。
　　【真題例句】The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25—0.5% of GDP. (2002閱讀3)

　　【結構分析】本句主干為The OECD estimates that…，介詞短語in its latest Economic Outlook作分隔結構。在that引導的賓語從句中，包含一個if引導的與現在相反的虛擬條件狀語從句。
　　【參考譯文】OECD在其比較近的《經濟瞭望》中估計，如果石油價格與1998年的每桶13美元相比在一年中平均為每桶22美元，這也只會給富裕的經濟體的石油進口賬單上增加GDP的0.25%到0.5%。
　　【真題例句】He reasoned that because it is easier to formulate certain concepts and not others in a given language, the speakers of that language think along one track and not along another。(200464)
　　【結構分析】本句主干很清晰，是一個主謂賓結構。賓語從句由that引導的賓語從句充當。在賓語從句中，包含一個because引導的原因狀語從句，在此原因狀語從句中，我們注意到it是形式主語，真正的主語是不定式結構to formulate…，and后面的not others 與it is easier to formulate相連，翻譯成漢語時，我們轉譯為“闡述其他概念就比較難”，逗號后是reasoned that賓語從句的主要部分he speakers of that language think along one track and not along another。
　　【參考譯文】他推斷，因為在某種特定的語言環(huán)境下闡述某些概念比較容易，而闡述其他就比較難，因此，那種語言的使用者們就沿著一種思路思考而不是另一種思路。
　　【真題例句】Just as on smoking，voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it’s OK to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure。(2005閱讀2)
　　【結構分析】本句的主干在逗號之間，voices now come from…，現在分詞短語insisting…作voice的后置定語，這里面包含兩個that引導的名詞性從句，分別為that the science about global warming is incomplete和that it’s OK to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure，第二個that從句中，it是形式主語，真正的主語由不定式短語充當，until we know for sure為時間狀語從句。
　　【參考譯文】就像吸煙問題一樣，來自不同領域的聲音堅持認為有關全球氣候變暖的科學資料還不完整。在我們證實這件事之前可以向大氣中不斷地排放氣體。
　　【真題例句】And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better。(2005閱讀3)
　　【結構分析】根據時態(tài)變形的says直接定位主干在句首：一名學術權威說……，后面均為says后的賓語。在賓語從句中，轉折連詞not only…but連接兩個并列harnessed 和 brought 與前面be 構成被動的小謂語，介賓作聯系緊密的be brought的狀語，不定式to由逗號隔開，作整個從句的目的狀語。
　　【參考譯文】一名學術權威說，這些強烈緊張的精神活動不僅能被駕馭，實際上也能被有意識地控制，以幫助我們睡得更好，并感覺更好。
　　【真題例句】As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non�瞫tandard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive—there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas。(2005閱讀4)　
　　【結構分析】本句的主干是he acknowledges that…，其中that引導名詞性從句作賓語。在此從句中，去掉插入語including non�瞫tandard ones like Black English，得到主干為all varieties of human language can be powerfully expressive，破折號后是前句的同位語成分，進行遞進說明，表現為一個there提前的全部倒裝。在此部分中，that引導定語從句that cannot convey complex ideas修飾language or dialect。
　　【參考譯文】作為語言學家，他聲稱所有類型的人類語言其中包括黑人英語這樣的非標準語言都有強大的表現力，在世界上不存在任何不能夠表達復雜思想的語言或方言。
　　【真題例句】This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in，a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks no less than 50% took a loss in 1989. (2005-48)

　　【結構分析】本句的主干在句首，This alone demonstrates that…，that引導賓語從句the television business is not an easy world to survive in，不定式短語to survive in 為后置定語修飾world。逗號后a fact為賓語從句的同位語，過去分詞underlined by statistics作fact的后置定語。在此部分中，statistics的修飾語由that引導的定語從句that show…，關系代詞that在從句中作主語。在此定語從句中，show的賓語由從句that out of eighty European television networks no less than 50% took a loss in 1989充當。
　　【參考譯文】這一點就足以表明，要在電視行業(yè)里生存下來并非易事。統計數字尤其說明了這一事實。數據表明，在80多個歐洲電視網中，多達一半在1989年遭受虧損。
　　【真題例句】He believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations。(2008-46)
　　【結構分析】本句是復合句。He believes that…是主句部分。名詞性從句that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage…作believes的賓語。其中of連接的介賓短語作advantage的后置定語，賓語的部分由動名詞短語forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence與and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations充當。
　　【參考譯文】他認為，正是這個困難起了彌補能力欠缺的作用，迫使他長時間專注地考慮每一個句子，從而在推理和自己的觀察中發(fā)現錯誤。
　　【真題例句】Darvin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character。(2008-50)
　　【結構分析】本句主干是Darvin was convinced that…。其中賓語部分由that引導的名詞性從句充當，從句的結構是the loss of these tastes was not only…, but…be injurious to…, and more probably to…，是一個主系表結構，表語部分由三個并列平行結構充當。
　　【參考譯文】達爾文認為，對(音樂和繪畫方面)興趣的喪失，失去的不僅僅是一種樂趣，而且可能會傷害到智力，更有甚者還可能傷害到道德。
　　【真題例句】This suggests that dimmer bulbs burn longer, that there is an advantage in not being too terrifically bright。(2009完形)
　　【結構分析】本句主干為This suggests…，后跟兩個that引導的名詞性從句that dimmer bulbs burn longer, that there is an advantage in not being too terrifically bright作賓語。注意suggest翻譯為“表明”。
　　【參考譯文】這表明暗淡的燈泡使用時間更長，也表明暗淡是燈泡的一個優(yōu)勢。
　　【真題例句】We believe that if animals ran the labs, they would test us to determine the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain。(2009完形)
　　【結構分析】本句中We believe that…是句子的主干部分，其中believe的賓語由that引導的名詞性從句充當。在從句中，包含if引導的條件狀語從句。注意使用了與現在相反的虛擬語氣。
　　【參考譯文】我們認為如果動物也能進行試驗的話，他們會測定我們的忍耐度、忠誠度以及對地形的記憶力。
　　注意：賓語從句成分完整時，that有時可以省略。
　　【真題例句】Straifford president George Friedman says he sees the online world as a kind of mutually reinforcing tool for both information collection and distribution, a spymaster’s dream。(2003閱讀1)
　　【結構分析】本句主干為Straifford president George Friedman says…，其中says后是省略了that的賓語從句，詞組see…as…譯為“把……看成……”，逗號后面a spymaster’s dream是同位語，對賓語從句進行補充說明。
　　【參考譯文】斯特福德公司的總裁喬治·弗萊德曼說，網絡世界是一個收集情報和發(fā)送情報的工具，兩者之間還能相互強化，是間諜頭子夢寐以求的場所。

　　【真題例句】Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children: “We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing�！�(2004閱讀4)
　　【結構分析】本句主干為Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought…，thought后為省略了that的賓語從句，(that)schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children。分號內為直接引語。
　　【參考譯文】拉爾夫·瓦爾多·愛默生以及其他一些超驗主義哲學家認為，學校教育和僵化的書本學習會抑制孩子們的天性：“我們被關入學校和大學的背書室里10到15年，出來時滿腹經綸卻什么也不懂�！�
　　 4.that引導同位語從句，說明先行名詞的內容。
　　【真題例句】Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community。(2000英譯漢)
　　【結構分析】本句主干Governments throughout the world act on the assumption…，that引導同位語從句that the welfare of their people depends largely on…，對assumption 的內容進行具體說明。that在從句中不作成分，不翻譯出來。
　　【參考譯文】各國政府行使其職能都基于這樣一個前提，即人民的福利很大程度上取決于本國的經濟實力和社會財富。
　　【真題例句】Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering, to the extent that it constitutes “systematic patient abuse”。(2002閱讀4)
　　【結構分析】逗號前為本句主干，Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain…，其中pain后為省略了關系代詞that的定語從句，(關系代詞在從句中作suffering的賓語)，逗號后介詞短語為本句的狀語，包含that引導的同位語從句，說明extent的具體內容。
　　【參考譯文】許多醫(yī)生似乎對病人們正在遭受的并且不必要的痛苦無動于衷，甚至達到了構成“系統地虐待病人”的程度。
　　【真題例句】If good people do nothing, there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress. (2003閱讀2)
　　【結構分析】逗號后為本句主干，一個there be句型。其中possibility后面為that引導的同位語從句，解釋說明possibility的具體內容。句首部分為if引導的條件狀語從句。
　　【參考譯文】如果好人無所作為，一群不明真相的公眾真的有可能撲滅醫(yī)學進步的珍貴火種。
　　【真題例句】Therefore, it is important to study humans in all their richness and diversity in a calm and systematic manner, with the hope that the knowledge resulting from such studies can lead humans to a more harmonious way of living with themselves and with all other life forms on this planet Earth。(2003英譯漢)
　　【結構分析】本句為it作形式主語，不定式短語作真正主語的主系表結構。逗號后with所作伴隨狀語，其中包含一個同位語從句that the knowledge resulting from such studies can lead humans to…說明hope的具體內容。
　　【參考譯文】因此，冷靜而系統地研究人類的豐富性和多樣性是十分重要的，其目的是希望通過這些研究的成果使人類自身，也與其他的生命形式，在地球上更和諧地生存。
　　【真題例句】One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research。(2003閱讀2)

　　【結構分析】該句子中，介賓because of…所作的狀語部分包含that引導的同位語從句，補充說明先行詞“the theory”的內容。
　　【參考譯文】現在就有這樣一場正在尋求終止生物醫(yī)學研究的運動，他們的理論基礎是動物有權拒絕被用于實驗。
　　【真題例句】These leaders are living proof that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age。(2003閱讀4)
　　【結構分析】本句主干的表語proof后接由and并列兩個that引導的同位語從句，補充說明先行詞“l(fā)iving proof”的內容prevention works“預防是可行的”和we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age“人們能處理隨年齡增長而產生的健康問題”。
　　【參考譯文】這些領導人就是活生生的證據，證明預防是可行的，同時表明人們能處理隨年齡增長而產生的健康問題。
　　【真題例句】Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society。(200464)
　　【結構分析】本句的主干在逗號后，Whorf developed the idea…，that引導的同位語從句that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society解釋說明idea的具體內容。句首部分being interested…作全句的狀語。
　　【參考譯文】處于對語言和思維關系的興趣，沃夫形成一種思想——語言結構決定一個社會習慣思維模式。
　　【真題例句】Such behavior is regarded as “all too human”， with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. (2005閱讀1)
　　【結構分析】逗號前為主干。伴隨狀語with the underlying assumption…中包含一個同位語從句that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance，解釋前面的名詞assumption。
　　【參考譯文】這種表現被認為是“再符合人性不過了”，也就是假定其他動物沒有這樣高度發(fā)達的不滿意識。
　　【真題例句】Generally there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a common set of laws(2007完形)
　　【結構分析】本句的主干由there be句型充當。belief后為that引導的同位語從句，說明其具體內容。逗號后的large enough to…和integrated 分別均為states的后置定語。
　　【參考譯文】一般來說，都認為新建立的國家必須是主權獨立國家，面積夠大可以維持經濟上的獨立生存，并且由一套共同的法律連接為一體。
　　【真題例句】Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the population was unprepared for self�瞨ule and democracy. (2007完形)
　　【結構分析】本句主句為Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered…，介賓by fears…作為狀語表示原因，fears后的that引導的名詞性從句用作同位語，表示擔心的具體內容。

　　【參考譯文】平等主義的情緒因為擔心大眾沒有準備好自治和民主經常得到緩和。
　　【真題例句】But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the new media. (2007-48)
　　【結構分析】本句的主干為But the idea that…rests on…，idea后面接that引導的同位語從句that the journalist must understand…，說明idea的具體內容。在此同位語從句中，我們注意到使用了比較結構。
　　【參考譯文】新聞記者必須比普通公民更深刻地理解法律，這種觀點基于他們對新聞媒體已確立的規(guī)約和特殊責任的理解。
　　【真題例句】The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. (2008完形)
　　【結構分析】本句的主干為一個主系表結構充當The idea…is…主語idea后跟一個that引導的同位語從句，說明其具體內容。句末hypotheses后的that引導定語從句that dare not speak its name，that在從句中作主語指代先行詞hypotheses。
　　【參考譯文】一群人可能比其他人更聰明這一看法，是眾多不敢公開名稱的假設之一。
　　【真題例句】He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not previously thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested。(2008完形)
　　【結構分析】句首部分為本句的主干He helped popularize the idea，同位語從句that some diseases not previously thought to…說明idea的具體內容。從句中的主干為some diseases were actually infections，過去分詞結構not previously thought to have a bacterial cause為后置定語，修飾diseases，逗號后為which引導的非限制性定語從句，修飾限定前面的idea，關系代詞which在從句中作主語。在此定語從句中，又包含一個when引導的時間狀語從句，代詞it也指代前文的idea。
　　【參考譯文】他幫助普及了一個概念：過去認為不是由細菌造成的一些疾病實際上是傳染病。這種看法在比較初提出時引起了很大爭議。
　　 (二)名詞性wh-從句
　　由wh-詞引導，包括who, whom, whose, whoever, what, whatever, which, whichever等連接代詞和where, when, how, why等連接副詞。Wh-從句的語法功能除了和that從句一樣外，還可充當介詞賓語、賓語補語和間接賓語等。
　　 1.Wh-引導主語從句
　　【真題例句】What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar. (2000閱讀5)
　　【結構分析】本句逗號前為既包含主語從句，又包含表語從句的主句。其中主語部分由what引導的名詞性從句充當，表語部分由that引導的名詞性從句充當。中間插入的部分as easily and openly as once they could使用了比較結構作狀語，修飾前面的動詞短語confess fully to their dreams。句末的lest引導了一個虛擬的從句，構成形式是should+do，should被省略。此從句中使用了被動語態(tài)be thought，并列的三個形容詞pushing, acquisitive and vulgar作補語。
　　【參考譯文】事實上，人們不能像從前那么輕松公開地坦承自己的夢想，以免被人看作是愛出風頭、貪婪和庸俗。
　　【真題例句】What is odd is that they have perhaps most benefited from ambition if not always their own then that of their parents and grandparents。(2000閱讀5)
　　【結構分析】本句是一個主系表結構。what引導主語從句What is odd，在主語從句中充當主語，that they have perhaps most benefited from ambition if not always their own then that of their parents and grandparents是表語從句，注意從句中代詞that指代ambition。

　　【參考譯文】奇怪的是也許已經從雄心壯志中獲益比較多的正是他們——如果不是他們自己的雄心，那么就是他們父母的和祖父母的。
　　【真題例句】What was less visible then, however, were the new, positive forces that work against the digital divide。(2001閱讀2)
　　【結構分析】該句子中，what引導主語從句What was less visible then，并在主語從句中充當主語。主干表語部分包含由that引導的定語從句that work against the digital divide修飾forces，關系代詞that指代forces在從句中作主語。
　　【參考譯文】然而，一些新的可以防止這種信息差距出現的積極因素在當時并不如現在這樣明顯。
　　【真題例句】What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain’s roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented—and human perception far more complicated—than previously imagined。(2002閱讀2)
　　【結構分析】本句的主干What they found is that…被分隔結構in attempting to model thought所作的狀語隔開。主語為what引導的名詞性從句充當，what在從句中充當賓語。表語為that引導的名詞性從句充當，在此從句中，使用了比較結構，破折號之間的部分為對前文he human brain’s roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented的補充說明。
　　【參考譯文】在試圖模仿人類思維的過程中，研究人員發(fā)現人類大腦的約一千億個神經細胞比以前想象得要聰明的多，人類的知覺活動也比以前想象得復雜。
　　【真題例句】What we forget—what our economy depends on us forgetting—is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain。(2006閱讀4)
　　【結構分析】本句子主干為what…—what…—is that…兩個what引導主語從句，在主語從句中分別充當賓語，that引導的表語從句happiness is more than…中包含一個比較結構。
　　【參考譯文】但是我們所忘記的——我們的經濟指望我們忘卻的——是幸福而不僅僅是沒有痛苦的快樂。
　　 2.Wh-引導賓語從句
　　【真題例句】Ten years ago young people were hardworking and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being, but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs, and young people don’t know where they should go next。(2000閱讀4)
　　【結構分析】本句為由but并列的轉折關系兩個分句。but后是由and并列的兩個分句，在第二個分句中，know的賓語部分由where引導的從句充當。
　　【參考譯文】10年前，日本人工作勤奮，將工作視為他們存在的主要理由，但現在日本大體上已經滿足了其經濟需求，年輕人卻不知道他們下一步的目標在哪里。
　　【真題例句】When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal。(2000閱讀5)
　　【結構分析】本句句首為when引導的時間狀語從句，主句為it is advisable to find out…，其中it是形式主語，后面的不定式結構是真正的主語。在不定式結構中，find out的賓語由what引導的名詞性從句充當，what在從句中作be aiming at的賓語。for直到句末表示原因，包含一個however引導的讓步狀語從句，however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today，真正的主句是it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal，仍然是it作形式主語，真正的主語為that引導的名詞性從句。
　　【參考譯文】當一種新的藝術運動開始流行時，一種明智的做法是弄清楚它的倡議者們的真正意圖。因為，無論他們的創(chuàng)作原則在今天看來是多么牽強和荒謬，在未來這些理論很可能被認為是正常的東西。
　　【真題例句】However，there are still no forecasts for when faster-that-light travel will be available，or when human cloning will be perfected，or when time travel will be possible。(2001英譯漢)
　　【結構分析】本句主干是一個there be 句型there are still no forecasts for…，for連接的介賓短語后置作forecasts的定語。其中賓語的部分由三個when引導的名詞性從句充當，when在從句中作狀語，這三個從句由連詞or并列。
　　【參考譯文】然而，對于何時能夠進行超光速旅行，何時人類克隆技術得到完善，何時時間旅行成為可能，仍未作出預測。

　　【真題例句】It’s theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail。(2003閱讀3)
　　【結構分析】本句是個復合句，由but連接兩個并列分句。句首部分包含which引導的定語從句修飾theory，從句中動詞短語subscribe to 部分提前，造成to which形式，which指代theory作從句subscribe to的賓語，逗號后兩個which都引導賓語從句作determining的賓語，在從句中修飾“companies”，翻譯為“哪家公司興盛哪家公司倒閉�！�
　　【參考譯文】這種理論得到了多數經濟學家的贊同，但在實際操作中，它使鐵路公司獲得了決定哪家公司興盛哪家公司倒閉的權力。
　　
　　【真題例句】“By linking directly to our nervous system, computers could pick up what we feel and, hopefully, simulate feeling too so that we can start to develop full sensory environments, rather like the holidays in Total Recall or the Star Trek holodeck”， he says. (2001英譯漢)
　　【結構分析】句首部分為介賓所作的方式狀語，去掉主句中的分隔結構hopefully，得到computers could pick up…and simulate feeling too so that…，其中第一個動詞短語pick up的賓語由what引導的名詞性從句充當。so that引導的目的狀語從句中，rather like the holidays in Total Recall or the Star Trek holodeck,可以理解為一種特殊比較，翻譯為“就像……一樣”。
　　【參考譯文】他說：“通過直接與我們的神經系統的連接，計算機可以捕捉到我們的感受，并且，我們希望，它還可以模擬我們的感受。那樣我們就能夠開發(fā)全方位的虛擬環(huán)境，就像電影《完全回憶》中的虛擬假期或《星際旅行》中的全息甲板一樣�！�
　　【真題例句】It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific behavior. (2009閱讀2)
　　【結構分析】去掉中間的分隔部分，得到主干為It signals a change in what has been a key element of scientific behavior。介詞結構in…作前面change的后置定語。在此結構中，介賓的賓語部分由what引導的名詞性從句充當，what在從句中作主語。
　　【參考譯文】這表明了到目前為止科學行為中的一個很重要因素的變化。
　　【真題例句】Yet there are limits to what a society can spend in this pursuit。(2003閱讀4)
　　【結構分析】本句為復合句，主干there are limits后介詞to的賓語由what引導的名詞性從句充當，介詞結構充當limits的后置定語。What在其引導的從句中充當動詞spend的賓語。
　　【參考譯文】然而對于這樣的追求，一個社會能夠承擔的費用是有限的。
　　【真題例句】This may also explain why we are not usually sensitive to our own smells—we simply do not need to be. (2005完形)
　　【結構分析】本句是復合句。主干This may also explain…的賓語部分為why引導的名詞性從句充當，why在從句中作狀語，破折號后為原因的具體內容，be后省略了sensitive to our own smells。
　　【參考譯文】這也可以解釋為什么我們通常對自身的各種氣味不敏感——只不過我們不需要這樣做。
　　【真題例句】They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really for, not merely how much of it there is. (2009完形)
　　【結構分析】本句使用了一個虛擬would do(參見原題前文)decide后有兩個賓語，第一個由what引導的名詞性從句充當，what在從句中作for的賓語，第二個賓語為how much引導的賓語從句，是what從句的并列部分。
　　【參考譯文】他們也將嘗試去決定人類智慧的作用，而不是僅限于存在著多少智慧。
　　【真題例句】Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would perform on humans if they had the chance。(2009完形)
　　【結構分析】本句是主謂賓結構。主語research后由介賓短語后置作定語，謂語部分使用了make sb. do的形式，wonder后面的賓語由what引導的名詞性從句充當，what在從句中作賓語，其中，又包含了if引導的條件狀語從句。注意，本句使用了與現在相反的虛擬語氣。
　　【參考譯文】對動物智力的研究也讓我想知道，如果動物有機會的話，他們會對人類做什么樣的實驗。

　　3.Wh-引導表語從句
　　【真題例句】This, in brief, is what the futurist says: for a century, past conditions of life have been conditionally speeding up, till now we live in a world of noise and violence and speed。(2000閱讀3)
　　【結構分析】本句主干This is what…，介詞短語in brief作插入語。表語部分為what引導的名詞性從句，what在從句中作賓語。冒號后為復合句，具體說明(話的)內容。
　　【參考譯文】下面簡單介紹一下未來主義詩人的觀點：一個世紀以來，人類的生活狀況一直在有條件地加速，到了現在，我們已經生活在一個喧囂、暴力和快速的時代。
　　【真題例句】Open-source spying does have its risks, of course, since it can be difficult to tell good information from bad. That’s where Straitford earns its keep。(2003閱讀1)
　　【結構分析】該句子為主從復合句，主句在逗號前，since引導原因狀語從句，由it充當形式主語，真正主語在不定式后to tell good information from bad，翻譯為“因為很難區(qū)分信息的真?zhèn)巍�。代詞that指前，where引導表語從句，在從句中作狀語，理解為“在這種情況下”。
　　【參考譯文】當然這種公開渠道的諜報活動也有其風險，因為很難區(qū)分信息的真?zhèn)巍６�這正是斯特福德公司謀生之所在。
　　【真題例句】Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical education—not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge。(2004閱讀4)
　　【結構分析】該句子中，where引導表語從句，并且在從句中充當地點狀語，破折號后not to pursue knowledge與前面的to get a practical education為并列平行結構，均作目的狀語。介詞for連接的介賓短語作原因狀語。注意for the sake of為常考詞組，譯為“為了……”。
　　【參考譯文】甚至學校也成了讓孩子接受實用教育的場所，而不是為了知識而追求知識。
　　【真題例句】And that is why America’s Second Wave infrastructure—including roads, harbors, highways, ports and so on were built with foreign investment。(2001閱讀2)
　　【結構分析】該句子中，why引導表語從句why America’s…were built…，并且在從句中充當原因狀語。從句中謂語動詞由被動語態(tài)be built充當。
　　【參考譯文】因此美國的第二次浪潮基礎設施—包括公路、港口、高速公路、港口城市等等——都是用國外資金建造的。
　　 (三)if, whether引導的名詞性從句
　　 if(…or )， whether(…or not)引導的名詞從句是由一般疑問句或選擇疑問句轉化而來的，其功能和wh�矎木涞墓δ芟嗤�。翻譯時，譯為“是否”，采用順譯法，如：
　　【真題例句】However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question。(2005閱讀1)
　　【結構分析】該句子為主系表結構。whether引導由or并列的兩個主語從句whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans和whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago,譯為“是……，還是……”
　　【參考譯文】但是這種公平感是在卷尾猴和人類身上各自獨立演化而成，還是來自于三千五百萬年前他們共同的祖先，這還是一個懸而未決的問題。
　　【真題例句】Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or not we are forming the powers which will secure this ability。(2009-49)
　　【結構分析】本句句首部分為since引導的原因狀語從句，主句部分為we cannot help直到末尾，其中謂語部分help considering賓語部分由whether or not引導的名詞性從句whether or not we are forming the powers which will secure this ability充當，其中又包含一個限制性定語從句which will secure this ability修飾先行詞powers。