【從句】
　　一、定語從句
　　定語從句分為限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句。引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞有that，which，who，whom，whose(of which)，but(who/that…not)，as等，關(guān)系副詞有when，where，why，how等。大多數(shù)定語從句都對所修飾的名詞或代詞加以限制，去掉該從句后先行詞將意義不全或失去意義。而非限制性定語從句的作用在于補(bǔ)充，翻譯時常常另起一個句子，與主句構(gòu)成并列句。
　　 (一)關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句
　　 1。關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)的定語從句，that指人或指物，在從句中可以作主語、賓語。多數(shù)情況下，可與which互換。
　　【真題例句】In a significant tightening of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, theLord Chancellor, will introduce a draft bill that will propose making payments to witnessesillegal and will strictly control the amount of publicity that can be given to a case before a trial begins。(2001完形)
　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句主干為Lord Irvine will introduce a draft bill…;其中bill由that引導(dǎo)的定語從句that will propose making payments to witnesses illegal and will strictly control the
　　 amount of publicity…修飾，在從句中，that指代先行詞bill作主語。觀察連詞and，可確定此從句中并列兩個謂語will propose和will control。其中control的賓語the amount of publicity后又跟一個that引導(dǎo)的定語從句that can be given to a case before a trial begins，使用了被動語態(tài)，that指代先行詞publicity作主語。句首的介詞短語In a significant tightening of legal controls over the press作全句的狀語。
　　【參考譯文】為了有效地加強(qiáng)對新聞界的法律監(jiān)控，大法官歐文勛爵將引入一項草案。這項草案將提出付款給證人是非法的，并且要嚴(yán)格控制審判前對案件的曝光。
　　【真題例句】The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journalsharder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction ofrefereeing, first by national journals in the 19th century and then by several local geological journals in the 20th century. (2001閱讀1)
　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句的主干是一個完成時的主系表結(jié)構(gòu)The overall result has been… for amateurs，表語由不定式短語to make…h(huán)arder(使……更難)充當(dāng)。名詞短語a result that…是主干中主語result的同位語，作用是對其進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說明。在此名詞短語中，關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)定語從句that has been reinforced by…修飾先行詞result，that在從句中代替result作主語，從句的謂語使用了被動語態(tài)。
　　【參考譯文】總體結(jié)果是，業(yè)余人員在專業(yè)地質(zhì)學(xué)刊物上發(fā)表論文更難了，這種結(jié)果又由于審稿的廣泛引入而變得更糟——19世紀(jì)由國家級雜志評審， 20世紀(jì)由一些地方地質(zhì)學(xué)雜志評審。
　　【真題例句】There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend. (2001-71)
　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句為there be句型。主干為There will be television chat shows…，and cars…其中shows后由過去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)hosted by robots(作定語)修飾，cars后的介賓短語with pollution monitors作后置定語，該定語中monitors后跟一個that引導(dǎo)的定語從句that will disable them…，關(guān)系代詞that指代monitors在從句中作主語。句末的when they offend作從句中的時間狀語。
　　【參考譯文】未來將出現(xiàn)機(jī)器人主持的談話節(jié)目以及裝有污染監(jiān)控器的汽車，當(dāng)汽車污染超標(biāo)時，監(jiān)控器就會讓其停止。
　　【真題例句】And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro mechanics,there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with sub millimeter accuracy—far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone. (2002閱讀2)

　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句與上句同，主干there be句型there are already robot systems…中，systems由that引導(dǎo)的定語從句that can perform…(直到句末)修飾，關(guān)系代詞that指代先行詞systems在從句中作主語。破折號之后的部分far greater precision than…是submillimeter accuracy的同位語，起補(bǔ)充說明作用，這里使用了比較級。句首的And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro mechanics作全句的狀語。
　　【參考譯文】由于電子技術(shù)的不斷微型化和微型機(jī)械學(xué)的發(fā)展，已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)了能夠完成某些腦部和骨科手術(shù)的機(jī)器人系統(tǒng)，其精確程度已達(dá)到亞毫米級，這一精確程度大大超出了技術(shù)嫻熟的醫(yī)生光憑雙手所能達(dá)到的水平。
　　【真題例句】For example, changes in the economy that lead to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment in general make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain。(2004完形)
　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句主干的結(jié)構(gòu)為“主+謂+賓+賓補(bǔ)”，即changes make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain。主語changes后有兩個修飾語，其一是介詞短語in the economy作的后置定語，其二是that引導(dǎo)的定語從句that lead to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment in general。該定語從句中，關(guān)系代詞指代先行詞changes作主語，謂語lead to有兩個賓語，分別為job opportunities 和 unemployment，由and并列。
　　【參考譯文】舉例來說，經(jīng)濟(jì)改革導(dǎo)致了年輕人就業(yè)機(jī)會的減少和普遍上升的失業(yè)率，這些都使得有酬工作越來越難找。
　　注意：只能用that作為定語從句的關(guān)系代詞的情況：
　　 (1)在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which;
　　 (2)不定代詞如anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行詞時，只用that，不用which;
　　 (3) 先行詞有the only, the very修飾時，只用that;
　　 (4) 先行詞為序數(shù)詞、形容詞比較高級時，只用that;
　　 (5) 先行詞既有人，又有物時。
　　【真題例句】To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke, “all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is
　　 that good people do nothing�！�(2003閱讀2)
　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句的直接引語中，主干為一個主系表結(jié)構(gòu)all is that…，其中主語all由that引導(dǎo)的定語從句that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause修飾，關(guān)系代詞that指代先行詞all在從句中作主語。表語由that引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句that good people do nothing充當(dāng)。
　　【參考譯文】用18世紀(jì)政治家埃德蒙·柏克的話說：“一個被誤導(dǎo)的事業(yè)如果能成功，它唯一需要的就是好人無所作為”。
　　 2。關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)的定語從句，which指物，在從句中可以作主語、賓語等。多數(shù)情況下，可與that互換。
　　【真題例句】用If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a
　　 position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it’ll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman’s notorious bad taste in ties。(2002閱讀1)
　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句包含兩個并列分句，由and連接。第一個分句為you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you，這里包含一個定語從句，由which引導(dǎo)，關(guān)系代詞which指代先行詞the experiences and problems，在從句中作主語。第二個分句為it’ll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman’s notorious bad taste in ties，其中使用了it作形式主語，真正的主語為不定式to make a passing remark about…。句首的if引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句，其中g(shù)roup由which引導(dǎo)的定語從句which you are addressing修飾，which在從句中指代先行詞groups，作address的賓語。
　　【參考譯文】如果你是你談話聽眾中的一員，你就能夠了解你們所共有的經(jīng)歷和問題，而且你也可對餐廳極難吃的食物或者領(lǐng)導(dǎo)在選擇領(lǐng)帶方面差勁的品味進(jìn)行評頭論足。

　　【真題例句】Thus, the anthropological concept of “culture”， like the concept of “set”
　　 in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete
　　 research and understanding. (2003-65)
　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句的主干是一個主系表結(jié)構(gòu)，主語和系動詞被介賓短語like the concept of “set” in mathematics所作的狀語分隔，連接后為the anthropological concept of “culture” is an abstract concept…，其中表語abstract concept由which引導(dǎo)的定語從句which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding修飾，在從句中，which代替concept作主語。
　　【參考譯文】因此，就像數(shù)學(xué)中“集合”的概念一樣，人類學(xué)中“文化”的概念是一個抽象概念。它使大量的具體研究和認(rèn)識成為可能。
　　【真題例句】He adds humbly that perhaps he was “superior to the common run of men in
　　 noticing things which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully�！� (2008-49)
　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句為復(fù)合句。主句為He adds humbly that…，其中adds的賓語部分由that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句充當(dāng)。在此賓語從句中，兩個介賓短語in noticing things 和 in observing them carefully都作狀語，關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)的定語從句which easily escape attention修飾先行詞things，which在從句指代things作主語。
　　【參考譯文】他謙卑地補(bǔ)充道，或許他“和普通人比起來，更能夠注意到那些別人不容易注意到的細(xì)節(jié)，并對此加以詳細(xì)地觀察”。
　　 3。關(guān)系代詞與介詞一起用，介詞提前時，只用which。
　　 (1)從句中謂語部分成分提前
　　【真題例句】With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for
　　 whatever Futurist poetry may be—even admitting that the theory on
　　 which it is based may be right—it can hardly be classed as Literature。(2000閱讀3)
　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句包含兩個并列分句。前一分句為the case is rather difficult，后一分句whatever Futurist poetry may be…(直到句末)由for連接，表示原因。在此分句中，whatever引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，兩個破折號之間的插入部分，為分詞結(jié)構(gòu)所作的讓步狀語。admitting后的賓語由從句that the theory…may be right充當(dāng)，該賓語從句的主語theory由which引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾，which指代先行詞theory在從句中作謂語部分be based on(以……為基礎(chǔ)，根據(jù))的賓語，表現(xiàn)為介詞on提前。句首的介賓短語With regard to Futurist poetry作全句的狀語。
　　【參考譯文】但是，就未來派詩歌而言，情況卻相當(dāng)不同了，因為無論未來派詩歌為何物——即使承認(rèn)其理論根據(jù)可能是正確的，也很難稱其為文學(xué)作品。
　　【真題例句】Most journalists learn to see the world through a set of standard templates
　　 (patterns) into which they plug each day’s events。(2001閱讀3)
　　
　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句為主從復(fù)合句，主句為Most journalists learn to see the world through a set of standard templates (patterns)。關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)定語從句into which they plug each day’s events修飾先行詞a set of standard templates，which在定語從句中指代先行詞作into的賓語(into提前)，我們可將其還原為plug each day’s events into(a set of standard templates)。
　　【參考譯文】多數(shù)新聞記者都學(xué)著用一套標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的模式去看待世界，并把每天發(fā)生的事件納入這種模式。
　　【真題例句】What is needed is a technology of behavior, but we have been slow to develop
　　 the science from which such a technology might be drawn。(2002英譯漢)

　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句包含由but連接的兩個并列分句。前一分句是一個主系表結(jié)構(gòu)，其中主語由what引導(dǎo)的主語從句充當(dāng)。后一分句中包含which引導(dǎo)的定語從句which such a technology might be drawn修飾先行詞science，關(guān)系代詞which指代science在從句中作be drawn from的賓語，本句表現(xiàn)為from提前，我們可還原從句部分為such a technology might be drawn from (science)。
　　【參考譯文】我們需要的是一種行為技術(shù)，但是目前產(chǎn)生這種技術(shù)的科學(xué)進(jìn)展緩慢。
　　【真題例句】It’s theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves
　　 railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail。(2003閱讀3)
　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句與上句也同，也包含兩個并列分句，由but連接，體現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。前一分句的表語theory由關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)的定語從句to which many economists subscribe修飾。在該定語從句中，which作subscribe to的賓語，本句體現(xiàn)為介詞to提前的形式，我們可還原其為many economists subscribe to (the theory)。后一分句中，determining的賓語由兩個which引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句充當(dāng)，分別為which companies will flourish 和which will fail。
　　【參考譯文】這種理論是多數(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家都贊同的，但在實際操作中，它常常使鐵路公司獲得了決定哪家公司興盛哪家公司倒閉的權(quán)力。
　　 (2)代替先行詞與介詞構(gòu)成介賓結(jié)構(gòu)在從句中作狀語
　　【真題例句】They are the possessions of the autonomous (selfgoverning)
　　 man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a
　　 person is held responsible for this conduct and given credit for his achievements。(2002-64)
　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句包含兩個并列分句。在and后的并列分句中，practices由一個which引導(dǎo)的定語從句in which a person is held responsible for this conduct and given credit for his achievements修飾。關(guān)系代詞which在從句中指代practices與in構(gòu)成介賓結(jié)構(gòu)，翻譯為“在個人行為中”作整個從句的狀語。
　　【參考譯文】自由和尊嚴(yán)(參見原題)是傳統(tǒng)理論中自主人所擁有的，并且是個人行為中必不可少的——人要對自己的這種品行負(fù)責(zé)并且因其成就被給予獎勵。
　　【真題例句】Television is one of the means by which these feelings
　　 are created and conveyed—and perhaps never before has it served so much so connect
　　 different peoples and nations as the recent events in Europe. (200546)
　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句與上句同，也包含and連接的兩個并列分句。前一分句中，表語部分means由定語從句by which these feelings are created and conveyed修飾。關(guān)系which指代means與介詞by相連，翻譯為“通過這種方式”，在從句中作狀語。后一分句提前了never構(gòu)成倒裝(參見倒裝章節(jié))，并使用了so much…as的比較結(jié)構(gòu)(參見比較章節(jié))。
　　【參考譯文】電視是產(chǎn)生和表達(dá)這些感受的手段之一——在歐洲近來發(fā)生的事件中，它把不同的民族和國家連到一起，其作用之大，前所未有。
　　 4。非限制性定語從句只用which，并多譯為并列句結(jié)構(gòu)。
　　【真題例句】The more foreign capital you have helping you build your Third Wave
　　 infrastructure, which today is an electronic infrastructure, the better off you’re going to be。(2001閱讀2)
　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句主干是the more…the more…(越來越)結(jié)構(gòu)。關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句作分隔結(jié)構(gòu)，其中，關(guān)系代詞which指代先行詞infrastructure作從句中的主語。

　【參考譯文】你擁有的去建造第三次浪潮基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施(今天主要指電子基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施)的外國資金越多，那么你的情況就越好。
　　【真題例句】Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses’ convention, of a story
　　 which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. (2002閱讀1)
　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句的主干為提前here的倒裝Here is an example。 which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句which I heard at a nurses’ convention修飾先行詞example，在整個句子中起分隔的作用。關(guān)系代詞which在從句中指代先行詞作heard的賓語。介詞of a story…也修飾example，作定語。story后又有一個which定語從句，關(guān)系代詞which在從句中作主語。在此從句中，還包含一個because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句。
　　【參考譯文】下面是一個例子，是我在一次護(hù)士會議上聽到的，這個故事很不錯因為聽眾對醫(yī)生都有相同的看法。
　　【真題例句】These days the Net, which has already remade pastimes as buying books
　　 and sending mail, is reshaping Donovan’s vocation as well。(2003閱讀1)
　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句的主干是一個主系表結(jié)構(gòu)These days the Net is reshaping Donovan’s vocation as well，兩個逗號之間的非限制性定語從句which has already remade pastimes as buying books and sending mail作分隔結(jié)構(gòu)，關(guān)系代詞 which在從句中代替net作主語。
　　【參考譯文】如今，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)已經(jīng)改變了諸如買書、發(fā)郵件這樣的日常消遣，同時它也正在重塑著多諾汶所從事的這個職業(yè)。
　　【真題例句】Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline,
　　 which future management efforts must take into account。(2006閱讀3)
　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句的主干在逗號前Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm argue that…，其中argue的賓語由that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句充當(dāng)。在該賓語從句中，包含關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句修飾先行詞a correct baseline。 在此定語從句中，which代替先行詞baseline作從句中謂語take into account的賓語。
　　【參考譯文】麥爾斯博士和沃姆博士指出，他們的工作確定了一個準(zhǔn)確的(捕撈數(shù)量)底線，未來的(海洋)管理必須將其考慮進(jìn)去。
　　 5。指代上文一整句話時，只用which。
　　【真題例句】The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection
　　 with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized
　　 how diverse languages could be。(2004-61)
　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句主句為The Greeks assumed that…，其中assumed的賓語由that引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句充當(dāng)。在該賓語從句中，關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be翻譯為“早在人們認(rèn)識到各種語言的千差萬別之前，(which)就已經(jīng)扎根于歐洲”，不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，which只有指代前文整個句子，即這種觀點，句子才是完整無誤地表達(dá)。
　　【參考譯文】希臘人認(rèn)為語言結(jié)構(gòu)同思維過程之間存在著某種關(guān)系。早在人們認(rèn)識到各種語言的千差萬別之前，這種看法就已經(jīng)扎根于歐洲。

　　【真題例句】But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University
　　 in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that
　　 it is all too monkey, as well。(2005閱讀1)
　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句主句為主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)But a study suggests that…，其中suggest的賓語部分為that引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句that it is all too monkey, as well充當(dāng)。兩個逗號間為which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句which has just been published in Nature譯為“(which)剛剛發(fā)表在《自然》期刊上”，在本句中起分隔作用。關(guān)系代詞which在從句中作主語，通過分析全句，不難看出which同時指代上文完整的主句內(nèi)容。
　　【參考譯文】但是由佐治亞州亞特蘭大埃默里大學(xué)的薩拉·布魯斯南和弗蘭斯·德瓦爾進(jìn)行的一項研究表明，猴子也有類似的情緒表達(dá)，這項研究成果剛剛發(fā)表在《自然》期刊上。
　　【真題例句】He asserted, also, that his power to follow a long and purely
　　 abstract train of thought was very limited, for which reason he felt certain
　　 that he never could have succeeded with mathematics。(2008-47)
　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句是復(fù)合句。主句為He asserted that…，其中assert的賓語為that引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句充當(dāng)，其中主語power后由不定式結(jié)構(gòu)to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought作后置定語。 句末是非限制性定語從句for which reason he felt certain that…，關(guān)系代詞which修飾reason指代前面整句的內(nèi)容his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited，與for連接使用，在從句中表示原因。注意he felt certain that…是主系表結(jié)構(gòu)中的一類特殊分支：主+系+adj.+that從句。
　　【參考譯文】達(dá)爾文同時聲稱，對于冗長而且純抽象的思想，自己的理解能力并不強(qiáng)。因為這個原因，他相信自己在數(shù)學(xué)方面根本不會成功。
　　 6。關(guān)系代詞如果在限制性定語從句中作賓語可以被省略。
　　【真題例句】Nothing could persuade me to return to the kind of life
　　 Kelsey used to advocate and I once enjoyed: 12 hour working days,
　　 pressured deadlines, the fearful strain of office politics and the limitations
　　 of being a parent on “quality time”。(2001閱讀5)
　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句主干在句首，Nothing could persuade me to return to the kind of life…，life由兩個定語從句修飾，分別為Kelsey used to advocate和I once enjoyed。由于在從句中，關(guān)系代詞指代先行詞the kind of life分別作兩個從句中各自謂語used to advocate和enjoyed的賓語，因此關(guān)系代詞被省略。冒號后為the kind of life 的具體內(nèi)容，是由四個并列短語構(gòu)成的。
　　【參考譯文】沒有什么能說服我回到那種凱爾茜曾倡導(dǎo)、我也曾鐘愛的生活中去：每天12小時的工作日，壓得人喘不過氣來的比較后期限，可怕而緊張的辦公室權(quán)力斗爭，為人父母的“比較佳時間”的限制。
　　【真題例句】Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the
　　 pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering, to the extent
　　 that it constitutes “systematic patient abuse”。(2002閱讀4)
　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句主干為Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain，其中pain后的定語從句“their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering”中省略了關(guān)系代詞“that/which”(該關(guān)系代詞指代先行詞pain，在從句中作be suffering 的賓語)。句末的不定式to the extent that…作目的狀語，其中that引導(dǎo)同位語從句(參見同位語從句)，解釋說明extent。

　　【參考譯文】不少醫(yī)生似乎對病人所遭受的毫無必要的、可預(yù)見的痛苦無動于衷，甚至達(dá)到了“蓄意虐待病人”的程度。
　　【真題例句】Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and had promise in return to
　　 abolish slavery in the areas he liberated. (2007完形)
　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句的兩個謂語had received aid…和had promise in return to…由and并列。在第二個謂語中，地點狀語 in the areas…后跟省略了關(guān)系代詞that/which的定語從句he liberated，關(guān)系代詞在從句中指代areas作liberated的賓語。
　　【參考譯文】玻利瓦爾得到海地的援助，作為回報，他承諾在自己解放的地區(qū)廢除奴隸制。
　　【真題例句】Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things
　　 they’ve apparently learned is when to stop。(2009完形)
　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句包含and并列的兩個分句。在第二個分句中，主干為one of the things is when to stop。主語things由省略了關(guān)系代詞that/which的定語從句they’ve apparently learned所修飾，關(guān)系代詞指代things在從句中作learn的賓語。注意is后的表語使用了when+to+do形式。
　　【參考譯文】許多其他的物種也有學(xué)習(xí)能力，很顯然他們學(xué)到的東西之一就是知道何時停止。
　　【真題例句】Instead of casting a wistful glance backward at
　　 all the species we’ve left in the dust I.Q.wise, it implicitly asks what the real
　　 costs of our own intelligence might be。(2009完形)
　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句主干在逗號后，為it implicitly asks what the real costs of our own intelligence might be，其中賓語部分由what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句充當(dāng)，what在從句中作表語。句首部分是介賓短語所作的狀語，其中包含省略了關(guān)系代詞that/which的定語從句we’ve left in the dust I.Q.�瞱ise，修飾先行詞species，關(guān)系代詞指代先行詞在從句中作left的賓語。
　　【參考譯文】這個試驗不是去回顧那些被我們劃為低智商的物種，而是含蓄在問我們自己智力的真正代價是什么。
　　 7.who/whom和whose引導(dǎo)的定語從句
　　 (1)關(guān)系代詞who引導(dǎo)的定語從句，該關(guān)系代詞指人，可以在定語從句中作主語、賓語等。
　　【真題例句】Hofstader says our country’s educational system is in the grips of people who
　　 “joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to
　　 identify with children who show the least intellectual promise�！�(2004閱讀4)
　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句主干為Hofstader says…，其中says后的賓語由省略了that的賓語從句our country’s educational system is in the grips of people…充當(dāng)，這是一個主系表結(jié)構(gòu)，其中表語中people后跟一個who引導(dǎo)的定語從句who joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children…，關(guān)系代詞who指代先行詞people，在從句中作主語。這里我們注意到此從句的謂語動詞proclaim后的賓語由and并列，分別為their hostility to intellect和 their eagerness to identify with children。前一個to為介詞，與名詞intellect構(gòu)成介詞短語后置作定語，后一個to是不定式短語，對eagerness進(jìn)行修飾，也是后置作定語，句末的定語從句who show the least intellectual promise 修飾先行詞children，在從句中，關(guān)系代詞who指代children在從句中作主語。

　【參考譯文】霍夫斯塔說我們國家的教育體系控制在這樣一些人手中——他們“得意并挑釁地宣稱他們對智商的敵視，以及他們認(rèn)同那些在智商方面比較沒有希望的孩子們�！�
　　【真題例句】I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his
　　 primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic(蘇格拉底)
　　 way about moral problems。(2006-46)
　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句是復(fù)合句。主句為I shall define him as an individual…。定語從句who has elected as…(直到句末)用來修飾先行詞individual，關(guān)系代詞who在從句中指代先行詞作主語。在該定語從句中，我們注意到構(gòu)成“elect…as…”的結(jié)構(gòu)，在此句中翻譯為“選擇……作為……”。
　　【參考譯文】我將他(知識分子)定義為這種個體：用蘇格拉底式的方式思考道德問題，并將此作為自己人生的首要責(zé)任和樂趣。
　　【真題例句】His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept
　　 the obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of
　　 reasoning which led him to his decision. (2006-47)
　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句是復(fù)合句。主干為一個系表結(jié)構(gòu)His function is analogous to that of a judge，逗號后who引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning…修飾先行詞judge。在此從句中，賓語obligation后的定語由介賓結(jié)構(gòu)of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning…充當(dāng)。此介賓短語比較復(fù)雜，正常語序應(yīng)為revealing the course of reasoning in a manner as obvious as possible，這里as obvious as possible作狀語，在原句中以分隔結(jié)構(gòu)出現(xiàn)。句末reasoning 由which引導(dǎo)的定語從句which led him to his decision修飾，which在從句中指代reasoning作主語。
　　【參考譯文】知識分子(參見前文)的作用與法官相似，他必須盡義務(wù)用盡可能清楚的方式解釋自己作出結(jié)論的推理過程。
　　【真題例句】Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created
　　 equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War,
　　 overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will。(2008閱讀4)
　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句主干為Washington overcame the strong opposition…。兩個逗號間為who引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句，以分隔結(jié)構(gòu)出現(xiàn)，修飾主語Washington。該從句中，believe的賓語由名詞性從句that all men were created equal after…充當(dāng)，句末的不定式結(jié)構(gòu) to grant his slaves their freedom in his will作整個句子的狀語。
　　【參考譯文】在看到獨立戰(zhàn)爭中黑人士兵的英勇表現(xiàn)并開始相信人人生而平等后，華盛頓克服了親屬的強(qiáng)烈反對，按照自己的意愿，讓他的奴隸們獲得了自由。
　　 (2)關(guān)系代詞指人并構(gòu)成介詞短語，介詞提前時，只用whom。
　　【真題例句】On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that
　　 the assisted�瞫uicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying。(2002閱讀4)
　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】去掉句首介賓，本句主干為many acknowledge that…，其中acknowledge的賓語由賓語從句that the assisted�瞫uicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients充當(dāng)。在此賓語從句中，定語從句for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying修飾先行詞patients，由于介詞for提前，關(guān)系代詞使用賓格whom，指代patients與for連接使用作從句中的狀語，翻譯為“對……而言”。
　　【參考譯文】在另一層面，很多醫(yī)學(xué)界的人承認(rèn)，協(xié)助自殺爭議部分是由于病人極度絕望引起的，對他們而言，現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)延長了他們死亡前的肉體痛苦。

　【參考譯文】霍夫斯塔說我們國家的教育體系控制在這樣一些人手中——他們“得意并挑釁地宣稱他們對智商的敵視，以及他們認(rèn)同那些在智商方面比較沒有希望的孩子們�！�
　　【真題例句】I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his
　　 primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic(蘇格拉底)
　　 way about moral problems。(2006-46)
　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句是復(fù)合句。主句為I shall define him as an individual…。定語從句who has elected as…(直到句末)用來修飾先行詞individual，關(guān)系代詞who在從句中指代先行詞作主語。在該定語從句中，我們注意到構(gòu)成“elect…as…”的結(jié)構(gòu)，在此句中翻譯為“選擇……作為……”。
　　【參考譯文】我將他(知識分子)定義為這種個體：用蘇格拉底式的方式思考道德問題，并將此作為自己人生的首要責(zé)任和樂趣。
　　【真題例句】His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept
　　 the obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of
　　 reasoning which led him to his decision. (2006-47)
　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句是復(fù)合句。主干為一個系表結(jié)構(gòu)His function is analogous to that of a judge，逗號后who引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning…修飾先行詞judge。在此從句中，賓語obligation后的定語由介賓結(jié)構(gòu)of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning…充當(dāng)。此介賓短語比較復(fù)雜，正常語序應(yīng)為revealing the course of reasoning in a manner as obvious as possible，這里as obvious as possible作狀語，在原句中以分隔結(jié)構(gòu)出現(xiàn)。句末reasoning 由which引導(dǎo)的定語從句which led him to his decision修飾，which在從句中指代reasoning作主語。
　　【參考譯文】知識分子(參見前文)的作用與法官相似，他必須盡義務(wù)用盡可能清楚的方式解釋自己作出結(jié)論的推理過程。
　　【真題例句】Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created
　　 equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War,
　　 overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will。(2008閱讀4)
　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句主干為Washington overcame the strong opposition…。兩個逗號間為who引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句，以分隔結(jié)構(gòu)出現(xiàn)，修飾主語Washington。該從句中，believe的賓語由名詞性從句that all men were created equal after…充當(dāng)，句末的不定式結(jié)構(gòu) to grant his slaves their freedom in his will作整個句子的狀語。
　　【參考譯文】在看到獨立戰(zhàn)爭中黑人士兵的英勇表現(xiàn)并開始相信人人生而平等后，華盛頓克服了親屬的強(qiáng)烈反對，按照自己的意愿，讓他的奴隸們獲得了自由。
　　 (2)關(guān)系代詞指人并構(gòu)成介詞短語，介詞提前時，只用whom。
　　【真題例句】On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that
　　 the assisted�瞫uicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying。(2002閱讀4)
　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】去掉句首介賓，本句主干為many acknowledge that…，其中acknowledge的賓語由賓語從句that the assisted�瞫uicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients充當(dāng)。在此賓語從句中，定語從句for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying修飾先行詞patients，由于介詞for提前，關(guān)系代詞使用賓格whom，指代patients與for連接使用作從句中的狀語，翻譯為“對……而言”。
　　【參考譯文】在另一層面，很多醫(yī)學(xué)界的人承認(rèn)，協(xié)助自殺爭議部分是由于病人極度絕望引起的，對他們而言，現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)延長了他們死亡前的肉體痛苦。

　　9。長難句中經(jīng)常同時包含多個定語從句
　　【真題例句】Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena. (2003-62)
　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】我們先注意到第一個that，只是branch前的修飾語，不引導(dǎo)從句。得到主干，一個主系表結(jié)構(gòu)——Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry。關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)定語從句which seeks to study humans and their endeavors…，which指代先行詞enquiry在從句中作主語。介詞短語in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that…作方式狀語，其中定語從句that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena修飾先行詞manner，關(guān)系代詞that在從句中指代先行詞作use的賓語。在翻譯時，為避免定語部分過長，我們將which從句轉(zhuǎn)譯為并列結(jié)構(gòu)，將that從句轉(zhuǎn)譯為狀語。
　　 (2)關(guān)系代詞指人并構(gòu)成介詞短語，介詞提前時，只用whom。
　　【真題例句】On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted�瞫uicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying。(2002閱讀4)
　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】去掉句首介賓，本句主干為many acknowledge that…，其中acknowledge的賓語由賓語從句that the assisted�瞫uicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients充當(dāng)。在此賓語從句中，定語從句for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying修飾先行詞patients，由于介詞for提前，關(guān)系代詞使用賓格whom，指代patients與for連接使用作從句中的狀語，翻譯為“對……而言”。
　　【參考譯文】在另一層面，很多醫(yī)學(xué)界的人承認(rèn)，協(xié)助自殺爭議部分是由于病人極度絕望引起的，對他們而言，現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)延長了他們死亡前的肉體痛苦。
　　 (3)關(guān)系代詞whose引導(dǎo)的定語從句，該關(guān)系代詞在從句中表示“某人(先行詞)的”。
　　【真題例句】As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor。(2002閱讀2)
　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句主干是一個被動語態(tài)the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos，以but連接的兩個由whose引導(dǎo)的限制性定語從句，都修飾先行詞gizmos。在第一個定語從句whose presence we barely notice中，whose指代先行詞gizmos作presence的定語，二者連用作barely notice的賓語;第二個定語從句whose universal existence has removed much human labor中，whose指代先行詞gizmos作universal existence的定語，二者連用作從句的主語。句首的as a result為介詞短語作狀語。
　　【參考譯文】結(jié)果是，現(xiàn)代世界充滿了越來越智能化的小玩意，這些小玩意的出現(xiàn)是我們幾乎注意不到的，但它們的普遍存在卻節(jié)省了很多勞動力。
　　【真題例句】Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care。(2003閱讀2)
　　【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】該句子中，主干為Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates。關(guān)系代詞whose引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care修飾先行詞scientists，關(guān)系代詞whose作arguments的定語，指代先行詞scientists。從句中的謂語使用了現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時，由and并列，分別為are confusing和(are)threatening。