考研英語(yǔ)：09年考研英語(yǔ)新題型新模擬

Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. “Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,” William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word “habit” carries a negative connotation.

 
So it seems paradoxical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we can even create entirely new brain cells that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks. 41_____________________________

All of us work through problems in ways of which we’re unaware, says Dawna Markova, author of “The Open Mind”. Researchers in the late 1960s discovered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. 42________________________

The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. 43__________________  This emphasis clearly leads to ordinary performance. On the contrary, knowing what you’re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.

44________________________Figure out what has worked for you when you’ve learned in the past, and you can draw your own map for developing additional skills and behaviors for the future. Ms. Ryan says, “If you have a pathway to learning, use it because that’s going to be easier than creating an entirely new pathway in your brain.”

Ms. Ryan and Ms. Markova have found what they call three zones of existence: comfort, stretch and stress. Comfort is the realm of existing habit. Stress occurs when a challenge is so far beyond current experience as to be overwhelming. It’s that stretch zone in the middle — activities that feel a bit awkward and unfamiliar — where true change occurs.

Getting into the stretch zone is good for you, according to Ms. Ryan. It helps keep your brain healthy. It turns out that unless we continue to learn new things, which challenges our brains to create new pathways, they literally begin to weaken, which may result in brain diseases. She recommends practicing a technique called kaizen, which calls for tiny, continuous improvements.

45__________________________That can be fatal in business, particularly for executives who surround themselves with like-thinkers. If seniority and promotion are based on similarity to those at the top, chances are strong that the company lacks intellectual diversity.

[A] This is where developing new habits comes in. If you’re an analytical or procedural thinker, you learn in different ways than someone who is inherently innovative or collaborative.

[B] Rather than dismissing ourselves as unchangeable creatures of habit, we can instead direct our own change by consciously developing new habits. In fact, the more new things we try — the more we step outside our comfort zone — the more inherently creative we become, both in the workplace and in our personal lives.

[C] After the confusion, the brain begins organizing the new input, ultimately creating new synaptic connections if the process is repeated enough.

[D] “This breaks the major rule in the American belief system — that anyone can do anything,” explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book “This Year I Will...”

[E] But if, during creation of that new habit, the “Great Decider” steps in to protest against taking the unfamiliar path, people may keep doing the same thing over and over again.

[F] At teenage years, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.

[G] Simultaneously, take a look at how colleagues approach challenges, Ms. Markova suggests. We tend to believe that those who think the way we do are smarter than those who don’t.
Part B

一、文章體裁結(jié)構(gòu)分析

這是一篇有關(guān)人們開發(fā)新習(xí)慣進(jìn)而引發(fā)創(chuàng)新的說明文。文章第一、二段引出習(xí)慣這一話題，并說明了開發(fā)新的習(xí)慣可以帶來創(chuàng)新。第三、四、五段解釋了新習(xí)慣是如何產(chǎn)生的；后面剩余幾段說明了人在拉伸區(qū)容易發(fā)生新的變化進(jìn)而促進(jìn)人的大腦健康。

二、試題解析

【參考答案】 41. B     42. F     43. D     44. A     45. G

41.【正確答案】B

【解答過程】從文中給出的內(nèi)容我們粗略地知道文章談?wù)摰氖怯嘘P(guān)開發(fā)新習(xí)慣引發(fā)創(chuàng)新的話題。本題缺失內(nèi)容位于第二段的段尾，因此我們要回到空前的內(nèi)容去尋找答題線索。前面提到如果我們有意識(shí)地去開發(fā)新的習(xí)慣，就能讓思維跳到創(chuàng)新的軌道上，由此，我們可以推測(cè)選填的內(nèi)容可能會(huì)進(jìn)一步解釋這兩者的關(guān)系。查看選項(xiàng)，B中“we can direct our change by consciously developing new habits”剛好涉及這一內(nèi)容，而且“Rather than dismissing ourselves as unchangeable creatures of habit” 剛好是對(duì)前面“consciously”這個(gè)詞的回應(yīng)和解釋，因此本題答案為E。

42.【正確答案】F

【解答過程】本題缺失內(nèi)容是第三段的段尾。我們可以根據(jù)上下文來判斷合理的選項(xiàng)，空前的內(nèi)容提及“我們都以我們意識(shí)不到的方式來處理問題”；第四段的句首又提到“我們之中很少有人生來就能運(yùn)用我們的創(chuàng)造性和合作思維模式”，據(jù)此我們可以推斷正確的選項(xiàng)應(yīng)該與部分能力未被開發(fā)有關(guān)，查看選項(xiàng)，只有F提到人們?cè)谇嗌倌甑臅r(shí)候有一半也就是兩種能力關(guān)閉了，這正好與空后的內(nèi)容相一致。故答案為C。

43.【正確答案】D

【解答過程】       本題缺失內(nèi)容在第四段的中間，而中間的內(nèi)容必然會(huì)起到銜接上下的作用，因此我們需要參考該空的前后來尋找線索�？涨暗膬�(nèi)容談到“我們之中很少有人生來就能運(yùn)用我們的創(chuàng)造性和合作性思維模式”；空后的內(nèi)容談到“這種強(qiáng)調(diào)很明顯導(dǎo)致了平庸表現(xiàn)”，這說明缺失的內(nèi)容應(yīng)該是有人進(jìn)行了這種強(qiáng)調(diào)，查看選項(xiàng)，D正好與此有關(guān)，而且選項(xiàng)開頭的“this” 剛好能指代前面的“我們之中很少有人生來就能運(yùn)用我們的創(chuàng)造性和合作性思維模式”，故答案為A。

44.【正確答案】A

【解答過程】本題缺失內(nèi)容是第五段的段首句。同樣我們需要在其上下文找線索�？涨暗膬�(nèi)容（第四段比較后）反對(duì)由于缺乏創(chuàng)新導(dǎo)致的平庸表現(xiàn)，故此處應(yīng)該引出新的東西；而且空后提到“找出你過去學(xué)習(xí)的有用的東西，你可以畫出未來可以開發(fā)的附加技巧和行為圖”,這顯然與人的分析或者學(xué)習(xí)東西的能力有關(guān)，參看選項(xiàng)，A剛好就是與這個(gè)有關(guān)，故答案為A。

45.【正確答案】G

【解答過程】本題缺失內(nèi)容是段首句，我們應(yīng)根據(jù)前后文來確定答案�？涨皟�(nèi)容（上一段）提到Ryan建議人們進(jìn)行kaizen的技巧練習(xí)，那么我們可以推測(cè)接下來應(yīng)該還有別的方法參考；而且空后提到“這對(duì)商業(yè)具有致命的打擊，對(duì)那些身邊充斥著只會(huì)附和的員工的老板們來說尤其如此。”這說明有一種想法或傾向是致命的，查看選項(xiàng)，G中的發(fā)“simultaneous”剛好可以引入別的方法，而其中的“我們總是相信那些做法和我們一致的人要比那些做法和我們不一致的人聰明得多”這句話剛好和“附和”是一個(gè)意思，而且是一種有害的主觀傾向，剛好能滿足這一空的要求，因此答案是G。

【干擾項(xiàng)分析】       干擾項(xiàng)C，提到“After the confusion”，說明前面必然要提到混亂、困惑狀態(tài)下的狀況，而這在文章中根本找不到對(duì)應(yīng)內(nèi)容，故排除；干擾項(xiàng)Ｅ項(xiàng)中首次出現(xiàn)了“the “Great Decider”，文中只字未提該短語(yǔ)或做出任何相關(guān)的解釋，如果選擇會(huì)很突兀，故排除掉。
全文翻譯：

習(xí)慣是一個(gè)很有趣的事情。我們漫不經(jīng)心地觸及它，讓我們的大腦處于自動(dòng)巡航狀態(tài)，放松地進(jìn)入熟悉的日常工作的無意識(shí)舒適之中。威廉.華茲華斯在19世紀(jì)說：“不是選擇，而是習(xí)慣駕馭了輕率的獸群”。在21世紀(jì)，即使是習(xí)慣也帶上了負(fù)面涵義。

因此在與創(chuàng)意和創(chuàng)新相同的語(yǔ)境里談習(xí)慣似乎有些矛盾。但從事大腦研究的人員已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)，當(dāng)我們有意識(shí)地開發(fā)新習(xí)慣時(shí)，我們甚至能夠創(chuàng)造全新的腦細(xì)胞，這能夠使我們的思緒跳躍到創(chuàng)新的軌道上。不必將我們當(dāng)作是一成不變的習(xí)慣的動(dòng)物，我們實(shí)際可以通過有意識(shí)地開發(fā)新習(xí)慣來引導(dǎo)我們自己的變化。實(shí)際上，我們?cè)蕉鄧L試新東西，越多超越我們的舒適區(qū)，我們就會(huì)從內(nèi)在里具備創(chuàng)造性，不管是工作上還是生活里。

《開放的思想》一書的作者Dawna Markova說，我們所有人都以我們意識(shí)不到的方式來處理問題。20世紀(jì)60年代的研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，人類出生時(shí)就有能力以四種方式應(yīng)對(duì)挑戰(zhàn)：分析性，程序性，相關(guān)性（合作性）和創(chuàng)新性。但在青少年時(shí)期，大腦關(guān)閉一半的能力，僅保留哪些似乎在人生比較初10多年中比較有價(jià)值的哪些思維模式。

目前對(duì)于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化測(cè)試的重視強(qiáng)調(diào)分析和程序，意味著我們之中很少有人生來就能運(yùn)用我們的創(chuàng)造性和合作性思維模式。2006年出版的《今年我將…》一書作者M(jìn). J. Ryan 解釋說：“這破壞了美國(guó)信仰體系中的比較重要法則—每個(gè)人都能做成任何事情”。這種重視很明顯導(dǎo)致了平庸表現(xiàn)。相反地，知道你擅長(zhǎng)做的，并且多做會(huì)成就卓越。

就是在此新習(xí)慣登場(chǎng)了。如果你是一個(gè)分析型或程序型的思考者，你學(xué)習(xí)的方式不同于先天是創(chuàng)新或合作型的人。找出你過去學(xué)習(xí)的有用的東西，你可以畫出未來可以開發(fā)的附加技巧和行為圖。Ryan女士說：“如果你有路徑來學(xué)習(xí)，就要用它，因?yàn)檫@將比在你的大腦創(chuàng)作全新的路徑要容易得多�！�

Ryan和Markova兩位女士已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了她們稱之為三種存在區(qū)的東西：舒適，拉伸，壓力。舒適是現(xiàn)存習(xí)慣的領(lǐng)地。壓力是在挑戰(zhàn)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超越目前經(jīng)驗(yàn)，以至于不可抗拒時(shí)發(fā)生。處于中間的是拉伸區(qū)，是一些感到有點(diǎn)別扭和不熟悉的活動(dòng)，就在這一區(qū)發(fā)生真正的變化。

根據(jù)Ryan女士的說法，進(jìn)入拉伸區(qū)對(duì)你是有好處的。這有助于你保持大腦健康。結(jié)果顯示除非我們繼續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)新東西，這樣挑戰(zhàn)我們大腦去創(chuàng)造新路徑，否則大腦就會(huì)開始變?nèi)�，這可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致大腦疾病。她推薦練習(xí)一種叫做kaizen的技巧，這種技巧需要微小而持續(xù)的提高。

同時(shí)，你去看看你的同事是如何應(yīng)對(duì)挑戰(zhàn)的，這是Markova小姐提出的建議。我們總是相信那些做法和我們一致的人要比那些做法和我們不一致的人聰明得多。這種傾向?qū)ι虡I(yè)具有致命的打擊，對(duì)那些身邊盡是些附和者的老板們來說尤其如此。如果論資排輩和職務(wù)晉升都要建立在對(duì)高層領(lǐng)導(dǎo)想法的附和之上，那么這個(gè)公司的才智肯定會(huì)趨于單一化。