例證題

　　例證題概述

　　讓事實(shí)說(shuō)話是一種比較有效的論證方式，命題組的專家們?cè)谠O(shè)置題目時(shí)往往也會(huì)針對(duì)語(yǔ)篇中的事例設(shè)問(wèn)，考查考生對(duì)語(yǔ)篇局部結(jié)構(gòu)的理解。

　　閱讀理解語(yǔ)篇基本上是議論文，說(shuō)明文。而這類語(yǔ)篇一般都會(huì)用例子或事實(shí)來(lái)說(shuō)明觀點(diǎn)等話題�？忌�在閱讀時(shí)對(duì)于for example, for instance, such as, as等引出的例子要特別注意，這里就可能是命題的出處。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，例子之前或之后附近通常都有一句總結(jié)說(shuō)明性的話，這句話就可能是答案，即被例證的對(duì)象。如果例子與整個(gè)語(yǔ)篇相關(guān)，即例證主題，答案一般為主題句。當(dāng)例子與某些段落主題相關(guān)，則答案一般為段落主題句。

　　例證題常見(jiàn)的表達(dá)方式主要有：

　　1. The author uses the example of … to show that＿＿＿＿。

　　2. By citing the example of …, the author intends to show that＿＿＿＿。

　　3. The example of … is used to show ＿＿＿＿。

　　4. Which of the following is Not an example of …?

　　5. The example of potato chips is used to illustrate＿＿＿＿。

　　例題1

　　題目： Why are Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks mentioned in Paragraph 5?[考查技能：對(duì)相關(guān)段落進(jìn)行語(yǔ)義歸納和判斷。] [命題原則：以點(diǎn)考面]

　　[A] To prove their popularity around the world。

　　[B] To reveal the public’s fear of immigrants。

　　[C] To give examples of successful immigrants。

　　[D] To show the powerful influence of American culture。(2006--24題)

　　原文導(dǎo)讀 Rodriguez notes that children in remote villages around the world are fans of superstars like Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks, yet “some Americans fear that immigrants living within the United States remain somehow immune to the nation’s assimilative power。”

　　Are there divisive issues and pockets of seething anger in America? Indeed. It is big enough to have a bit of everything. But particularly when viewed against America’s turbulent past, today’s social indices hardly suggest a dark and deteriorating social environment。

　　答案分析 本題難度較大，所以我們這里作一個(gè)比較詳細(xì)的解釋。［A］很容易排除，就不講了。對(duì)于［B］選項(xiàng)只要抓住the public 就可以知道絕對(duì)不能選。注意原文some Americans fear that immigrants … , “some Americans”(一些美國(guó)人)能代表the public(公眾)嗎？ 顯然不行，除非是Most Americans在閱讀的替換中可以認(rèn)為是the public, 命題者在這里是偷換概念，也就是錯(cuò)誤替換�。跜］ 作者在文章中提到的成功的人物一定是移民嗎？盡管從廣義上來(lái)說(shuō)所有的美國(guó)人都是移民。有的考生說(shuō)施瓦辛格是移民，但考研閱讀不要求考生知道背景，對(duì)所有專業(yè)的考生是公平的，即使你沒(méi)聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)他。另外，如果題目舉這兩個(gè)人的例子就是為了說(shuō)明移民本身的成功，那就偏離了文章的主題，

　　大家應(yīng)該都知道例子是為主題或者主題句服務(wù)的。本篇文章討論的主題就是美國(guó)在吸收移民方面的成功，美國(guó)文化的同化能力很強(qiáng)，本文并不討論移民個(gè)人的成功。請(qǐng)注意yet后面的內(nèi)容：然而，一些美國(guó)人擔(dān)心在美國(guó)的移民會(huì)不受美國(guó)強(qiáng)大的同化能力的影響(有免疫能力)。這句話的內(nèi)涵是什么呢？前半句講了即使美國(guó)之外的人也崇拜美國(guó)人，那么作者就說(shuō)了，人們何必?fù)?dān)心住在美國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)的移民不受到美國(guó)文化的影響呢？言下之意是美國(guó)文化在全世界包括美國(guó)都有強(qiáng)大的影響。［正確答案］[D]

　　例題2

　　題目Which of the following is Not an example of "coded signal" (Line 1, Paragraph 2)？

　　[A] Bees perform dances to convey that the food source is not far away from the hive。

　　[B] Parrots and mynas imitate human speech and whistle when kept in captivity。

　　[C] Huntsmen use horns to indicate the presence of a fox in a field or to call the hunting party together。

　　[D] Bats and dolphins use high frequency sounds for communication and navigation。

　　[原文導(dǎo)讀] Songs can have a powerful effect on people. Play "Gypsies, Tramps and Thieves" to many baby boomers, for example, and chances are they'll run off, hands over their ears. Songs can have a powerful effect among birds, too. Consider the black-capped chickadee. When it sings its "chick-a-dee" song, its flock mates come running. The song is a warning that a hawk, owl or other predator is perched nearby, and the other chickadees arrive to harass the enemy until it leaves。

　　Researchers from the University of Montana have discovered that this warning call is a coded signal. By varying the call, a bird communicates to other birds the size of the predator, and thus the scope of the danger. "This is so far the most finely detailed alarm Call system that were found," said the lead researcher, Christopher N. Templeton, who is now a doctoral student at the University of Washington. The findings appear in the current issue of the journal Science。

　　[答案分析] 本題考查了考生對(duì)文中內(nèi)容的理解和演繹推理的能力。coded signal出現(xiàn)在第二段首句，根據(jù)上下文鳥兒的例子可知，它指的是一種用來(lái)交流或預(yù)警的信號(hào)，信號(hào)內(nèi)容應(yīng)是隱藏的，信號(hào)方式一般是約定俗成的，不易被其他種類聽(tīng)懂。依次類推，只有[D]項(xiàng)說(shuō)明的是動(dòng)物的模仿能力，不屬于暗號(hào)。［正確答案］[D]

　　例題3

　　題目 What does the example of New Jerscy  (Para. 4) illustrate?

　　[A] Schools in rich districts are usually choosy。

　　[B] Official sources are careful on the success of AC。

　　[C] New Jersey has more need for teachers than elsewhere。

　　[D] AC has turned out good teachers for schools。

　　原文導(dǎo)讀 Are they good teachers? Officialdom is reluctant to release the details which might answer that question for certain. But anecdotal evidence suggests they do well. In New Jersey, which has been running this sort of programme since 1984, rich districts, which can afford to be choosy, consistently hire more AC teachers than poor districts do. In Houston, Texas, where the Teach of America programme (TFA) puts recent university graduates into poor communities as teachers, the most effective teachers are generally the TFA ones. "School principals are our biggest fans," Wendy Kopp, TFA's president, says proudly。

　　答案分析 第四段首句緊接上文提出了Are they(AC recruits)good teachers(他們是好教師嗎？)的疑問(wèn)。接著該段指出，官員不愿意透露能夠說(shuō)明問(wèn)題的具體情況，但是真人真事卻說(shuō)明這些經(jīng)過(guò)AC培訓(xùn)的教師能夠勝任。緊接著就以新澤西的情況為例加以說(shuō)明。因此本題答案為[D]項(xiàng)。[A]項(xiàng)是例子中的部分細(xì)節(jié)。[B]項(xiàng)是與例子無(wú)關(guān)的事實(shí)。[C]項(xiàng)文中未提。［正確答案］[D]