2009年考研英語翻譯最新模擬題三

來源：時間：2009-05-30 15:35:19

　Text 7

　　Animal rights is the concept that all or some animals are entitled to possess their own lives, and that animals are deserving of moral rights to protect their autonomy and well being. The animal rights view rejects the concept that animals are merely capital goods or property intended for the benefit of humans. (46) The concept is often confused with animal welfare, which is the philosophy that takes cruelty towards animals and animal suffering into account, but that does not necessarily assign specific moral rights to them.

　　The animal rights philosophy does not necessarily maintain that human and non-human animals are equal. For example, animal rights advocates do not call for voting rights for chickens. (47) Some also would make a distinction between sentient or self-aware animals and lower life forms, with the belief that only animals with self-awareness should be afforded the right to possess their own lives and bodies, without regard to how they are valued by humans. Others would extend this right to all animals, even those without developed nervous systems or consciousness. (48) They maintain that any human or human institutions that commoditizes animals for food, entertainment, clothing, scientific testing, or for any other purpose, infringes upon their fundamental rights to possess themselves and to pursue their own ends, which, therefore, is unethical.

　　Of course, this argument assumes that a particular species or individual animal is capable of “having ends” which it is capable of “pursuing” in any meaningful manner. Few people would deny that other great apes are highly cognitive animals who can reflect on their own condition and goals and can become frustrated when their freedoms are severely curtailed. In contrast, many other animals, like jelly fish, have only extremely simple nervous systems, and are little more than simple automata, capable only of simple reflexes but incapable of formulating any “ends to their actions” or “plans to pursue” them, and equally unable to notice whether they are in captivity or free. (49) By the criteria that Biologists use, jelly fish are undeniably animals, while from an “animal rights” perspective, it is questionable whether they should not rather be considered “vegetables”. Clearly, merely being alive is not enough to be accorded “rights”, as no one has yet seriously proposed that plants should be accorded rights (even though some plants are clearly worthy of protection, but that is another matter). (50) There is as yet no consensus with regards to which qualities make a living organism an “animal in the animal rights sense”.

　　參考譯文：

　　46. 動物權(quán)利的概念經(jīng)常與動物福利相混淆，關(guān)于動物福利的觀點會考慮殘害動物和動物痛苦等問題，但它不一定賦予動物具體的道德權(quán)利。

　　47. 有些人還在有知覺力或者有自我意識的動物與更為低級的生命形式之間劃清界線，相信只有具有自我意識的動物才能享有擁有自己生命和身體的權(quán)利，而不用考慮人類如何對待它們。

　　48. 他們堅持認(rèn)為，任何把動物商品化的個人或者機構(gòu)，如把動物用于食物、娛樂、服飾、科學(xué)試驗或者其他任何目的，都是對擁有自己、追求自己的目標(biāo)等動物基本權(quán)利的侵犯，因此是不道德的。

　　49. 按照生物學(xué)家使用的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，海蜇毫無疑問屬于動物之列，而從“動物權(quán)利”角度來看，是否不該把它們看作“蔬菜”是值得懷疑的。

　　50. 關(guān)于哪些品質(zhì)使一種活的生命成為“動物權(quán)利意義上的動物”，到現(xiàn)在（至今）還沒有達成一致意見。

　　Text 8

　　(46) A hundred years ago, when sport was confined largely to games played in the backyard or on the farm, one could hardly have imagined the attention that it has come to receive in the twentieth century. Today, the importance of sport in society is clearly demonstrated by the fact that even the CBS news can be preempted for the final of a tennis match. A survey conducted in the late 1980s revealed that fully 81 percent of all adults follow some organized sport, mostly on television. And the phenomenon of weekend “sports widows”—women abandoned by their husbands for weekend sports on television—is entering its third generation.

　　Sport is defined sociologically as competitive physical activity that is performed under established rules. Like all social institutions, sport serves numerous functions. First, it provides society with a vast array of leisure-time activities for all segments of the population. (47) Although it is an overstatement to say that modern society is a leisure society, there has been a significant increase in the amount of nonwork time that most people have available. Furthermore, recreational activity has become increasingly necessary in a society in which the vast majority of jobs provide little or no physical activity. Second, sport provides an outlet for energies that, if not diverted, could cause serious strain on the social order. (48) For both fan and participant, sport permits the expression of emotions (such as anger and frustration) in ways that are acceptable to, even encouraged by, society. Finally, sport provides society with role models. Athletes at all levels, but especially famous athletes, provide examples of conduct and employment of skills that others can emulate.

　　Although sports promote many positive aspects of a society, conflict theorists are quick to point out that they also reflect society’s inequalities. Like most other social institutions, sports are characterized by inequalities of class, race and gender. For example, certain sports—such as boxing, which is often associated with urban poverty—are distinctly lower class in origin and participation. (49) In general, members of the lower and working classes have tended to participate in sports like baseball and basketball: games that require little more than a field, a ball, and some players.

　　Although sport is sometimes considered exempt from racial inequality, sociological evidence has shown this not to be the case. (50) Although it is true that nonwhites in American society have enjoyed greater opportunities for high incomes in professional sports than in other occupations, it is also true that virtually all managers and owners of sports team are white. There are few nonwhite sportscasters, administrators, umpires, or referees. Furthermore, nonwhites are all but absent (even as players) from all professional sports except baseball, basketball, boxing and football.

　　參考譯文：

　　46. 100年前，運動僅僅限于那些在后院或者農(nóng)場中舉行的活動，那時恐怕沒有人會想到它在20世紀(jì)的今天所受到的關(guān)注程度。

　　47. 雖然說現(xiàn)代社會是一個休閑社會有些言過其實，但是大多數(shù)人的確比以前擁有了更多的非工作時間。

　　48. 無論是運動迷還是參與者，運動都能使他們以社會能接受或者鼓勵的方式表達他們的感情（如憤怒和挫折感）。

　　49. 一般來說，下層勞動人民傾向于參與棒球和籃球這樣的運動，因為這類運動只需要一塊場地、一個球和幾名球員就足夠了。

　　50. 雖然和美國社會的其他職業(yè)相比，職業(yè)運動中有色人種獲取高收入的機會大一些，但是幾乎所有運動隊的經(jīng)理和老板都是白人。

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