20年來(lái)考研英語(yǔ)真題超綱詞匯大集合

來(lái)源：時(shí)間：2009-05-22 17:23:25

hallucination n．幻覺(jué)，幻想

Hallucinogens have their primary effect on perception，distorting and altering it in a variety of ways including producing hallucinations (n.)．[1997年閱讀]

[譯文]迷幻劑主要影響人的感知，通過(guò)多種方式對(duì)感知加以扭曲或改變，其中包括產(chǎn)生幻覺(jué)。

healthcare n．衛(wèi)生保健

The phenomenon provides a way for companies to remain globally competitive (48：while) avoiding market cycles and the growing burdens(49：imposed)by employment rules，healthcare (n.) costs and pension plans．[1997年完形]

[譯文]這種現(xiàn)象可以使公司保持全球范圍的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力，同時(shí)避免了市場(chǎng)的惡性循環(huán)和由于雇傭規(guī)定、醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)用和養(yǎng)老金計(jì)劃所造成的壓力。

holodeck n．全息艙面

In less than 30 years’ time the Star Trek holodeck (n．)will be a reality．[2001年翻譯]

[譯文]再過(guò)不到30年，“星球旅行”號(hào)的全息艙面就會(huì)變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)實(shí)。

homicide n．殺人，殺人者

“It's like surgery，”he says，“We don’t call those deaths homicides (n.) because the doctors didn't intend to kill their patients，although they risked their death．If you’re a physician，you can risk your patient's suicide as long as you don't intend their suicide．”[2002年閱讀]

[譯文]“這就像做手術(shù)，”他說(shuō)，“我們不能稱那些死亡為殺人是因?yàn)獒t(yī)生并沒(méi)有故意殺死病人，盡管他們敢冒病人死亡的危險(xiǎn)。假定你是一名醫(yī)生，只要你并沒(méi)有故意讓病人自殺，你就可以去冒令你的病人自殺的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)�！�

horrify v．使恐怖

That's a prospect that horrifies (v.) Net purists．[1999年閱讀]

[譯文]這種前景讓網(wǎng)絡(luò)純粹主義者感到不安。

hospice n．旅客住宿處，收容所

The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices (n.)，to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies，to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care，and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life．[2002年閱讀]

[譯文]醫(yī)療行業(yè)采取步驟，讓年輕醫(yī)生去晚期病人休養(yǎng)所培訓(xùn)，對(duì)各種大膽的鎮(zhèn)痛療法方面的知識(shí)進(jìn)行評(píng)估，為醫(yī)院護(hù)理制定一份符合美國(guó)醫(yī)療保障方案的付款條例，以及為評(píng)估和治療臨終痛苦制定新的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

humane a．仁慈的，人道的

Research institutions could be opened to tours，to show that laboratory animals receive humane (a.) care．[2003年閱讀]

[譯文]科研機(jī)構(gòu)應(yīng)該對(duì)外開放，讓人參觀，向人們展示實(shí)驗(yàn)室里的動(dòng)物獲得了人道的對(duì)待。

husbandry n．畜牧業(yè)

Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry (n.) technique to clone humans，he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment?although no one had proposed to do so?and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning．[1999年閱讀]

[譯文]他(克林頓總統(tǒng))宣稱反對(duì)利用這種非同尋常的畜牧學(xué)技術(shù)去克隆人，并下令禁止使用聯(lián)邦資金做這樣的實(shí)驗(yàn)??盡管還沒(méi)有人提議要那樣做??并責(zé)令成立一個(gè)由普林斯頓大學(xué)校長(zhǎng)哈羅德•夏皮羅為首的獨(dú)立專家小組，在90天內(nèi)拿出有關(guān)克隆人的國(guó)家政策的建議，向白宮匯報(bào)。

hydroelectric　a．水力電氣的

Hydroelectric (a.) power and flood control and irrigation are possible without building monster dams．[1998年閱讀]

[譯文]水利發(fā)電、治理洪水以及灌溉即使不建大型水壩也是可能的，不一定非要建大壩。

hyperactive a．活動(dòng)過(guò)度的，極度活躍的

The process sweeps from hyperactive (a.) America to Europe and reaches the emerging countries with unsurpassed might．[2001年閱讀)

[譯文]這個(gè)浪潮從異�；钴S的美國(guó)席卷到歐洲，并以不可比擬的威力影響到正在崛起的國(guó)家。

hypocritical a．偽善的，偽善者的

Instead，we are treated to fine hypocritical (a.) Spectacles，which now more than ever seem in ample supply．[2000年閱讀]

[譯文]相反我們目睹了比以前任何時(shí)候都多的虛偽景觀。

impartial a．公平的，不偏不倚的

The author's attitude toward the issue of“science vs．a(chǎn)nti-science”is_______．

[A]impartial (a.)[1998年閱讀]

[譯文]作者對(duì)“科學(xué)與反科學(xué)”這場(chǎng)爭(zhēng)端的態(tài)度_________。

[A]公平的

impoverish vt．使貧窮，使枯竭

To take advantage of this tool，some impoverished (vt.) countries will have to get over their outdated anti-colonial prejudices with respect to foreign investment．[2001年閱讀]

[譯文]要想利用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)，某些貧困國(guó)家必須克服對(duì)國(guó)外投資所持的過(guò)時(shí)了的反殖民的種種偏見。

intellect n．智力

But not all parts of the brain are equally involved；the limbic system(the“emotional brain”)is especially active，while the prefrontal cortex(the center of intellect(n.)and reasoning)is relatively quiet．[2005年閱讀]

[譯文]但并不是所有大腦的部位都參與活動(dòng)；控制情緒的大腦部位異�；钴S，然而控制智力和理性的大腦部位卻相對(duì)平靜。

inconclusive a．非決定性的，不確定的

That the evidence was inconclusive (a.)，the science uncertain? [2005年閱讀]

[譯文]證據(jù)不充分，沒(méi)有科學(xué)定論?

ingenuity n．機(jī)靈，獨(dú)創(chuàng)性，精巧，靈活性

Since the dawn of human ingenuity (n.)，people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous．boring, burdensome，or just plain nasty．[2002年閱讀]

[譯文]從人類比較初有了智慧至今，人們一直在設(shè)計(jì)日益巧妙的工具來(lái)處理那些危險(xiǎn)的、枯燥的、繁重的或者只是簡(jiǎn)單骯臟的工作。

interpretation n．解釋，闡明，口譯，通譯

(39：Publication)of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a(40：storm)of media protest when he said the(41：interpretation (n.)) of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges(42：rather than)to Parliament．[2001年完形]

[譯文]Irvine勛爵說(shuō)，對(duì)歐洲立法中所包涵的關(guān)于個(gè)人隱私監(jiān)控權(quán)的解釋，將留給法官，而不是議會(huì)，這招致新聞媒體的一片抗議。此后兩天，此信被公之于世。

ineptly ad．不適當(dāng)?shù)�，無(wú)能地

First，some of the business restructuring of recent years may have been ineptly (ad.) done．[1998年閱讀]

[譯文]一種解釋是近年來(lái)所進(jìn)行的公司重組也許并未奏效。

inflationary a．通貨膨脹的，通貨膨脹傾向的

If the small hot spots look as expected，that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea，a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary (a.) universe theory．[1998年翻譯]

[譯文]假如那些小熱點(diǎn)看上去同預(yù)測(cè)的一致，那就意味著又一科學(xué)論說(shuō)的勝利，這種論說(shuō)即更完美的大爆炸論，亦稱宇宙膨脹學(xué)說(shuō)。

info n．①消息；②資料；③信息

A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so-called digital divide?the division of the world into the info (n．③) (information) rich and the info poor．[2001年閱讀]

[譯文]今天，人們十分關(guān)注所謂的是信息差異問(wèn)題??世界上信息資源豐富的地區(qū)和信息資源貧乏的地區(qū)之間的差異；

infringement n．違反，侵害

Won't multinationals shift production from one place to another when a nation gets too strict about infringements (n.) to fair competition?[2001年閱讀]

[譯文]當(dāng)一個(gè)國(guó)家對(duì)破壞公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的行為的處理過(guò)于嚴(yán)厲時(shí)，跨國(guó)公司會(huì)不會(huì)把它們的生產(chǎn)從一地轉(zhuǎn)到另一地呢?

inhuman a．野蠻的

Misled people tend to think that using an animal in research is________．

[B]inhuman (a.) and unacceptable[2003年閱讀]

[譯文]被誤導(dǎo)的人們往往認(rèn)為：在研究中使用動(dòng)物是______。

[B]不人道、不可接受的

innate a．先天的，天生的

Its hero avoids being civilized?going to school and learning to read?so he can preserve his innate (a.) goodness．[2004年閱讀]

[譯文]該書(馬克•吐溫的小說(shuō)《哈克貝利•芬》)的主人公逃避教化??不上學(xué)和不學(xué)習(xí)讀書寫字??因此他才得以保住善良的天性。

innermost a．比較里面的，內(nèi)心的，秘密的

Researchers have come to believe that dreams________．

[C]reflect our innermost (a.) desires and fears[2005年閱讀]

[譯文]研究人員比較終認(rèn)識(shí)到夢(mèng)________。

[C]反映了我們內(nèi)心的愿望和恐懼

insatiable a．不知足的，貪求無(wú)厭的

Humans are thoughtful and creative, possessed of insatiable (a.) curiosity．[2003年翻譯]

[譯文]人類既善于思考又善于創(chuàng)造，擁有永不滿足的好奇心。

insidious a．陰險(xiǎn)的

But one insidious (a.) form continues to thrive：alphabetism. [2004年閱讀]

[譯文]但是有一種隱蔽的(歧視)形式還在蔓延：按字母表順序排名。

instantaneously ad．立即

But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant，instantaneously (ad.) focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd．[2002年閱讀]

[譯文]但是人的大腦能夠掃描一個(gè)快速變化的場(chǎng)景，迅速排除98％的不相干的物體，立即聚焦于森林中蜿蜒道路旁的一只猴子，或者人群中的一張可疑的臉。

juggle v．雜耍，同時(shí)做(兩種以上活動(dòng)等)

For the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling(vi．)through the’80s，downshifting in the mid-’90s is not so much a search for the mythical good life?growing your own organic vegetables，and risking turning into one?as a personal recognition of your limitations．[2001年閱讀]

[譯文]對(duì)我們這一代女性來(lái)說(shuō)，整個(gè)80年代我們?cè)黄让β档厣睿?0年代中期的簡(jiǎn)化生活與其說(shuō)是尋求神話般的好生活一自己種有機(jī)蔬菜并試圖與之合一一倒不如說(shuō)我們都認(rèn)識(shí)了自身的局限。

jurisdiction n．權(quán)限

So when the premiers gather in Niagara Falls to assemble their usual complaint list，they should also get cracking about something in their jurisdiction (n.) that would help their budgets and patients．[2005年閱讀]

[譯文]所以，在下一次，當(dāng)省政府官員們?cè)谀醽喖永俨荚俅伍_會(huì)時(shí)，他們不僅要繼續(xù)爭(zhēng)論藥品價(jià)格；而且還會(huì)在預(yù)算和病人的管轄權(quán)上吵的聲嘶力竭。

lawsuit n．訴訟

In May，Julie Nimmons，president of Schutt Sports in Illinois，successfully fought a lawsuit (n.) involving a foot ball player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet．[1999年閱讀]

[譯文]五月份，伊利諾斯州的Schutt體育公司總裁朱利•尼蒙斯就成功地打贏了這樣一場(chǎng)官司。一名橄欖球隊(duì)員戴著該公司的頭盔在一場(chǎng)比賽中受傷癱瘓，遂將該公司告上法庭。

landmark n．里程碑，劃時(shí)代的事

What the researchers found was at once both amazing and expected：the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Cosmic Background Explorer satellite?Cobe?had discovered landmark (n.) evidence that the universe did in fact begin with the primeval explosion that has become known as the Big Bang(the theory that the universe originated in an explosion from a single mass of energy)．[1998年翻譯]

[譯文]研究人員所發(fā)現(xiàn)的宇宙云系既令人驚訝，又是人們所期待的，因?yàn)槊绹?guó)國(guó)家航空航天局的宇宙前景探索者Cobe號(hào)衛(wèi)星已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了劃時(shí)代的證據(jù)證明宇宙的確起源于比較早的一次爆炸，即人們一直所稱的“大爆炸”(此理論認(rèn)為宇宙起源于一大團(tuán)能量)。

linguist n．語(yǔ)言學(xué)家

As a linguist(n.)，he acknowledges that all varieties of human language，including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive?there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas．[2005年閱讀]

[譯文]作為一位語(yǔ)言學(xué)家，他承認(rèn)多種多樣的人類語(yǔ)言，包括那些非標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的語(yǔ)言，比如黑人英語(yǔ)，都具有極強(qiáng)的表達(dá)力一世上沒(méi)有傳達(dá)不了復(fù)雜思想的語(yǔ)言和方言。

limbic a．邊緣的

But not all pans of the brain are equally involved；the lirnbic(a．)system(the“emotional brain”)is especially active．while the prefrontal cortex(the center of intellect and reasoning)is relatively quiet．[2005年閱讀]

[譯文]但并不是所有大腦的部位都參與活動(dòng)；控制情緒的大腦部位異�；钴S，然而控制智力和理性的大腦部位卻相對(duì)平靜。

lining n．內(nèi)襯，襯里

Many folks see silver linings(n.)to this slowdown．[2004年閱讀]

[譯文]許多人對(duì)于經(jīng)濟(jì)減速抱有樂(lè)觀的希望。

liken vt．把…比作

Hence the analogy that likens (vt.) the conduct of monetary policy to driving a car with a blackened windscreen，a cracked rearview mirror and a faulty steering wheel．[1997年閱讀]

[譯文]因此，才會(huì)有人將貨幣政策的指導(dǎo)作用比做是駕駛一輛帶有黑色擋風(fēng)玻璃、破碎的后視鏡及方向盤失靈的汽車。

literate n．學(xué)者；a．有文化的，有閱讀和寫作能力的

Why mention the elementary schools? Because thanks to these schools our early mechanics，especially in the New England and Middle Atlantic states，were generally literate (a.) and at home in arithmetic and in some aspects of geometry and trigonometry．[1996年閱讀]

[譯文]為什么要提小學(xué)教育?正是因?yàn)橛辛诉@些學(xué)校，我們的早期技工才普遍能讀會(huì)寫，并精通算術(shù)及部分幾何和三角，這種情況在新英格蘭和大西洋中部各洲尤為可見。

livelihood n．生活，生計(jì)

Rather，we have a certain conception of the American citizen，a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently assess how his livelihood (n.) and happiness are affected by things outside of himself．[1999年閱讀]

[譯文]我們更應(yīng)該具有的是作為美國(guó)公民的某種觀念，即他必須準(zhǔn)確判斷自身的生活和幸福是如何受到外界影響的，否則他的公民特征就是不完整的。

lockout n．停工，封廠

The cruel discipline of the strike and lockout (n.) taught the two parties to respect each other's strength and understand the value of fair negotiation．[1996年閱讀]

[譯文]罷工和封廠的無(wú)情懲罰使雙方學(xué)會(huì)了互相尊重對(duì)方的力量，理解公正談判的價(jià)值。

logo n．標(biāo)識(shí)語(yǔ)

“Anthropology”derives from the Greek words“anthropos”“human”and logos (n.) “the study of．”[2003年翻譯]

[譯文]“Anthropology”(人類學(xué))一詞來(lái)源于希臘詞“anthropos”(人類)和“l(fā)oges”(研究)。

manifestation n．顯示，表現(xiàn)，示威運(yùn)動(dòng)

At Time Warner，however，such questions are simply the latest manifestation (n.) of the soul-searching that has involved the company ever since the company was born in 1990．[1997年閱讀]

[譯文]不過(guò)，對(duì)于成立于1990年的時(shí)代華納公司而言，這樣的質(zhì)問(wèn)僅僅只是公司自我反思的比較新表現(xiàn)。

marketplace n．集會(huì)場(chǎng)所，市場(chǎng)

“Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace (n．)?”asks Martin Bercovici, a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shipper．[2003年閱讀]

[譯文]我們是否真地想讓鐵路公司成為在市場(chǎng)上決定誰(shuí)敗誰(shuí)榮的裁決者呢?”馬丁•貝科維奇問(wèn)道，他是一位常常代表鐵路客戶的華盛頓律師。

maximize vt．比較大值，比較佳化

Thus，in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers，coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize (vt.) profits and the desire，of individuals to maximize their incomes，that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it．[1994年閱讀]

[譯文]因此，在美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制中，消費(fèi)者個(gè)人的需求，加上商人獲取比較大利潤(rùn)的追求及消費(fèi)者想比較大限度提高購(gòu)買力的愿望三者共同決定應(yīng)該生產(chǎn)什么和如何利用資源來(lái)生產(chǎn)這些產(chǎn)品。

manicurist n．指甲修飾師

But the 47-year-old manicurist (n.) isn't cutting，filling or polishing as many nails as she'd like to，either．[2005年閱讀]

[譯受]但是，這位四十七歲的指甲修飾師修剪、銼磨、上油的指甲數(shù)量卻難遂其愿了。

manifesto n．宣言，聲明

Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber，whose manifesto (n.)，published in 1995，scorns science and longs for return to a pretechnological utopia．[1998年閱讀]

[譯文]將該詞(反科學(xué))用在仇視現(xiàn)代文明的恐怖主義者身上，也不會(huì)引起多大爭(zhēng)議，它在1995年公開發(fā)表蔑視科學(xué)、渴望回到前技術(shù)時(shí)代理想社會(huì)的聲明。

marathon n．馬拉松賽跑，耐力賽

Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences：remember that Pheidippides，the first marathon (n.) runner, dropped dead seconds after saying：“Rejoice，we conquer!”[1995年閱讀]

[譯文]過(guò)分地?zé)嶂杂讷@勝會(huì)產(chǎn)生危險(xiǎn)的后果：記住，第一位跑馬拉松的費(fèi)迪皮迪茲在說(shuō)完“歡呼吧，我們贏了”之后幾秒就倒地而死。

markedly ad．顯著地，明顯地

However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers，so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock，their behaviour became markedly (ad.) different．[2005年閱讀]

[譯文]但是當(dāng)兩只猴子被分別關(guān)在相鄰的籠子之后，而且每只猴子還能看到對(duì)方用石頭交換了什么物品時(shí)，它們的行為習(xí)慣發(fā)生了明顯的變化。

media n．媒體

In Europe，as elsewhere，multi-media (n.) groups have been increasingly successful groups which bring together television，radio，newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another．[2005年翻譯]

[譯文]像其他地方一樣，歐洲的傳媒集團(tuán)越來(lái)越成功，這些集團(tuán)將相關(guān)的電視、廣播、報(bào)紙、雜志和出版社組合在一起。

methodology n．方法學(xué)，方法論

There is no agreement whether methodology(n．) refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry．[1999年翻譯]

[譯文]所謂方法是指在一般的歷史研究中的特有概念，還是指歷史探究中各個(gè)具體領(lǐng)域適用的研究手段，人們對(duì)此意見不一。

medication n．藥物治療，藥物處理，藥物

Which of the following statements is true according to the text?

[C]The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication (n.) can be prescribed．[2002年閱讀]

[譯文]根據(jù)本文，下面哪項(xiàng)說(shuō)法正確?

[C]法院裁定，醫(yī)生可以開大劑量減輕病痛的藥。

millennium n．太平盛世，一千年

Pearson has pieced together to work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium (n.) technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place．[2001年翻譯]

[譯文]皮爾森匯集世界各地?cái)?shù)百位研究人員的成果，編制了一個(gè)獨(dú)特的新技術(shù)千年歷，它列出了人們有望看到數(shù)百項(xiàng)重大突破和發(fā)現(xiàn)的比較遲日期。

mediation n．仲裁，調(diào)停，調(diào)解

Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center，contends that the principle will shield doctors who“until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation (n.) to control their pain if that might hasten death．”[2002年閱讀]

[譯文]蒙特非奧里醫(yī)療中心主任南希•都博勒認(rèn)為，這項(xiàng)原則將消除部分醫(yī)生的疑慮，這些醫(yī)生在此之前一直強(qiáng)烈地認(rèn)為，如果給病人充分的藥品來(lái)止痛會(huì)加速他們的死亡的話，那就不能這樣做。

mediocrity n．平常，平凡

The grand mediocrity (n.) of today?everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring?means that natural selection has lost 80％of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes．[2000年閱讀]

[譯文]今天這種極其顯著的平均化??每個(gè)人的生存機(jī)會(huì)和子女?dāng)?shù)量都相同??意味著與部落相比較，自然選擇在印度中、上層已經(jīng)失去了80％的效力。

megamerger n．大規(guī)模合并

A few weeks ago，Alan Greenspan warned against the megamergers (n.) in the banking industry．[2001年閱讀]

[譯文]幾星期以前，格林斯潘對(duì)銀行業(yè)的巨大合并發(fā)出了警告。

milestone n．里程碑，轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)

The hot spots and their volcanic trails are milestones (n.) that mark the passage of the plates．[1998年閱讀]

[譯文]熱點(diǎn)及其火山痕跡是板塊移動(dòng)的標(biāo)志。

miniaturization n. 小型化

And thanks to the continual miniaturization (n.) of electronics and micro-mechanics，there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy?far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone．[2002年閱讀]

[譯文]由于電子和微觀機(jī)械儀器的不斷縮小，現(xiàn)在已有一些機(jī)器人系統(tǒng)能夠進(jìn)行精確到微米的腦部和骨髓手術(shù)，其精確性遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)熟練的醫(yī)生用他們的雙手所能達(dá)到的水平。

misdeed n．罪行，犯罪

Theories (21：centering) on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior (22：because) they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds (n.) or that they have learned criminal behavior through (23：interactions) with others．[2004年完形]

[譯文]將少年犯罪主要?dú)w咎于個(gè)人的理論認(rèn)為少年犯罪是因?yàn)樗麄円郧暗倪^(guò)錯(cuò)沒(méi)有得到足夠的懲罰，或是因?yàn)樗麄冊(cè)诤推渌私煌倪^(guò)程中學(xué)會(huì)了犯罪行為。

momentarily ad．即刻，暫時(shí)地

From the last paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that ambition should be maintained________.

[C]easily and momentarily (ad.)[2000年閱讀]

[譯文]從比較后一段我們可總結(jié)出：應(yīng)____擁有雄心。

[C]輕松、暫時(shí)地

morphine n．嗎啡

Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine (n.) to control terminally ill patients' pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient．[2002年閱讀]

[譯文]近年來(lái)，醫(yī)生們一直在借用這項(xiàng)原則，為自己替病�；颊咦⑸浯髣┝康膯岱孺�(zhèn)痛的做法提供正當(dāng)?shù)睦碛�，盡管他們知道，不斷增加的劑量比較終會(huì)殺死病人。

municipality n．市政當(dāng)局，自治市

At the same time the great municipalities (n.) went into business to supply lighting，trams and other services to the taxpayers．[1996年閱讀]

[譯文]與此同時(shí)，大城市也開始涉足實(shí)業(yè)界，為納稅人提照明、電車及其他服務(wù)。

mutability n．易變性

Thus just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents，so hot spots may explain their mutability (n.) (inconstancy)．[1998年閱讀]

[譯文]這樣，正像早期的理論解釋了大陸的移動(dòng)性一樣，熱點(diǎn)理論或許能解釋大陸板塊的不穩(wěn)定性。

neural a．神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的，神經(jīng)中樞的

By the late 1970s，neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just“mental noise”?the random by-products of the neural (a.) -repair work that goes on during sleep．[2005年閱讀]

[譯文]到了20世紀(jì)70年代，神經(jīng)學(xué)專家又轉(zhuǎn)而把夢(mèng)視作“精神上的雜音”一睡夢(mèng)中神經(jīng)修復(fù)工作的隨機(jī)性副產(chǎn)品。

newsletter n．時(shí)事通訊

However，the typical teenage lifestyle is already filled with so much competition that it would be(27：wise) to plan activities in which there are more winners than losers，(28：for example)，publishing newsletters (n.) with many student-written book reviews，(29：displaying) student artwork，and sponsoring book discussion clubs．[2003年完形]

[譯文]然而，青少年的生活已經(jīng)充滿競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，所以為他們安排贏家多于輸家的各種活動(dòng)是明智的。例如，出版由學(xué)生自己撰編書評(píng)的新聞小冊(cè)子，展出學(xué)生的藝術(shù)品和贊助成立讀書俱樂(lè)部等等。

newsroom n．編輯部，閱覽室

There exists a social and cultural disconnect between journalists and their readers，which helps explain why the “standard templates” of the newsroom (n.) seem alien to many readers．[2001年閱讀]

[譯文]新聞?dòng)浾吆妥x者之間存在著社會(huì)和文化方面的脫節(jié)，這就是為什么新聞編輯室的“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)模式”與眾多讀者的意趣相差甚遠(yuǎn)的原因。

negligence n．疏忽

The author associates the issue of global warming with that of smoking because _____．

[A]they both suffered from the government's negligence(n．)[2005年閱讀]

[譯文]作者將全球變暖問(wèn)題與吸煙相聯(lián)系是因?yàn)開______。

[A]兩者都被政府忽視了

neurologist n.神經(jīng)學(xué)家

By the late 1970s，neurologists (n.) had switched to thinking of them as just“mental noise”?the random by products of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep．[2005年閱讀]

[譯文]到了20世紀(jì)70年代，神經(jīng)學(xué)專家又轉(zhuǎn)而把夢(mèng)視作“精神上的雜音”??睡夢(mèng)中神經(jīng)修復(fù)工作的隨機(jī)性副產(chǎn)品。

nonconformist a．／n．不符合傳統(tǒng)規(guī)范的(人)，不墨守成規(guī)舊習(xí)的(人)

Straitford is most proud of its_______．

[B]nonconformist (n.) image[2003年閱讀]

[譯文]“Straitford”感到比較驕傲的是它的_______。

[B]不落俗套的現(xiàn)象

nuclei n．①(nucleus的復(fù)數(shù)形)核心；②原子核

NBAC plans to call for a continued ban on federal government funding for any attempt to clone body cell nuclei (n．①)to create a child．[1999年閱讀]

[譯文]NBAC計(jì)劃呼吁繼續(xù)禁止使用聯(lián)邦政府基金利用人體細(xì)胞核去克隆嬰兒的任何企圖。

oncogene n．致癌基因

If several oncogenes (n.) are driven into action，the cell，unable to turn them off，beeoines cancerous．[1994年閱讀]

[譯文]如果若干致癌基因被激活，細(xì)胞無(wú)力排除也就演變成了癌細(xì)胞。

oncologist n．腫瘤學(xué)家

“Changes are a normal part of the evolutionary process，”says oncologist (n.) Williarn Hayward．[1994年閱讀]

[譯文]“變化是進(jìn)化過(guò)程中的一個(gè)正常部分，”腫瘤專家威廉•海沃德說(shuō)道。

optimism n．樂(lè)觀，樂(lè)觀主義

History and news become confused，and one's impressions tend to be a mixture of skepticism and optimism (n.)[2005年翻譯]

[譯文]歷史和新聞往往混為一談，人們的這種印象往往也是懷疑和樂(lè)觀的混合體。

outburst n．(火山、感情等)爆發(fā)、噴出，突發(fā)，破裂

What accounts for the great outburst (n.) of major inventions in early America?breakthroughs such as the telegraph，the steamboat and the weaving machine?[1 996年閱讀]

[譯文]在早期美國(guó)，像電報(bào)、汽船和織布機(jī)這樣重大的發(fā)明紛涌而出，這是什么原因呢?

outcry n．大聲疾呼

Amid the outcry (n.)，many conservative leaders are seeking a return to the prewar emphasis on moral education．[2000年閱讀]

[譯文]在一片抗議聲中，許多保守黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人正在力圖回復(fù)到戰(zhàn)前，強(qiáng)調(diào)道德教育。

outpour v．(使)瀉出，(使)流出；n．傾注，流出物

The best title for this passage might be______．

[D]Outpouring (v.) of Inventions[1996年閱讀]

[譯文]對(duì)本文來(lái)說(shuō)比較佳的標(biāo)題可能是______。

[D]發(fā)明的涌現(xiàn)

overfund vt．對(duì)…提供充足資金

As a nation, we may be overfunding the quest for unlikely cures while underfunding research on humbler therapies that could improve people's lives．[2003年閱讀]

[譯文]作為一個(gè)民族，我們可能在尋求不可能奏效的治療方法上花錢太多，而在研究能提高人們生活質(zhì)量的更平常的方法上花錢太少。

overstate vt．夸大，夸張

In Line 8, Paragraph 1,“the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes”means____.

[B]Americans tend to overstate (vt.) their incomes[1994年閱讀]

[譯文]第一段第八行中的“the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes”指_____。

[B]美國(guó)人往往夸大他們的收入

panick v．使驚慌，使恐慌；n．驚慌，恐慌

Consumers seem only concerned，not panicked (v.)，and many say they remain optimistic about the economy's long-term prospects，even as they do some modest belt-tightening．[2004年閱讀]

[譯文]消費(fèi)者只是略有擔(dān)心，并沒(méi)有恐慌，許多人雖然稍微勒緊腰帶，但他們說(shuō)對(duì)于經(jīng)濟(jì)的長(zhǎng)期前景還是樂(lè)觀的。

paralysis n．癱瘓，麻痹

Instead of a plan of action，they continue to press for more research?a classic of“paralysis (n.) by analysis．”[2005年閱讀]

[譯文]不但沒(méi)有行動(dòng)計(jì)劃，反而取而代之的是他們?cè)诜磸?fù)不斷地敦促繼續(xù)研究??一個(gè)典型的通過(guò)分析來(lái)拖延，大事化小，小事化了的案例。

pancreas n．胰腺

But other survival statistics are still discouraging?13 percent for lung cancer，and 2 percent for cancer of the pancreas (n.)．[1994年閱讀]

[譯文]但其他類型癌癥的存活數(shù)據(jù)卻仍令人沮喪一一肺癌13％，胰腺癌2％。

paraphrase v．解釋；n．解釋

To paraphrase (v.) 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke，“all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing．”[2003年閱讀]

[譯文]18世紀(jì)政治家埃德蒙•博克曾說(shuō)過(guò)類似這樣的話，“誤導(dǎo)之所以得逞，就是因?yàn)楹萌藷o(wú)所作為”。

participatory a．供人分享的，參與的

The journalist advocating participatory (a.) democracy in all phases of life，whose own children are enrolled in private schools．[2000年閱讀]

[譯文]倡導(dǎo)終生參與民主制的新聞?dòng)浾邊s把自己的子女送進(jìn)私立學(xué)校。

partisan n．幫派(之爭(zhēng))

In this search the evidence found is always incomplete and scattered，it is also frequently partial or partisan (n.)．[1999年翻譯]

[譯文]這樣的研究中所發(fā)現(xiàn)的證據(jù)總是不完整的，通常也會(huì)帶來(lái)片面性，還會(huì)出現(xiàn)幫派之爭(zhēng)。

pathway n．路徑

“Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway (n.) between them and the supplier，”says senior analyst Blanc Erwin of Forrester Research．[1999年閱讀]

[譯文]Forrester研究所的高級(jí)分析師布蘭•歐文說(shuō)，“商家需要認(rèn)識(shí)到他們可以信賴銷售商和供應(yīng)商之間的這種途徑。”

patriarchal a．家長(zhǎng)的，族長(zhǎng)的

The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands，but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal (a.) system of the old family business now passing away．[1996年閱讀]

[譯文]領(lǐng)取報(bào)酬后代表公司經(jīng)營(yíng)的經(jīng)理與工人和工人的需求形成更加直接的關(guān)系，但甚至他也很少像正在被淘汰的舊式家族企業(yè)的家長(zhǎng)制中的雇主那樣對(duì)工人有著親近的、個(gè)人化的了解。

perception n．①洞察力；②理解力;③知覺(jué)

What they found，in attempting to model thought，is that the human brain's roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented?and human perception(n．③)far more complicated?than previously imagined．[2002年閱讀]

[譯文]在試圖建造思維模型的過(guò)程中，研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，人類大腦中的近1，000億個(gè)神經(jīng)細(xì)胞要比以前想像的更聰明，人類的感覺(jué)器官也比以前想像的更復(fù)雜。

pervasive a．普遍深入的

symptoms of pervasive (a．)anti-intellectualism in our schools aren't difficult to find．[2004年閱讀]

[譯文]學(xué)校里不難發(fā)現(xiàn)反學(xué)識(shí)傾向的普遍表現(xiàn)。

penalize v．處罰

Theories (21：centering) on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior (22：because) they were not sufficiently penalized (v.) for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through (23：interactions) with others．[2004年完形]

perceptual a．知覺(jué)的，有知覺(jué)的

First of all，most substances taken in excess will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual (a.) distortions．[1997年閱讀]

[譯文]首先，大多數(shù)物質(zhì)的過(guò)量使用都會(huì)產(chǎn)生負(fù)面的影響，如中毒或嚴(yán)重的知覺(jué)錯(cuò)亂。

permissible a．可允許的

Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide，the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect”, a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects?a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen?is permissible (a.) if the actor intends only the good effect．[2002年閱讀]

[譯文]盡管裁決認(rèn)為，憲法沒(méi)有賦予醫(yī)生幫助病人自殺的權(quán)利，然而比較高法庭實(shí)際上卻認(rèn)可了醫(yī)療界的“雙效”原則，這個(gè)存在了好幾個(gè)世紀(jì)的道德原則認(rèn)為，如果某種行為具有雙重效果(希望達(dá)到的好效果和可以預(yù)見得到的壞效果)，那么，只要行為實(shí)施只是想達(dá)到好的效果，這個(gè)行為就是可以允許的。

permissive a．許可的，放縱的

Blaming the permissive (a.) 1960s is nothing new，but this is not yet another criticism against the decline in education．[2005年閱讀]

[譯文]責(zé)難放縱的60年代并不新鮮，但這并不是另一份批評(píng)教育滑坡的長(zhǎng)篇大論。

pharmaceutical n．藥物；a．制藥(學(xué))上的

Of course，the pharmaceutical(a.) companies will scream．They like divided buyers；they can lobby better that way．[2005年閱讀]

[譯文]當(dāng)然藥廠不會(huì)同意，他們喜歡散客買家，那樣他們可以暗中運(yùn)作。

populate v．①居住；②開墾

As a result the modern world is increasingly popu]ated (v．①) by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor．[2002年閱讀]

[譯文]因此，現(xiàn)代社會(huì)有了越來(lái)越多的智能裝置，雖然我們幾乎都注意不到它們，但它們的普遍存在卻節(jié)省了許多人類勞動(dòng)。

predominance n．優(yōu)勢(shì)

Just as inevitably，the retreat from predominance(n.) proved painful．[2000年閱讀1]

[譯文]從優(yōu)勢(shì)地位上退出的痛苦也同樣是不可避免的。

primacy n．首位

A comparison of Brirish geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy(n．)of research，but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper．[2001年閱讀]

[譯文]對(duì)過(guò)去一個(gè)半世紀(jì)的英國(guó)地質(zhì)出版物進(jìn)行比較，我們不但發(fā)現(xiàn)人們對(duì)研究的重視程度在不斷增加,而且發(fā)現(xiàn)人們對(duì)可以接受的論文的定義也在不斷變化。

provincial a. ①省的．區(qū)域的[生] a．②(貶)眼光狹隘的，守舊的，迂腐的

What does “national” mean? Roy Romanow and Senator Michael Kirby recommended a federal-provincial(a.) body much like the recently created National Health Council．[2005年閱讀]

[譯文]全國(guó)性指什么?羅曼諾先生和科比議員的建議是，像近來(lái)創(chuàng)立的國(guó)家健康咨詢中心那樣，是一個(gè)各省聯(lián)邦的實(shí)體。

psychoactive a．作用于精神的，影響(或改變)心理狀態(tài)的

Psychoactive(a.) substances are commonly grouped according to whether they are stimulants，depressants，or hallucinogens．[1997年閱讀]

[譯文]影響精神狀態(tài)的物質(zhì)通常分為興奮劑、鎮(zhèn)靜劑和迷幻劑。

prefrontal a．額葉前部的，前額的

But not all parts of the brain are equally involved；[he limbic system (the“emotional brain”)is especially active, while the prefrontal (a.) cortex(the center of intellect and reasoning) is relatively quiet．[2005年閱讀]

[譯文]但并不是所有大腦的部位都參與活動(dòng)；控制情緒的大腦部位異常活躍，然而控制智力和理性的大腦部位卻相對(duì)平靜。

pushing a．有進(jìn)取心的，急切的

What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams，as easily and openly as once they could，lest they be thought pashing (a．)，acquisitive and vulgar．[2000年閱讀]

[譯文]現(xiàn)在的情況是人們不能像以前那樣輕易地、公開地坦陳自己的夢(mèng)想，惟恐別人認(rèn)為自己愛出風(fēng)頭、貪婪、庸俗不堪。

pipeline n．管道，傳遞途徑

Rumor has it that more than 20 books on creationism／evolution are in the publisher's pipelines(n.)．A few have already appeared．[1996年閱讀]

[譯文]有傳言說(shuō)，有20多本關(guān)于創(chuàng)世紀(jì)論與進(jìn)化論之爭(zhēng)的書即將出版，有幾本已經(jīng)面世了。

pointless a．無(wú)意義的

Misled people tend to think that using an animal in research is_______．

[D]pointless (a.) and wasteful[2003年閱讀]

[譯文]被誤導(dǎo)的人們往往認(rèn)為：在研究中使用動(dòng)物_______。

[D]沒(méi)有意義、純屬浪費(fèi)

populace n．平民

Specialists (48：in) history and economics，have (49：shown) two things：that the period from 1650 to 1750 was (50：marked) by great poverty，and that industrialization certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace (n．)．[1998年完形]

[譯文]歷史和經(jīng)濟(jì)方面的專家們已經(jīng)證明了兩點(diǎn)：第一，極端貧困是1650年至1750年這段時(shí)期的標(biāo)志；第二，工業(yè)化肯定沒(méi)有使大多數(shù)民眾的生活狀況惡化�；蛟S，正是工業(yè)化才真正改善了大多數(shù)平民的生活狀況。

populist a．大眾化的

From the beginning of our history，says Hofstadter，our democratic and populist (n.) urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism．[2004年閱讀]

[譯文]霍夫斯塔特說(shuō)：自我們的歷史之初，我們對(duì)民主化和大眾化的渴望就驅(qū)使我們排斥任何帶有精英優(yōu)越論味道的東西。

practicable a．能實(shí)行的，行得通的，可以實(shí)行的

Everybody gets ideas，but innovators work consciously on theirs，and they follow them through until they prove practicable (a.) or otherwise．[1994年閱讀]

[譯文]每一個(gè)人都有想法，但創(chuàng)新者會(huì)自覺(jué)地鉆研他的想法，并不懈努力直到證明想法切實(shí)可行或不可行。

preconception n．預(yù)想，偏見

Some，however，are less reasonable processes of different growth in which preconception of the form scientific theory ought to take，by persons in authority，act to alter the growth pattern of different areas．[1996年翻譯]

[譯文]然而，在不同的發(fā)展過(guò)程中，有些不怎么合理一在這些發(fā)展過(guò)程中，一些權(quán)威人士對(duì)科學(xué)研究應(yīng)該采取的方式有偏見，從而改變了不同科學(xué)領(lǐng)域的發(fā)展模式。

preoccupation n．當(dāng)務(wù)之急

If the preoccupation (n.) of schools with academic work was lessened，more time might be spent teaching children surer values．[1995年閱讀]

[譯文]如果學(xué)校對(duì)學(xué)業(yè)的強(qiáng)調(diào)減少一些，也許就有更多的時(shí)間教孩子更重要的價(jià)值觀念。

presumptively ad．據(jù)推測(cè)

He says medical licensing boards “must make it clear…that painful deaths are presumptively (ad.) ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension．”[2002年閱讀]

[譯文]他說(shuō)，行醫(yī)資格理事會(huì)“必須明確表明一病人痛苦地死亡，可以推定，是由于醫(yī)生處理不力造成的，應(yīng)該因此吊銷其從醫(yī)資格”。

presumptuous a．專橫的。自以為是的

It is，however，presumptuous (a.) to insist that there will only be so many jobs for so many scientists，so many businessmen，so many accountants．[1999年閱讀]

[譯文]然而，去臆斷科學(xué)家、商人、會(huì)計(jì)職位的數(shù)量就太自以為是了。

primeval a．原始的

What the researchers found was at once both amazing and expected：the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Cosmic Background Explorer satellite?Cobe?had discovered landmark evidence that the universe did in fact begin With the primeval (a.) explosion that has become known as the Big Bang (the theory that the universe originated in an explosion from a single mass of energy)．[1998年翻譯]

profess v．表示，公開承認(rèn)

This does not mean that ambition is at an end，that people no longer feel its stirrings and promptings，but only that, no longer openly honored，it is less openly professed (v.).[2000年閱讀]

[譯文]但這并不意味著雄心已經(jīng)窮途末路，人們不再感覺(jué)到它對(duì)人們的激勵(lì)了，只是人們不再公開地以它為榮，更不愿公開地承認(rèn)了。

prompting n．促進(jìn)，激勵(lì)，提示

This does not mean that ambition is at an end．that people no longer feel its stirrings and promptings(n.)，but only that．no longer openly honored, it is less openly professed．[2000年閱讀]

promptness n．敏捷，機(jī)敏

For personal growth，the author advocates all of the following except______.

[B]promptness (n.) in self-adaptation[1995年閱讀]

[譯文]對(duì)于個(gè)人成長(zhǎng)，下面所有各項(xiàng)中作者不倡導(dǎo)______。

[B]自我迅速適應(yīng)

provincialist n．地方居民，鄉(xiāng)下人

A．Quebec’s resistance to a national agency is provincialist (n.) ideology．[2005年閱讀]

[譯文]A．魁北克省拒絕加入全國(guó)性代理機(jī)構(gòu)是出于地方保護(hù)主義思想。

psychedelic a．起幻覺(jué)的，迷幻的；n．迷幻劑

These are the substances often called psychedelic (n.) (from the Greek word meaning “mind-manifestation”) because they seemed to radically alter one's state of consciousness．[1997年閱讀]

[譯文]這些物質(zhì)常被稱為迷幻劑(該醋源于希臘語(yǔ)，指“心靈顯現(xiàn)”)，因?yàn)樗鼈兯坪跄芡耆淖內(nèi)说囊庾R(shí)狀態(tài)。

publicize v．宣揚(yáng)

I have discovered，as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized (v.) resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress，that abandoning the doctrine of“juggling your life”，and making the alternative move into“downshifting”brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status．[2001年閱讀]

[譯文]我已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)(由于壓力過(guò)大，凱爾茜已多次公開宣稱要辭去《她》雜志編輯的職務(wù)，在這之后她也許會(huì)有同樣發(fā)現(xiàn))放棄“忙忙碌碌”的生活哲學(xué)，轉(zhuǎn)而過(guò)一種“放慢生活節(jié)奏”的生活所帶來(lái)的回報(bào)，比經(jīng)濟(jì)成功和社會(huì)地位更有價(jià)值。

quadruple a．四倍的，四重的；vt．使成四倍；vi．成為四倍

This near-tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 1973 oil shock，when prices quadrupled (vt.)，and 1979-1980，when they also almost tripled．[2002年閱讀]

[譯文]這次近3倍的漲價(jià)令人想起了1973年和1979至1980年兩次可怕的石油恐慌，當(dāng)時(shí)的油價(jià)分別漲了4倍和近3倍。

rearview n．(車輛上的)后視鏡

Hence the analogy that likens the conduct of monetary policy to driving a car with a blackened windscreen，a cracked rearview (n.) mirror and a faulty steering wheel．[1997年閱讀]

[譯文]因此，才會(huì)有人將貨幣政策的指導(dǎo)作用比做是駕駛一輛帶有黑色擋風(fēng)玻璃、破碎的后視鏡及方向盤失靈的汽車。

reasoning n．推理；推論

When that happens，it is not a mistake：it is mankind’s instinct for moral reasoning(n.) in action，an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at．[1997年翻譯]

[譯文]這種反應(yīng)并不錯(cuò)，這是人類用道德觀念進(jìn)行推理的本能在起作用。這種本能應(yīng)得到鼓勵(lì)，而不應(yīng)受到嘲弄。

revival n．蘇醒，復(fù)興，復(fù)活，再生效，復(fù)蘇

The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle，and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival(n.)in the underlying trend．[1998年閱讀]

[譯文]問(wèn)題在于，近年發(fā)生的生產(chǎn)力快速增長(zhǎng)部分是由于商業(yè)周期通常到了這時(shí)候就會(huì)出現(xiàn)的反彈造成的，因此，還不能作為一次確鑿的證據(jù)來(lái)證實(shí)在這一潛在的趨勢(shì)背后會(huì)出現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇的跡象。

receptor n．接受器，感受器，受體

The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors (n．) (19：available)for unfamiliar and emergency signals(20：such as)the smell of smoke．which might indicate the danger of fire．[2005年完形]

[譯文]我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，大腦能在有不熟悉或緊急信號(hào)時(shí)，使嗅覺(jué)接收器工作，例如，煙味就是著火和危險(xiǎn)的信號(hào)。

redundancy n．冗余

While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economic decline?after the mass redundancies (n.) caused by downsizing in the late'80s?and is still linked to the politics of thrift，in Britain，at least among the middle class downshifters of my acquaintance，we have different reasons for seeking to simplify our lives．[2001年閱讀]

[譯文]在美國(guó)，這種趨勢(shì)一開始是對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)衰落所做出的一種反應(yīng)一出現(xiàn)于80年代后期縮小經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)模導(dǎo)致大規(guī)模裁員??在英國(guó)，至少在我所認(rèn)識(shí)的中產(chǎn)階級(jí)的簡(jiǎn)化生活者中，這種趨勢(shì)仍被認(rèn)為與節(jié)儉政治有關(guān)聯(lián)，雖然如此，然而我們有著不同的理由使自己的生活簡(jiǎn)單化。

referee n．仲裁人，調(diào)解人，裁判員；v．仲裁，裁判

The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs，a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing (v.)，first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century．[2001年閱讀]

[譯文]其整體的結(jié)果是使業(yè)余人員進(jìn)入專業(yè)性地質(zhì)學(xué)雜志更加困難，而審稿制度的全面引進(jìn)使這個(gè)結(jié)果得到加強(qiáng)。這一制度開始是在19世紀(jì)的全國(guó)性雜志進(jìn)行，進(jìn)入20世紀(jì)后也在一些地方性地質(zhì)雜志實(shí)行。

reformatory a．①改革的；②起改革作用的

The author thinks the present rush to put computers in the classroom is_____．

[D]radically reformatory (a.①)[1999年閱讀]

[譯文]作者認(rèn)為：目前匆忙將計(jì)算機(jī)引入課堂的做法_______。

[D]具有徹底的革命性

remold vt．改造

The emergence of the Net has_______．

[B]remolded (vt.) the intelligence services[2003年閱讀]

[譯文]網(wǎng)絡(luò)的出現(xiàn)已經(jīng)_______．

[B]重塑了情報(bào)業(yè)

revere v．尊敬

While history once revered (v.) its affinity to literature and philosophy，the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providing rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past．[1999年翻譯]

[譯文]當(dāng)歷史學(xué)曾經(jīng)重視其與文學(xué)和哲學(xué)的密切關(guān)系時(shí)，新興的社會(huì)科學(xué)似乎提供了更多探求新問(wèn)題的機(jī)會(huì)，并且為了解過(guò)去提供了有價(jià)值的研究方法。

righteous a．正直的，正當(dāng)?shù)�，正義的

Feelings of righteous (a.) indignation，it seems，are not the preserve of people alone．[2005年閱讀]

[譯文]看起來(lái)，義憤不僅僅是人類獨(dú)有的。

scanty a．缺乏的，稀疏的

Examples of benefits or costs of the current concentration wave are scanty (a.).[2001年閱讀]

[譯文]目前證明這股合并浪潮是帶來(lái)利還是弊的實(shí)例并不多。

scapegoat n．替罪羊

You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats (n.) like the Post Office or the telephone system．[2002年閱讀]

[譯文]如果你選擇去評(píng)論郵局或電話局這樣的替罪羊，那你就會(huì)處于比較安全的境地。

schism n．分裂

The schism (n.) between science and the humanities has，if anything，deepened in this century．[1998年閱讀]

[譯文]本世紀(jì)，(自然)科學(xué)與人文科學(xué)之間的分裂更深了。

sensory a．感覺(jué)的，感官的

“By linking directly to our nervous system，computers could pick up what we feel and，hopefully，simulate feeling too so that we can start to develop full sensory (a.) environments，rather like the holidays in Total Recall or the Star Trek holodeck”he says．[2001年翻譯]

[譯文]他說(shuō)：“通過(guò)直接與我們的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)連接起來(lái)，計(jì)算機(jī)可以感知我們感覺(jué)到的東西，并且，它有希望模仿感覺(jué)，致使我們能夠發(fā)展全方位感知環(huán)境，就像電影《全部回憶》中的假期或特列克星號(hào)上的全息艙面�！�

shareholder n．股東

The “shareholders(n.)” as such had no knowledge of the lives，thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares，and his influence on the relations of capital and labour was not good．[1996年閱讀]

[譯文]這類股東不了解他們所持股的公司里工人們的生活、思想和需求。他們對(duì)勞資關(guān)系也不會(huì)產(chǎn)生積極的影響。

shipper n．托運(yùn)人，發(fā)貨人，貨主

Who’s going to pay for the rest of the bill? Many captive shippers(n.)fear that they will，as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market．[2003年閱讀]

[譯文]誰(shuí)來(lái)支付其余的費(fèi)用?許多“被控”客戶擔(dān)心他們會(huì)因?yàn)槟现Z弗克和CSX公司將增加對(duì)市場(chǎng)的控制。

shortlist n．比較后候選人名單

Shortlists (n.) for job interviews，election ballot papers，lists of conference speakers and attendees：all tend to be drawn up alphabetically, and their recipients lose interest as they plough through them．[2004年閱讀]

[譯文]求職面試、選舉投票、會(huì)議發(fā)言或參加會(huì)議等諸多名單，也是按字母表順序排序的，當(dāng)人們費(fèi)勁地向下查看時(shí)，興趣隨之索然。

silt n．淤泥，泥沙；v．(使)淤塞，充塞

The Aswan Dam，for example，stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt (n.) that floods left?all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity．[1998年閱讀]

[譯文]以阿斯旺大壩為例，它阻止了尼羅河洪水泛濫，但也使埃及失去了洪水沖擊過(guò)后留下的肥沃土壤,換回來(lái)的是這么一個(gè)有弊病的水庫(kù)�，F(xiàn)在這個(gè)水庫(kù)積滿了淤泥，幾乎不能發(fā)電了。

sizable a．相當(dāng)大的，大小相當(dāng)?shù)?

A sizable (a.) portion of the world is only just emerging from economic decline．[2002年閱讀]

[譯文]世界上很多地區(qū)才剛剛走出經(jīng)濟(jì)衰落。

skepticism n．懷疑論

History and news become confused, and one's impressions tend to be a mixture of skepticism (n.) and optimism．[2005年翻譯]

[譯文]歷史和新聞往往混為一談，人們的這種印象往往也是懷疑和樂(lè)觀的混合體。

skyrocket v．暴漲，猛漲

Quebec's Drug Insurance Fund has seen its costs skyrocket (v.) with annual increases from 14．3 percent to 26．8 per cent![2005年閱讀]

[譯文]A．魁北克省藥品保險(xiǎn)基金發(fā)現(xiàn)藥品價(jià)格一年就從14．3％暴漲到26．8％!

smallpox n．天花

A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups as well．from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox (n.) virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research．[1998年閱讀]

[譯文]1996年對(duì)新聞報(bào)道的調(diào)查表明，反科學(xué)的標(biāo)簽也貼在了許多其他群體上，這些人包括從提倡消滅所有現(xiàn)存的天花病毒的官方人士到倡議削減基礎(chǔ)研究基金的共和黨人。

sovereignty n．君主，主權(quán)，主權(quán)國(guó)家

Countries that still think foreign investment is an invasion of their sovereignty (n.) might well study the history of infrastructure (the basic structural foundations of a society)in the United States．[2001年閱讀]

[譯文]那些認(rèn)為外國(guó)投資是對(duì)本國(guó)主權(quán)的侵犯的國(guó)家比較好還是研究一下美國(guó)的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施(社會(huì)的基本結(jié)構(gòu)基礎(chǔ))建設(shè)歷史。

spatial a．空間的

They are both experts in spatial (a．)thinking．[1996年閱讀]

[譯文]他們都是空間(立體)思維的專家。

spontaneity n．自發(fā)性

In both oral and written English．talking is triumphing over speaking，spontaneity (n.) over craft．[2005年閱讀]

[譯文]無(wú)論作為口語(yǔ)還是書面語(yǔ)言的英語(yǔ)，侃侃而談勝過(guò)了雅致的言辭，而自我發(fā)揮也經(jīng)過(guò)了精心準(zhǔn)備。

spook n．間諜，特務(wù)

The spooks (n.) call it “open-source intelligence”，and as the Net grows，it is becoming increasingly influential．[2003年閱讀]

[譯文]間諜們把它稱為“公開渠道情報(bào)”，隨著互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的增長(zhǎng)，這樣的情報(bào)變得越來(lái)越有影響力。

spymaster n．間諜首腦

Straiford president George Friedman says he sees the online world as a kind of mutually reinforcing tool for both information collection and distribution，a spymaster's (n.) dream．[2003年閱讀]

[譯文]該公司的總裁喬治•弗萊德曼說(shuō)，他把網(wǎng)絡(luò)世界視為情報(bào)收集和情報(bào)發(fā)布兩方面相互增強(qiáng)的工具，這是間諜大師的夢(mèng)想。

standstill n．靜止，停頓

Population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill(n.)．[1998年閱讀]

[譯文](美國(guó))東北部和中西部的人口已接近零增長(zhǎng)。

stark a．刻板的，完全的；ad．完全地

The problem is simple and stark (a.①)：health-care costs have been，are，and will continue to increase faster than government revenues．[2005年閱讀]

[譯文]問(wèn)題簡(jiǎn)單而又顯而易見，那就是，健康福利的支出過(guò)去、現(xiàn)在和將來(lái)都會(huì)比政府稅收增加得快。

statistics　n．統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)，統(tǒng)計(jì)表

This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in，a fact underlined by statistics(n.) that show that out of eighty European television networks，no less than 50％ took a loss in 1989．[2005年翻譯]

[譯文]這一點(diǎn)就足以證明，要在電視行業(yè)里生存下來(lái)并非易事，統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字尤其說(shuō)明了這一事實(shí)，在80個(gè)歐洲電視網(wǎng)中，多達(dá)一半在1989年虧損。

stepladder n．活梯

Today，stepladders (n.) carry labels several inches long that warn，among other things，that you might?surprised!?fall off．[1999年閱讀]

[譯文]現(xiàn)在，梯子上警告標(biāo)簽有幾英寸長(zhǎng)，除了警告你其他可能發(fā)生的意外情況外，還警告你可能會(huì)摔下來(lái)，簡(jiǎn)直是莫名其妙!

stimulant n．刺激物，興奮劑

Stimulants (n.) initially speed up or activate the central nervous system，whereas depressants slow it down.[1997年閱讀]

[譯文]興奮劑主要起到加速或激活中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的作用，而鎮(zhèn)靜劑則相反：減緩它的活動(dòng)。

stimulus n．刺激物，促進(jìn)因素，刺激

A further stimulus (n．) to invention came from the“premium”system，which preceded our patent system and for years ran parallel with it．[1996年閱讀]

[譯文]推動(dòng)發(fā)明的另一激勵(lì)因素來(lái)自“獎(jiǎng)賞”制度，它產(chǎn)生于我們的專利制度之前，且多年來(lái)與后者一同實(shí)施。

stirring a．激動(dòng)人心的，活躍的，忙碌的; n．激勵(lì)

This does not mean that ambition is at an end，that people no longer feel its stirrings (n.) and promptings，but only that，no longer openly honored, it is less openly professed．[2000年閱讀]

stockpile n．積蓄，庫(kù)存；vt．儲(chǔ)蓄，貯存

Adding to social changes today is an enormous stockpile (n.) of information．[1995年閱讀]

[譯文]除了當(dāng)今的社會(huì)變化之外，還有信息量巨大的問(wèn)題。

stomp n．跺腳; v．踐踏，跺腳

A man in a white coat rushes to the head of the line，grabs his food and stomps (v.) over to a table by himself．[2002年閱讀]

[譯文]一個(gè)身穿白外套的人沖到隊(duì)伍的比較前面，抓起他的食物，大踏步地獨(dú)自走到一張桌子邊。

subtitle n．副標(biāo)題，小標(biāo)題

But it is less clear，to take the question of his subtitle (n.)，why we should，like，care．[2005年閱讀]

[譯文]但考慮到其副標(biāo)題所提的問(wèn)題：為什么我們應(yīng)該、喜歡或在意?答案還不夠明白。

suspension n．懸浮，暫停，中止

He says medical licensing boards “must make it clear … that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension (n.)．”[2002年閱讀]

[譯文]他說(shuō)，行醫(yī)資格理事會(huì)“必須明確表明??病人痛苦地死亡，可以推定，是由于醫(yī)生處理不力造成的，應(yīng)該因此吊銷其從醫(yī)資格”。

supervision n．監(jiān)督，管理

This lack of parental supervision (n.) is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates．[2004年完形]

[譯文]缺乏父母監(jiān)督也被認(rèn)為是影響少年犯罪率的一種因素。

supercluster n．超星系團(tuán)

Cobe is designed to see just the biggest structures，but astronomers would like to see much smaller hot spots as well，the seeds of local objects like clusters and superclusters (n.) of galaxies．[1998年翻譯]

[譯文]Cobe衛(wèi)星設(shè)計(jì)的目的就是觀察這些比較大的物體結(jié)構(gòu)，但宇航員還是想看到更為微小的熱區(qū)，即像星系中的星團(tuán)和超星團(tuán)這樣一些局部物體的粒子。

supposedly ad．想像上，據(jù)推測(cè)，大概

Sir Isaac Newton supposedly (ad．)discovered gravity，through the fall of an apple．[1999年閱讀]

[譯文]艾薩克•牛頓爵士通過(guò)蘋果落地發(fā)現(xiàn)了萬(wàn)有引力。

surveillance n．監(jiān)視，監(jiān)督

A boom in neighborhood surveillance (n.) cameras will，for example，cause problems in 2010，while the arrival of synthetic lifelike robots will mean people may not be able to distinguish between their human friends and the droids．[2001年翻譯]

[譯文]比如，住宅區(qū)附近監(jiān)視器的猛增在2010年會(huì)引發(fā)問(wèn)題；逼真的機(jī)器人將意味著人們可能無(wú)法區(qū)分人類朋友和仿真機(jī)器人。

tangible a．切實(shí)的，真實(shí)的

When you have carefully prepared a blueprint of your abilities and desires，you have something tangible (a.) tosell．[1996年閱讀]

[譯文]當(dāng)你為自己的能力和欲望仔細(xì)地籌劃了一幅藍(lán)圖后，你就有確切的東西可以兜售了。

technicist n．技術(shù)員，技師

Also common in the natural sciences，the technicist (n.) fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation. [1999年翻譯]

[譯文]在自然科學(xué)領(lǐng)域，這種現(xiàn)象也很普遍，技術(shù)謬誤錯(cuò)誤地將歷史研究技術(shù)實(shí)施過(guò)程中的某些過(guò)程當(dāng)成了歷史研究的整體。

telecom (=telecommunication)n．電信

The mergers of telecom (n.) companies，such as WorldCom，hardly seem to bring higher prices for consumers or a reduction in the pace of technical progress．[2001年閱讀]

[譯文]像世界通訊這樣的通訊公司合并似乎沒(méi)有給消費(fèi)者帶來(lái)更高的價(jià)格，或者降低技術(shù)進(jìn)步的速度。

template/ templet n．模板，樣板

There exists a social and cultural disconnect between journalists and their readers，which helps explain why the “standard templates (n.)” of the newsroom seem alien to many readers．[2001年閱讀]

teller n．(銀行)出納員

Our banking is done at automated teller (n.) terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction．[2002年閱讀]

[譯文]自動(dòng)柜員機(jī)處理著銀行業(yè)務(wù)，完成業(yè)務(wù)后，它們還會(huì)機(jī)械地、有禮貌地感謝我們。

therapist n．臨床醫(yī)學(xué)家

Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist (n.)．[2005年閱讀]

[譯文]長(zhǎng)期受惡夢(mèng)困憂的人應(yīng)該去找專家看看。

thermostat n．自動(dòng)調(diào)溫器，溫度調(diào)節(jié)裝置

Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind's emotional thermostat (n.)，regulating moods while the brain is“off-line．”[2005年閱讀]

[譯文]現(xiàn)在，研究人員懷疑，夢(mèng)是大腦調(diào)節(jié)情感的一部分，當(dāng)大腦“掉線”時(shí)，夢(mèng)能調(diào)控情緒。

thrilling a．①毛骨悚然的；②顫動(dòng)的

Why has inflation proved so mild? The most thrilling (a．①) explanation is，unfortunately，a little defective．[1997年閱讀]

[譯文]通貨膨脹為何如此的和緩?可惜的是，這比較令人震驚的解釋有一點(diǎn)缺陷。

tort n．民事侵權(quán)行為

At the same time，the American Law Institute?a group of judges，lawyers，and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight?issued new guidelines for tort (n.) law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones．[1999年閱讀]

[譯文]與此同時(shí)，美國(guó)法學(xué)會(huì)??該學(xué)會(huì)由一群舉足輕重的法官、律師、學(xué)者所組成??簽署了新的民事侵害法綱要，宣布公司不必警示顧客那些顯而易見的危險(xiǎn)，或者給顧客列出一份冗長(zhǎng)的可能造成的危險(xiǎn)的清單。

transcendentalist a．[哲]先驗(yàn)論者的，超越論者的

Ralph Waldo Emerson and other transcendentalist (n.) philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children：“We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing．”[2004年閱讀]

[譯文]拉爾夫•瓦爾多•愛默生和其他一些先驗(yàn)主義哲學(xué)家認(rèn)為學(xué)校教育和嚴(yán)格的書本學(xué)習(xí)限制了孩子們的天性，“我們被關(guān)在中小學(xué)和大學(xué)的朗誦室里十年或十五年，比較后出來(lái)滿肚子墨水，卻啥都不懂。”

treasury n．財(cái)政部，國(guó)庫(kù)

There is，as Robert Rubin，the treasury (n.) secretary，says，a“disjunction”between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics．[1998年閱讀]

[譯文]正如財(cái)政部長(zhǎng)羅伯特•魯賓所說(shuō)的，商業(yè)界的大量趣聞暗示生產(chǎn)率大幅增長(zhǎng)了，但這同官方的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字所顯示的情況“不符”。

trigonometry n．三角學(xué)

Why mention the elementary schools? Because thanks to these schools our early mechanics，especially in the New England and Middle Atlantic states，were generally literate and at home in arithmetic and in some aspects of geometry and trigonometry (n.)．[1996年閱讀]

[譯文]為什么要提小學(xué)教育?正是因?yàn)橛辛诉@些學(xué)校，我們的早期技工才普遍能讀會(huì)寫，并精通算術(shù)及部分幾何和三角，這種情況在新英格蘭和大西洋中部各州尤為可見。

trillion num．萬(wàn)億

Inflation says that very early on，the universe expanded in size by more than a trillion (num．) fold in much less than a second，propelled by a sort of antigravity．[1998年翻譯]

[譯文]膨脹學(xué)說(shuō)告訴我們，早在很久以前，宇宙的體積在不到一秒鐘內(nèi)被一種反引力驅(qū)動(dòng)而發(fā)生了無(wú)數(shù)倍的膨脹。

triviality n．瑣事

“Important information can get buried in a sea of trivialities (n.)，”says a law professor at Cornell Law School who helped draft the new guidelines．[1999年閱讀]

[譯文]康奈爾大學(xué)法學(xué)院一位參與起草新綱要的教授說(shuō)，“重要的信息會(huì)淹沒(méi)在細(xì)枝末節(jié)的汪洋之中”。

trucking n．①貨車運(yùn)輸；②貨車運(yùn)輸業(yè)

But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances，such as coal，chemicals，and grain，trucking (n．①) is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat．[2003年閱讀]

[譯文]但許多客戶卻抱怨說(shuō)，對(duì)于依賴長(zhǎng)途運(yùn)輸?shù)拇笞谏唐穪?lái)說(shuō)，如煤炭、化學(xué)制品和糧食，由于公路運(yùn)輸花費(fèi)太大，這樣鐵路公司就會(huì)主宰他們。

underfund vt．對(duì)…提供資金不足

As a nation，we may be overfunding the quest for unlikely cures while underfunding (vt.) research on humbler therapies that could improve people's lives．[2003年閱讀]

[譯文]作為一個(gè)民族，我們可能在尋求不可能奏效的治療方法上花錢太多，而在研究能提高人們生活質(zhì)量的更平常的方法上花錢太少。

underprivileged a．窮困的，下層社會(huì)的

For example，they do not compensate for gross social inequality，and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged (a.) youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances．[1995年翻譯]

[譯文]例如，測(cè)試并不彌補(bǔ)明顯的社會(huì)不公，因此，它們說(shuō)明不了一個(gè)物質(zhì)條件差的年輕人，如果在較好的環(huán)境下成長(zhǎng)的話，會(huì)有多大的才干。

underrate vt．低估，看輕

The human nose is all underrated (vt.) tool．[2005年完形]

[譯文]人們低估了鼻子的嗅覺(jué)作用。

understatement n．保守的陳述，掩飾

Search for exaggeration and understatements (n.)．[2002年閱讀]

[譯文]留意夸張和打折扣的話。

undervalue v．低估

We can learn from the text that Americans have a history of______．

[A]undervaluing (v.) intellect[2004年閱讀]

[譯文]根據(jù)本文，我們可以了解到：美國(guó)人有______的歷史。

[A]輕視才智

unenlightened a．無(wú)知的，不文明的，落后的

The goal of all will be to try to explain to a confused and often unenlightened (a.) citizenry that there are not two equally valid scientific theories for the origin and evolution of universe and life．[1996年閱讀]

[譯文]所有這些書的目的是試圖告訴那些迷惑而且常常是還不開通的人：就宇宙和生命的起源與發(fā)展問(wèn)題而言，不可能存在兩種都成立的科學(xué)理論。

universalize vt．使一般化，使普遍化

As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized，it is in the interest of business to universalize (vt.) access-after all，the more people online，the mole potential customers there are．[2001年閱讀]

[譯文]隨著互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的日趨商業(yè)化，網(wǎng)絡(luò)普及對(duì)商家是有利的一畢竟，上網(wǎng)人數(shù)越多，潛在的客戶就越多。

unparalleled a．無(wú)與倫比的，空前的

When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War，it had a market eight times larger than any competitor．giving its industries unparalleled(a.) economies of scale．[2000年閱讀]

[譯文]二戰(zhàn)結(jié)束后，美國(guó)恰好進(jìn)入了這樣的一個(gè)輝煌時(shí)期，當(dāng)時(shí)，它擁有比任何競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者大8倍的市場(chǎng)，這使其工業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)具有無(wú)與倫比的規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)。

upsetting a．令人心煩意亂的，令人苦惱的

As soon as you awaken，identify what is upsetting(a.) about the dream．[2005年閱讀]

[譯文]當(dāng)你一覺(jué)醒來(lái)，首先弄清楚夢(mèng)中是什么使你不安。

unsustainable a．不能成立的，不能支持的

Anyone can see this trend is unsustainable (a.)．Yet few seem willing to try to reverse it．[2003年閱讀]

[譯文]任何人都明白這個(gè)趨勢(shì)不能維持下去，但是很少有人愿意扭轉(zhuǎn)它。

upend v．顛倒，倒放

Some economists argue that powerful structural changes in the world have upended (v.) the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation．[1997年閱讀]

[譯文]一些經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家認(rèn)為，世界經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)強(qiáng)有力的變化已經(jīng)推翻了那個(gè)以經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)和通貨膨脹的歷史上相互關(guān)聯(lián)為基礎(chǔ)的舊的經(jīng)濟(jì)模式。

upscale a．高消費(fèi)的

Replies show that compared with other Americans，journalists are more likely to live in upscale (a.) neighborhoods，have maids，own Mercedeses，and trade stocks，and they’re less likely to go to church，do volunteer work，or put down roots in a community．[2001年閱讀]

[譯文]結(jié)果表明，與其他美國(guó)人相比，新聞?dòng)浾吒锌赡芫幼≡诟蝗藚^(qū)，有女傭、有奔馳車、炒股，而他們?nèi)ソ烫�、參加志愿服�?wù)、扎根社區(qū)的可能性卻很小。

utility n．①功用，效用 vt．(有效)利用，使用[生] n．②公用事業(yè)

But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility(n.)，they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves??goals that pose a real challenge．[2002年閱讀]

[譯文]但是如果機(jī)器人要進(jìn)一步實(shí)現(xiàn)勞動(dòng)力節(jié)省，他們必須能夠在更大程度上減少人的監(jiān)控，并且至少能夠獨(dú)立地做一些決定，這些是具有真正挑戰(zhàn)性的目標(biāo)。

vaccination n．種痘，接種疫苗

We need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmother's hip replacement，a father’s bypass operation，a baby’s vaccinations (n.)，and even a pet's shots．[2003年閱讀]

[譯文]我們需要說(shuō)明動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)與祖母的髖骨更換、父親的心臟搭橋、嬰兒的免疫接種、甚至寵物的注射針劑都密切相關(guān)。

vaccine a．疫苗的，牛痘的；n．疫苗

To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments，as well as new treatments and vaccines (n.)，animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst．[2003年閱讀]

[譯文]許多人不明白獲得這些新的治療方法和疫苗都必須進(jìn)行動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)。對(duì)于他們來(lái)說(shuō)，動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)說(shuō)得好是浪費(fèi)，說(shuō)得不好是殘忍。

validate vt．批準(zhǔn)，證實(shí)

How well the predictions will be validated (vt.) by later performance depends upon the amount，reliability，and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted．[1995年翻譯]

[譯文]這些預(yù)測(cè)在多大程度上被后來(lái)的表現(xiàn)所證實(shí)，這取決于所采用信息的數(shù)量、可靠性和適宜性以及解釋這些信息的技能和才智。

vice versa ad．反之亦然

Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa (ad.) often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force．[1994年翻譯]

[譯文]政府究竟是以犧牲對(duì)技術(shù)的經(jīng)費(fèi)投入來(lái)增加對(duì)純理論科學(xué)的經(jīng)費(fèi)投入，還是相反，這往往取決于把哪一方看作是驅(qū)動(dòng)的力量。

visualize v．想像，顯現(xiàn)

Visualize (vt.) how you would like it to end instead；the next time it occurs，try to wake up just enough to control its course．[2005年閱讀]

[譯文]想像你想讓它(這種夢(mèng))如何結(jié)束，下一次再發(fā)生時(shí)，設(shè)法醒來(lái)以控制夢(mèng)的進(jìn)程。

ware n．貨物，商品

While talking to you，your could-be employer is deciding whether your education，your experience，and other qualifications will pay him to employ you and your “wares (n.)”and abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner．[1996年閱讀]

[譯文]在與你談話時(shí)，你未來(lái)的雇主將根據(jù)你的教育、你的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和你其他的資歷來(lái)確定雇用你是否值得，因此你必須把你的“品質(zhì)”和“能力”以有序而合理連貫的方式陳列出來(lái)。

whereby ad．憑什么，由此

Straitford’s briefs don't sound like the usual Washington back-and-forthing，whereby (ad.) agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong．[2003年閱讀]

[譯文]Straitford公司的簡(jiǎn)報(bào)聽上去不像華盛頓當(dāng)局常常提供的躲閃的言辭，政府機(jī)構(gòu)往往避免發(fā)表引人注目的言論，因?yàn)檫@些言論可能出錯(cuò)。

windscreen n．風(fēng)檔玻璃

Hence the analogy that likens the conduct of monetary policy to driving a car with a blackened windscreen (n.)，a cracked rearview mirror and a faulty steering wheel．[1997年閱讀]

[譯文]因此，才會(huì)有人將貨幣政策的指導(dǎo)作用比做是駕駛一輛帶有黑色擋風(fēng)玻璃、破碎的后視鏡及方向盤失靈的汽車。

worldview n．世界觀

Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts．creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview (n.)．[1998年閱讀]

[譯文]而薩根則更關(guān)注那些相信鬼怪、上帝造物論和其他與科學(xué)世界觀相左的人。

workmate n．同事，工作伙伴

Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips，computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates (n.) rather than tools，relaxation will be in front of smell television，and digital age will have arrived．[2001年翻譯]

[譯文]兒童將與裝有個(gè)性化芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍，具有個(gè)性內(nèi)置的計(jì)算機(jī)將被視為工作伙伴而不是工具，人們將在氣味電視機(jī)前休閑，屆時(shí)數(shù)字化時(shí)代就來(lái)到了。

結(jié)束

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