本講義是按照《全國碩士研究生入學考試英語考試大綱（非英語專業(yè)）》所規(guī)定的題型和試卷結(jié)構(gòu)編寫的。編者力圖把大綱的測試要求具體體現(xiàn)到課堂講解與練習中去，以幫助廣大考生深刻領會考試大綱的精神并進行有的放矢的考前復習，做到知己知彼、胸有成竹。

    本講義分上、下兩冊，包括20次講座，共80學時。此講義信息量大，既有對近年典型真題的剖析，又有大量自編練習供學員操練。本著精講多練、講中有練、練中有講、講練結(jié)合的原則，授課教師通過講解和引導使學員在學習和操練中迅速進入考研切入點，了解考試的要求、重點和難點，理解和把握試題的命題思路，提高英語的語言知識水平并掌握一整套行之有效的學習方法和應試對策，以便在2007年的考試中取得滿意的成績。

    此講義每年按大綱精神和當年考題命題的新動向進行修訂并得到歷屆學員的好評，被譽為“考研品牌大餐”。

    學員在輔導班上應全神貫注、認真聽講、記筆記，積極參加課堂的操練活動，課下應認真復習、按時完成教師布置的家庭作業(yè)。此外，學員可以閱讀朱泰祺教授編著的《(2007)碩士研究生英語入學考試復習指導》一書作為課外參考書，以滿足不同層次考生的個性化需要。

    預祝學員們考研成功！

    北京太奇培訓學校教務部

    提高考研閱讀能力的過程和規(guī)律

    考研閱讀理解包括三項，即多項選擇題、選擇搭配題和英譯漢，共占60分。所以，閱讀理解是考研試題中的重中之重。學生提高英語閱讀理解能力一般要經(jīng)歷四個發(fā)展階段：

    1.字面心譯階段，即在閱讀時要通過逐詞心譯來理解原文。由于兩種語言在句子語法結(jié)構(gòu)、詞語用法、語言習慣等方面存在著許多差異，這個階段對原文的理解常會發(fā)生錯誤。

    2.分析性心譯階段，即在對原文的詞語和結(jié)構(gòu)進行一些分析以后，再進行心譯，或心譯過程伴隨著詞語和結(jié)構(gòu)的分析。這時理解力比前一階段有所提高，但閱讀速度很慢。

    3.綜合性心譯階段。在這個階段由于語言水平的提高，閱讀經(jīng)驗的積累，不經(jīng)分析而直接將原文譯成漢語。

    4.直接理解原文階段。在這個階段由于語言能力的不斷提高，讀者的理解已進入英語思維的模式，可以直接理解原文。

    以上4個階段只是大體上的劃分，在實際閱讀訓練中，這4個階段不是截然分割的。比如，處于第2階段時，也不可能對每個句子都分析一遍后再來心譯。第4階段也可能伴隨少量的心譯，因為本族語畢竟是理解外語的媒介。

    了解閱讀能力提高的過程有利于加速閱讀能力的培養(yǎng)。一般來說，我們的考生是處在介乎第2和第3階段之間。對所讀的材料有時要經(jīng)過查閱詞典，分析心譯成漢語才能達到真正的理解。這作為閱讀能力提高的一個階段是不可避免的。但要努力縮短這一階段，防止這種閱讀方法成為定勢。要盡可能減少心譯，以提高閱讀速度，達到基本上直接理解原文的階段。

    從邏輯和思維的角度看，閱讀理解能力的提高是一個由淺入深、由片面到全面、由低層次到高層次的發(fā)展過程。較低層次的理解是字面理解(Read the lines)�？忌鷮λ�讀內(nèi)容只能理解字面含義。隨著理解的不斷深化，考生逐漸進入推斷性理解層次�？忌�慢慢能從語篇結(jié)構(gòu)的高度來審視文章內(nèi)容的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)在聯(lián)系，從而進入更深層次的理解，如從字里行間理解作者要表達的內(nèi)涵(Read between the lines)。比較高層次是評價性閱讀理解，即能理解文章內(nèi)容的言外之音(Read beyond the lines)，能對所讀內(nèi)容進行推理判斷、綜合歸納和客觀評論。研究生英語入學考試中的閱讀理解就屬于這個層次。這時考生應能憑借自己的閱讀經(jīng)驗和分析能力對所讀文章和題目選項進行評價，如：選擇項所傳遞的信息是否確切、事實是否可靠、結(jié)論是否正確以及信息的應用價值等。

    考研學生應具備哪些能力才能應對閱讀理解考試的需要呢？

    1. 理解文章的主旨、抓住全文的中心思想和展開中心思想的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)和邏輯框架；

    2. 理解文章中的具體信息和細節(jié)；

    3. 理解明確或隱含表達的概念性含義；

    4. 進行有關內(nèi)容的推理、歸納和引申；

    5. 根據(jù)上下文推測不熟悉詞語的含義；

    6. 理解作者的寫作目的、態(tài)度、語氣及文章的基調(diào)；

    7. 以上各項能力要求必須在規(guī)定的時間內(nèi)完成。

    滴水穿石，貴在堅持。我相信，通過我們師生的共同努力，學員的閱讀理解能力定會不斷提高。

    2007北京太奇培訓學�？佳杏⒄Z強化班授課講義(一)

    2007 –KY--1 內(nèi)部資料 翻印必究

    I. Reading Comprehension

    Text I

    [2006, RC Text 1]

    In spite of "endless talk of difference," American society is an amazing machine for homogenizing people. There is "the democratizing uniformity of dress and discourse, and the casualness and absence of deference" characteristic of popular culture. People are absorbed into "a culture of consumption" launched by the 19th-century department stores that offered "vast arrays of goods in an elegant atmosphere. Instead of intimate shops catering to a knowledgeable elite" these were stores "anyone could enter, regardless of class or background. This turned shopping into a public and democratic act." The mass media, advertising and sports are other forces for homogenization.

    Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture, which may not be altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous. Writing for the National Immigration Forum, Gregory Rodriguez reports that today’s immigration is neither at unprecedented levels nor resistant to assimilation. In 1998 immigrants were 9.8 percent of the population; in 1900, 13.6 percent. In the 10 years prior to 1990, 3.1 immigrants arrived for every 1,000 residents; in the 10 years prior to 1890, 9.2 for every 1,000. Now, consider three indices of assimilation -- language, home ownership and intermarriage.

    The 1990 Census revealed that "a majority of immigrants from each of the fifteen most common countries of origin spoke English ‘well’ or ‘very well’ after ten years of residence." The children of immigrants tend to be bilingual and proficient in English. "By the third generation, the original language is lost in the majority of immigrant families." Hence the description of America as a "graveyard" for languages. By 1996 foreign-born immigrants who had arrived before 1970 had a home ownership rate of 75.6 percent, higher than the 69.8 percent rate among native-born Americans.

    Foreign-born Asians and Hispanics "have higher rates of intermarriage than do U.S.-born whites and blacks." By the third generation, one third of Hispanic women are married to non-Hispanics, and 41 percent of Asian-American women are married to non-Asians.

    Rodriguez notes that children in remote villages around the world are fans of superstars like Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks, yet "some Americans fear that immigrants living within the United States remain somehow immune to the nation’s assimilative power."

    Are there divisive issues and pockets of seething anger in America? Indeed. It is big enough to have a bit of everything. But particularly when viewed against America’s turbulent past, today’s social indices hardly suggest a dark and deteriorating social environment. (400 words)

    Notes: homogenize vt. 使勻質(zhì)。uniformity n. 千篇一律，無變化。discourse n. 講演；會話；論文。deference n. 遵從，服從，順從。an array of (=arrays of) 一系列；大量。elegant adj. 高雅的。cater to v. 迎合；滿足。regardless of 不管，不顧。fit into 適合；符合。elevating adj. 提高思想修養(yǎng)的。poisonous adj. 有毒的；敗壞道德的。forum n. 論壇。unprecedented adj. 前所未有的。prior to 在…以前。index n. [pl.] indices(=indexes) 索引；指數(shù)；標志。 intermarriage n.（種族、宗教等之間的）通婚。countries of origin 起源國。bilingual adj. 能說兩種語的。proficient adj. 精通的，熟練的。graveyard n. 墓地，墳場。Hispanic n. 西班牙的；拉丁美洲的（說西班牙語的）。seethe vi. 因 … 而騷動。

    1. The word "homogenizing" (Line 1, Paragraph 1) most probably means

    [A] identifying. [B] associating. [C] assimilating. [D] monopolizing.

    2. According to the author, the department stores of the 19th century

    [A] played a role in the spread of popular culture. [B] became intimate shops for common consumers.

    [C] satisfied the needs of a knowledgeable elite. [D] owed its emergence to the culture of consumption.

    3. The text suggests that immigrants now in the U.S.

    [A] are resistant to homogenization. [B] exert a great influence on American culture.

    [C] are hardly a threat to the common culture. [D] constitute the majority of the population.

    4. Why are Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks mentioned in Paragraph 5?

    [A] To prove their popularity around the world. [B] To reveal the public's fear of immigrants.

    [C] To give examples of successful immigrants. [D] To show the powerful influence of American culture.

    5. In the author’s opinion, the absorption of immigrants into American society is

    [A] rewarding. [B] successful. [C] fruitless. [D] harmful.

    Text 2

    [2005, RC Text 1]

    Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human", with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature,suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.

    The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food readily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services” than males.

    Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan's and Dr. de Waal's study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.

    In the world of capuchins, grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to induce resentment in a female capuchin.

    The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a co-operative, group-living species. Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question. (426 words)

    1. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by

    [A] posing a contrast. [B] justifying an assumption.

    [C] making a comparison. [D] explaining a phenomenon.

    2. The statement "it is all too monkey" (Last line, Paragraph-1) implies that

    [A] monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals.

    [B] resenting unfairness is also monkeys' nature.

    [C] monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other.

    [D] no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions.

    3. Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are

    [A] more inclined to weigh what they get. [B] attentive to researchers' instructions.

    [C] nice in both appearance and temperament. [D] more generous than their male companions.

    4. Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys

    [A] prefer grapes to cucumbers. [B] can be taught to exchange things.

    [C] will not be co-operative if feeling cheated. [D] are unhappy when separated from others.

    5. What can we infer from the last paragraph?

    [A] Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.

    [B] Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.

    [C] Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.

    [D] Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.

    Text 3

    The war on drugs in the United States is an escalating battle that has, as of recent times, reached unprecedented levels. In every city and state across the nation, law enforcement officials are working around the clock to eradicate the illegal use, possession and distribution of controlled substances at all levels of society. The increasing devotion of resources and efforts to the battle has achieved mixed results.

    A growing amount of money is being devoted to the funding of the war on drugs as time progresses. At last count, 19.2 billion dollars was being spent annually on the ongoing struggle, consisting of pay for law enforcement officials, education, treatment and other uses. This staggering amount translates into a stunning 609 dollars per second.

    Results are being achieved. An arrest for drug-related offenses occurs every 20 seconds, and 648 people are put in prison every day on drug-related charges. These numbers illustrate the prevailing tactic used by the U.S. government in the war against drugs – going after the people supporting the industry. By removing both the suppliers and purchasers of illegal drugs, it is hoped that the industry will collapse by itself, through the elimination of supply and demand.

    Aside from directly arresting those individuals responsible for the selling and purchasing of illegal drugs, the United States has also embarked on a campaign to take away the tools by which the drugs are used, primarily in the form of needles. To this end, there has been a recent federal ban on needle exchanges intended to restrict access to the tools necessary for the use of some illegal drugs.

    This program has drawn harsh criticism, however, as it has resulted in the use and reuse of unsanitary needles, possibly contributing to the number of AIDS infections in drug users who would otherwise have avoided infection by using sterile needles that could have been provided, but for the federal ban. According to a study conducted by the AIDS Prevention Studies Center of the University of California at San Francisco, 4000 new infections of HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, could be avoided per year if the federal ban on needle exchanges was lifted. This translates into more than 10 new cases of HIV avoided per day, a figure that causes one to pause and consider whether the war on drugs is being fought in the best manner possible. (395 words)

    本文重點詞匯和詞組：escalating 逐步升級的；as of 從…起；around the clock日日夜夜； eradicate 根除；杜絕；staggering大得驚人的；stunning令人震驚的；go after追捕；sterile 消毒過的；embark on 著手，從事；but for 要不是…的話；HIV (=human immunodeficiency virus) 人免疫力缺乏病毒（艾滋病病毒）；lift vt. 撤消，解除。

    1.By referring to “mixed results” in paragraph 1, the author most probably intends to mean ________.

    A. all sorts of successes B. confused consequences

    C. positive and negative effects D. significant and pleasing outcome

    2.The author outlines the government’s strategy in the war on drugs in paragraph 3 to ________.

    A.support the main view presented in the text

    B.show that this strategy is the most effective

    C.discredit later the strategy in subsequent paragraphs

    D.explain why the statistics cited are relevant and important

    3.The author brings up the issue of HIV and AIDS infections in paragraph 5 in order to ________.

    A.illustrate another social issue that is not receiving enough attention

    B.identify one group of people whom the war on drugs is indirectly affecting

    C.illustrate an issue that must be taken seriously while fighting the war on drugs

    D.identify one of the main motivations for the current strategy in the war on drugs

    4.The author’s opinion of the ongoing war on drugs is one of ________.

    A. strong disapproval B. critical support C. reluctant opposition D. silent consent

    5.The main point of this text is to ________.

    A. convince the reader that the war on drugs is being won

    B. state the harmfulness of drugs and support the war on them

    C. highlight the importance of launching a battle against drugs

    D. inform the reader of the current status of the war on drugs

    Text 4（課外閱讀）

    [2003 RC Text 1]

    Wild Bill Donovan would have loved the Internet. The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in World War II and later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated with information. Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the “great game” of espionage -- spying as a “profession.” These days the Net, which has already re-made such everyday pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovan’s vocation as well.

    The latest revolution isn’t simply a matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemen’s e-mail. That kind of electronic spying has been going on for decades. In the past three or four years, the World Wide Web has given birth to a whole industry of point-and-click spying. The spooks call it “open source intelligence,” and as the Net grows, it is becoming increasingly influential. In 1995 the CIA held a contest to see who could compile the most data about Burundi. The winner, by a large margin, was a tiny Virginia company called Open Source Solutions, whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world.

    Among the firms making the biggest splash in this new world is Straitford, Inc., a private intelligence-analysis firm based in Austin, Texas. Straitford makes money by selling the results of spying (covering Chile and Russia) to corporations like energy-services firm McDermott International. Many of its predictions are available online at www.straitford.com.

    Straitford president George Friedman says he sees the online world as a kind of mutually reinforcing tool for both information collection and distribution, a spymaster’s dream. Last week his firm was busy vacuuming up data bits from the far corners of the world and predicting a crisis in Ukraine. “As soon as that report runs, we’ll suddenly get 500 new Internet sign-ups from Ukraine,” says Friedman, a former political science professor. “And we’ll hear back from some of them.” Open-source spying does have its risk, of course, since it can be difficult to tell good information from bad. That’s where Straitford earns its keep.

    Friedman relies on a lean staff of 20 in Austin. Several of his staff members have military intelligence backgrounds. He sees the firm’s outsider status as the key to its success. Straitford briefs don’t sound like usual Washington back-and-forthing, whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong. Straitford, says Friedman, takes pride in its independent voice. (396 words)

    1. The emergence of the Net has __________.

    A. received support from fans like Donovan B. remolded the intelligence services

    C. restored many common pastimes D. revived spying as a profession

    2. Donovan’s story is mentioned in the text to ________.

    A. introduce the topic of online spying B. show how he fought for the U.S.

    C. give an episode of the information war D. honor his unique services to the CIA

    3. The phrase ‘making the biggest splash’ (line 1, paragraph 3) most probably means _________.

    A. causing the biggest trouble B. exerting the greatest effort

    C. achieving the greatest success D. enjoying the widest popularity

    4. It can be learned from paragraph 4 that _________.

    A. Straitford’s prediction about Ukraine has proved true B. Straitford guarantees the truthfulness of its information

    C. Straitford’s business is characterized by unpredictability D. Straitford is able to provide fairly reliable information

    5. Straitford is most proud of its __________.

    A. official status B. nonconformist image

    C. efficient staff D. military background

    Text 2 Word Study

    1.slack adj. 1)松的，松馳的，寬松的：A rope is slack if it hasn’t been pulled tight. (如果一根繩子沒有拉緊，那它是松的。) 2)松懈的，馬虎的：A slack person is one who does things carelessly. (一個馬虎的人是一個做事粗枝大葉的人。) 3)緩慢的：The horse was moving at a slack pace. (這匹馬以緩慢的步伐走著。) 4) 生意清淡，蕭條：Business is slack at this season. (在這個季節(jié)生意清淡蕭條。) vt. 1)放松；使緩慢：Slack the rope before trying to unite the knot. (在試圖打結(jié)之前請把這條繩子放松。) The train slacked off it speed as it came into the station. (這列火車進站時，它放慢了速度。) 2) vi.馬虎，懈怠：He was scolded for slacking. (他由于馬虎而挨罵。)

    2.outrage vt. (=shock or offend sb.; upset greatly) 震駭；觸犯；使氣憤：outrage public opinion 違反民意。They were outraged by the announcement of massive price increases. (物價大幅上漲的消息一公布，他們氣憤填膺。) n. 1)殘暴行為，罪行：The use of H-bombs would be an outrage against humanity. (使用氫彈是反人類的殘暴行為。) 2)憤怒：The farmers felt outrage at the attack on their villages. (農(nóng)民們對進攻他們的村莊感到憤怒。) 同根詞outrageous adj. 憤怒的；殘暴的；令人反感的：outrageous behavior令人憤怒的行為。

    3.all too 實在太：The holidays were all too short.（假期實在太短了。） The day passed all too quickly.（這天過得實在太快了。）

    4.grieve vi./vt. 悲痛，難過；傷心：I shall not grieve at his death. (他死我不會悲痛。) I was grieved to see the change in my old friend. (我傷心地看到我老朋友的這種變化。) grief n. 悲痛；悲痛的事：My mother is overcome with grief. (我母親悲痛欲極。) His wild behavior was a grief to his parents. (他的粗野行為使他父母很傷心。) 同根詞grievous adj. 令人悲痛的；極嚴重的。 grievance n. 不滿意見，苦情，牢騷；抱怨不平：He won’t listen to our grievance.

    5.above all (=most important)比較重要的。

    6.exchange 交換；交流：to exchange experience 交流經(jīng)驗。to exchange views交流觀點看法。exchange… for…把…換成…：Where can I exchange dollars for pounds? (我在哪里能把美元換成英鎊？) exchange … with 和…交換：He exchanged seats with me. (他與我交換座位。) n. 交換；交流：a secret exchange of messages 秘密交換信息。foreign exchange reserves外匯儲備。詞組：in exchange for 作為交換：I took his watch in exchange for my camera. (我拿了他的手表換我的相機。)

    7.in return for 作為…的回報；以答謝：I’m sending him a present in return for all his kindness to us. (我將寄給他一件禮品以答謝他對我們的好意。)

    8.adjoin vt. 與…相鄰。markedly 顯著地，明顯地。toss vt. (=throw sth. lightly)輕扔，擲。induce vt. (=persuade or influence sb to do sth.)引誘，誘發(fā)，誘惑。stem from (=come from)來自。as yet (=so far) 至今。

    Text 3 Word Study

    precede vi./ vt. 在…之前，在…前面：The Greek civilization preceded the Roman one. (希臘文明先于羅馬文明。) 2) They came into the room preceded by a small dog. (一條小狗在前面，他們走進房間。) 3) A major precedes a captain. (少校的職位比大尉高。) 4) He preceded his speech with a warning against inattention. (他講話以前先警告聽眾不要心不在焉。)

    同根詞： precedence n. 時間上在前。用于成語：give precedence over 給予優(yōu)先地位: This task must be given precedence over all others. (這項任務應放在其它所有任務之前。) take precedence over 比…重要：Some say Shakespeare takes precedence over all other writers. (有人說，莎士比亞的地位比其他所有作家高。)

    precedent n. 先例：If he is allowed to do this, it will be a precedent for others. (如果允許他這樣做，那對于其他人來說是個先例。) 用于成語：set a precedent 開…的先例: She set a precedent as the first woman executive in the company. (她開了先例當公司的首任經(jīng)理。) without precedent 沒有先例：It is something without precedent in history.

    preceding adj. 前面的：I remember the war but nothing of the preceding years. (我記得這場戰(zhàn)爭，但對戰(zhàn)前歲月記憶中蕩然無存。) precedented：有先例的；unprecedented 史無前例的，空前的。

    Text 4 Word Study

    1. by a … margin 以…之差：1) We won the game by a large/narrow margin. 2) He won the election by only one vote margin. (他只靠一票之差贏了這次選舉。)

    2. make a splash 引人注目，引起轟動：She has made quite a splash in literary circles with her first book. （她的第一本書在文學界大為轟動。）

    3. earn one’s keep 掙錢養(yǎng)活自己：When you earn your keep, you will be able to do many things that your parents cannot afford to let you do now. (等你自己掙錢時，你就可以做許多目前你父母沒有力量同意你做的事。)

    earn one’s living (=earn one’s livelihood) 掙錢糊口，謀生。

    4. lean vi/vt. 倚，靠；傾，傾斜： 1) He leaned against the wall. (他背靠著墻。) 2) They came to Pisa and saw the leaning

    tower. (他們來到比薩并看到了斜塔。) 3) Lean your head on my shoulder. (把你的頭靠在我的肩上。)

    同根詞：leaning n. 傾向，偏好: 1) Their leanings are towards education for everyone. 2) He has a leaning towards music.

    lean adj. 瘦而肌肉結(jié)實的；貧乏的；歉收的：a lean horse; lean crops (歉收)；a lean year (荒年)；a lean staff (人員單薄)。

    5. on the chance of (或that) 懷著…的希望，期望…：1) Go ahead with the printing on the chance that no major correction may prove necessary. （開印吧，希望將來不需要有重大的勘誤。） 2) I’ll call at his office on the chance of seeing him before he leaves. （我將到他辦公室去拜訪他，希望能在他下班前見到他。）

    6. take pride in … 以…而自豪：1) Don’t take pride in your son. 2) He took (a) great pride in being a member of the club.

    pride oneself on sth./doing sth. 以…而自豪：She prides herself on her skill as a gardener.

    II. Writing

    Directions: Study the following photos carefully and write an essay in which you should

    1)describe the photos briefly,

    2)interpret the social phenomenon reflected by them, and

    3)give your point of view.

    You should write 160 – 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)

    多么生動的照片�。∫环�照片展現(xiàn)了一個年輕人的臉，臉上寫著貝克漢姆的名字；另一幅照片描繪了同樣令人不安的情境，一位青年花300元理個發(fā)，就是為了模仿貝克漢姆的發(fā)式。顯然，作者打算提醒我們，這些青年人多么狂熱地崇敬他們的偶像。

    這些照片確實發(fā)人深省。我不由得把它們與另一個熱門詞“超女”聯(lián)系起來，在2005年“超女”這個詞幾乎風靡全國。這些照片是鏡子，反映了年輕人渴望成功，猶如他們的偶像。比較近幾年來，隨著中國經(jīng)濟穩(wěn)步增長，年輕人享受到了物質(zhì)上的富裕，但是這并不總是意味著精神上的滿足。相反，他們中很多人越來越沉溺于追求毫無意義的事。他們仿效他們偶像的行為：如何看上去酷、如何尋找歡樂，甚至如何與記者捉迷藏。他們羨慕他們的偶像已經(jīng)飛黃騰達，然而卻從來不看一看偶像們攀登通向成功的荊棘之路。

    依我看，很顯然，這種狂熱對年輕人頗為有害�，F(xiàn)在該是教育年輕人如何正確敬仰偶像。每個教育機構(gòu)的責任是號召年輕人學會成功之道：成功總是來自于刻苦努力。

    What vivid pictures! One presents a young man’s face, on which the name Beckham is painted, and the other depicts an equally disturbing situation, where a teenager spends 300 yuan on his haircut simply because he wants to follow Beckham’s hairstyle. Obviously, the drawer intends to remind us how crazily these youngsters are adoring their icons.

    The pictures really set me thinking. I cannot help associating them with another hot word “supergirl”, which almost swept over every Chinese in the year 2005. They are mirrors, reflecting how eager the youth are to succeed like their icons. In recent years, with China’s steady economic growth, the youngsters have enjoyed material abundance, which, however, does not always mean spiritual satisfaction. On the opposite, many of them find themselves increasingly indulged in pursuing meaningless things. They imitate whatever their icons do: how to look cool, how to look for fun, and even how to play hide-and-seek with reporters. They envy how successful their icons have become, yet they never take a look at the thorny road, along which, their icons climb up to success.

    Personally, I hold it self-evident that this kind of craziness will do great harm to the youth. It is high time that they were taught how to adore icons properly. It is the responsibility of every educational institution to call upon the youth to learn one thing about success: success always results from hard work. (237 words)

    Notes: icon圣像，偶像。adore vt. (=love deeply and respect sb. highly) 鐘愛，敬愛。

    背記重點詞語漢英對照：1. 一個…；而另一個…：One … ; the other …。 2. 仿效某人的榜樣/衣著和談吐：follow one’ example/dress and discourse。 3. 發(fā)人深省：set people thinking。 4. cannot help associating … with…：不由自主地把…與…聯(lián)系起來。 5. 渴望做某事：be eager to do sth. (=desire/long to do sth.)。 6. 相反：on the opposite。 7. 仿效，模仿：imitate，follow, model oneself after/on。 8. 沉溺于：indulge oneself in sth. or in doing sth.。 9. 對某人有害： do harm to sb. 10. 該到…時侯了：It is high time that sb. did sth.。

    Put the following sentences from Chinese into English：

    1.有兩幅畫呈現(xiàn)兩種截然不同的情境：在溫室中的花茁壯成長；而在暴風雨中的花朵凋謝（wither away）了。

    2.有一些年輕人只模仿明星的外表而沒有去研究明星成功所經(jīng)歷的道路。

    3.這幅畫真是發(fā)人深省。我不由自主地把成功與刻苦努力聯(lián)系起來了。

    4. 該到我們永遠牢記不能沉溺于甜蜜的夢想中，而應該踏踏實實地做點事情的時候了。

    作業(yè)：

    1. 認真復習本單元閱讀文章和詞匯工作;

    2. 背誦作文；熟悉短文框架、段落結(jié)構(gòu)和常用句型；

    3. 安排“復習指導”中長難句語法結(jié)構(gòu)剖析（第1章）和詞匯(第2, 3, 4,章)的自學計劃, 打好考研英語的知識基礎；同時開始做閱讀理解一章中的“中級閱讀45篇”。用語法詞匯促進閱讀，再用閱讀鞏固語法和詞匯。

    贈言：良好的開端是成功的一半。從今天起你就要全身心地投入到考研準備中去, 以便在明年的激烈競爭中立于不敗之地。有得必有失。你將為此失去很多很多。但是，你得到的是，在事業(yè)的征途中又登上了一個新的臺階。

    浮躁、急功近利和實用主義的世界觀正侵蝕著我們年輕一代的心靈。但考研是一場凈化我們靈魂的洗禮，它磨練我們的斗志、考驗我們的毅力。我們今天浴血奮戰(zhàn)將換來我們明天更美好的未來。我們子孫后代將踩著我們用汗水鋪平的道路向科學文化進軍！

    Text 1參考譯文

    盡管人們“無休止地談論美國社會的差異性”，但是美國社會卻是一部使人同化的驚人機器。美國的民主化使人們的衣著和談吐風格趨于一致，人們漫不經(jīng)心、不拘禮節(jié)，沒有強制的順從，這些都是大眾文化的特點。人們?nèi)谌氲揭环N“消費文化”中去；這種文化是由19世紀的百貨商店開創(chuàng)的。這些商店在高雅的氛圍中向消費者提供各種各樣的商品。這些商店不是去迎合知識精英的幽靜宜人的商店，而是不論階層和背景，任何人都能進去的商店。這就使購物成為一種公眾的、民主的行動。大眾傳媒、廣告和體育是均質(zhì)化的其他推動力量。

    國外來的移民很快適應了這種大眾文化；它可能全然不會提高人們的思想修養(yǎng)，但幾乎也不會敗壞人們的道德。Gregory Rodriguez在為《國家移民論壇》撰稿時報道說，今天的移民既沒有達到空前的數(shù)量，也沒有抗拒同化。1998年移民占美國人口的9.8%；1900年占13.6%。在1990年以前的10年中，每1000個居民有3.1個移民；而在1890年以前的10年中，每1000個居民中就有9.2個移民�，F(xiàn)在，想一想同化的3個標志：語言、住房所有權(quán)和通婚。

    1990年的人口統(tǒng)計披露，來自15個比較常見的移民來源國的每個國家的多數(shù)移民在居住了10年以后英語講得“好”或“很好”。移民的孩子往往是講雙語的，并且精通英語�！暗搅说谌���，在大多數(shù)移民家庭中原來的本國語言消失了�！币蚨�人們把美國說成是語言的“墳墓”。到1996年，1970年以前到達的國外出生的移民房屋擁有率占75.6%, 高于土生土長的美國人的房屋擁有率（69.8%）。

    國外出生的亞洲人和講西班牙語的人“比在美國出生的白人和黑人的通婚率高�！钡降谌�代，講西班牙語的女子中有三分之一嫁給非西班牙裔的男子；41%的亞裔美國女子嫁給非亞裔男子。

    Rodriguez指出，世界各地偏僻鄉(xiāng)村的兒童是諸如阿諾德 斯瓦辛格和加思 布魯克斯這樣的超級電影明星的熱情崇拜者（迷）；然而“有些美國人擔心，生活在美國國內(nèi)的移民仍然由于某種原因不受這個國家的同化力的影響。

    美國是否存在造成不和的問題和因憤怒而騷動的地區(qū)？的確，美國如此巨大，什么東西都可能有一點。但是對照美國動蕩的過去來看，今天的各項社會標志幾乎沒有表明存在著一個黑暗的、日益惡化的社會環(huán)境。

    Text 2 參考譯文

    人人都喜歡工資漲得多一點。然而，如果你了解到一位同事工資漲得比你還多，那么你對自己漲工資的這份高興勁就會蕩然無存。的確，如果他是工作懶散而出了名的，那你甚至可能會大發(fā)雷霆。這種行為表現(xiàn)被認為是“人所共有的”，言下之意，動物或許不會有這種忿恨不平之感。但是，喬治亞洲亞特萊大市的Emory大學的Sarah Brosnan和Frans de Waal發(fā)表在《自然》雜志上的一項研究報告表明，這種行為也是猴子所共有的。

    研究人員研究了雌性棕色卷尾猴的行為表現(xiàn)。這些猴子看上去很伶俐。它們是性格和善、善于協(xié)作的

    動物，并且愿意分享它們的食品。比較重要的是，與人類中的女性一樣，這些雌性卷尾猴往往比雄性卷尾猴更加看重“商品和服務”的價值。

    這些特征使雌性卷尾猴成了Sarah Brosnan博士和Frans de Waal博士研究的首選對象。他們費了兩年時間教這些猴子用代金券去換食物。正常情況下，猴子很樂意用石片去換黃瓜片�？墒牵�當兩只猴子被放在分開的但相鄰的兩間小室里，以便每只猴子都能看到另一只猴子用石片能換到什么東西，這時它們的行為變得顯著不同。

    在眾多的卷尾猴眼中，葡萄是一種豪華食品（比黃瓜強多了）。因此當一只猴子用一片石片換來一粒葡萄時，另一只猴子就不愿意把它的石片遞過去只換一片黃瓜。并且如果一只猴子收到一粒葡萄而根本不用石片去交換，另一只猴子要么把它的石片朝研究人員扔去，要么就從小室里扔出去，要么拒絕接受這片黃瓜。的確，只要在另一間小室里有一粒葡萄（沒有實際的猴子去吃），就足以誘發(fā)一只雌性卷尾猴心中的忿恨。

    研究人員認為，卷尾猴也像人一樣，由社交的情感所支配。在野生環(huán)境中，卷尾猴是一種善于協(xié)作的群居動物。這樣的協(xié)作，只有在每個動物感到它沒有受騙時，才可能是穩(wěn)固的�？磥恚�正��?shù)膽嵟�感并不是只有人才有��。拒絕接受較少的報酬這一行為使這個群體的其他成員非常清楚地看到這些情感。然而，這種公平感是否是人與卷尾猴在進化過程中各自形成的，或者源于三千五百萬年前人與猴子共同的祖先，至今還是一個無法回答的問題。

    Text 3 參考譯文

    美國的緝毒戰(zhàn)一直在不斷的升級，近來已達到前所未有的程度。全國各州、市的執(zhí)法官員正在夜以繼日地工作，以便根除社會各階層中存在的非法使用、占有和傳布各種毒品的現(xiàn)象。越來越多的人力、物力投入到這場斗爭中去，但其結(jié)果憂喜參半。

    隨著時間的推移，越來越多的資金投入到緝毒工作中去。據(jù)比較近一次結(jié)算，每年用于這場持續(xù)不斷的緝毒戰(zhàn)的資金達到192億美元，包括執(zhí)法官員的薪金、教育、醫(yī)療費用以及其它的開支。這個驚人的數(shù)目等于說，每秒鐘要花掉609美元。

    正在取得一些成果。每20秒鐘就逮捕一名與毒品有關的犯罪者，每天有648人因與毒品有關的指控而被投入監(jiān)獄。這些數(shù)字表明，美國在緝毒戰(zhàn)中采用的流行做法是，追捕支持毒品行業(yè)的任何人。政府希望，通過取締毒品的供求雙方使這個行業(yè)自行垮臺。

    除了直接逮捕參與非法毒品交易的買賣雙方以外，美國政府還開展了一場運動，禁止主要以注射器來使用毒品的工具。為了這一目標，聯(lián)邦政府比較近禁止注射品交易，這一禁令旨在限止獲取使用某些非法毒品所必備的工具。

    然而，這一措施已經(jīng)引發(fā)了嚴厲的批評，因為它導致了使用并重復使用不衛(wèi)生的注射品；這就可能會增加毒品使用者中的艾滋病

    感染數(shù)，這些人，要不是聯(lián)邦政府的禁令，如果使用能得到的衛(wèi)生的注射器本來是可以避免感染的。根據(jù)舊金山加利福尼亞大學艾滋病預防研究中心的一項研究報告表明，如果撤銷聯(lián)邦政府有關注射器交易的禁令，每年4000名新的艾滋病病毒感染者本來是可以避免的。這就是說，每天可以避免10多起新的艾滋病病毒感染。這一數(shù)字不禁使人駐足沉思，這場緝毒戰(zhàn)中是否采用了可能的比較佳辦法？

    Text 4 參考譯文

    Wild Bill Donovan 本來是會喜歡互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的。這位在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)中建立戰(zhàn)略服務辦公處并在后來為中央情報局奠定基礎的美國間諜大師對情報獨具鐘情。在作為“職業(yè)”的間諜活動“大游戲”中，Donovan 信賴使用任何到手的工具。如今，由于網(wǎng)絡已經(jīng)改變了購物和發(fā)郵件這樣的日常活動，它也在改變Donovan所從事的間諜職業(yè)。

    比較近這場用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)來改變間諜活動的革命并不僅僅是一些先生讀另一些先生的電子郵件。那種電子間諜活動已經(jīng)進行了數(shù)十年了。在過去的三、四年中互聯(lián)網(wǎng)創(chuàng)建了點擊式間諜活動的整整一個行業(yè)。這些間諜稱它為“敞開來源的情報”，并且隨著網(wǎng)絡的發(fā)展，這個行業(yè)的影響越來越大。1995年中央情報局舉行了一次競賽，看誰能夠收集和匯編出有關布隆迪的比較多的資料。遙遙領先的獲勝者是弗吉尼亞州的一家小公司，名叫“敞開來源解決辦法”。這個公司的明顯優(yōu)勢是，它掌握了電子世界。

    在這個新的領域引起轟動的公司中有Straitford公司 － 一家以得克薩斯州奧斯汀為基地的私人情報分析公司。Straitford靠把間諜活動（包括從智利到俄羅斯的國家）成果賣給公司，如McDermott國際能源服務公司，來賺錢的。它的許多預測可以在www.straitford.com. 網(wǎng)站的網(wǎng)上得到。

    Straitford公司董事喪George Friedman說，他把網(wǎng)上世界看作是一種對情報收集和發(fā)送互惠的有力工具。上周他的公司忙于全力搜集來自世界各地的資料信息并預測在烏克蘭將會發(fā)生一場危機。前任政治學教授Friedman說，“那個報導一發(fā)表，我們將立刻從烏克蘭收到500條新的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)貼子�！薄安⑶椅覀儗�從其中一些帖子中收到回���！背ㄩ_來源的間諜活動確實有它的風險，因為很難區(qū)別有用的情報和無用的情報�？赡蔷褪荢traitford公司掙錢自立之所在。

    Friedman 依靠在奧斯汀的僅僅20人的人員。其中有幾人有軍事情報工作的背景。他把公司所處的局外人的地位看作是公司成功的關鍵。Straitford發(fā)出的短訊并不像通常華盛頓的來往報告，因此，情報機構(gòu)避免做出激動人心的正式聲明，擔心這些聲明可能有誤。Friedman說，Straitford公司為其不為人左右的聲音而自豪。

    幫助你學習記憶單詞的有效方法 -- 同根詞解析

    *affect [af (=ad) 去 + fect 起作用] vt. 1. 影響 2. （感情方面）打動

    * affected a. 做作的，假裝的，不自然的

    *affecting a. 令人感動的

    *affection n. 慈愛，愛慕，愛情

    * affectionate a. 重感情的，慈愛的

    * affectionately adv. 你的親愛的 [用于給親友寫信的結(jié)尾]

    *defect [de 否定 + fect 做 = 沒有做好] n. 缺點，缺陷，毛病

    *defection n. 背信，背叛，變節(jié)

    *defective a. （指質(zhì)量）有缺點的，有缺損的

    *effect [ef (=ex) 向外 + fect 做 = 做出] n. 結(jié)果，效果，作用，影響

    *effect vt. 使產(chǎn)生，使發(fā)生，引起

    *effective a. 有效的，生效的

    *effectively adv. 有效地，能產(chǎn)生預想結(jié)果地

    *infect [in 往里 + fect 做 = 向里起作用] vt. 傳染，感染

    *infection n. 傳染，感染

    *infectious a. 傳染的，傳染性的；有感染力的

    *perfect [per 完全 + fect 做 = 做得完美] a. 1. 完美的，完滿的，完好的 2. 完全的，十足的

    *perfect vt. 使完美，改善

    *perfectly adv. 完美他

    *perfection n. 盡善盡美，完美

    *efficiency [ef (=ex) 出 + fic 做 + iency = 做出的事] n. 效率，功效

    *efficient a. 效率高的，有能力的

    *efficiently adv 效率高地

    *inefficient a. 效率低的，無能

    *deficiency [de不 + fic 做 + ciency ] n. 缺乏，不足，缺陷

    *deficient a. 缺乏的，

    *sufficiency [su超過 + fic 做 + iency = 超過做的事] n. 充足，足量

    *sufficient a. 足夠的，充分的 *sufficiently adv. 足夠地，充分他

    *insufficient [in不夠 + sufficient] a. 不足的，不夠的

    *insufficiently adv. 不足地，

    *proficiency [pro向前 + fic 做 + iency] n. 熟練，精通

    *proficient a. 熟練的，精通的

    作者：朱泰祺　北京太奇培訓學校