Text 3
Why do so many Americans distrust what they read in their newspapers? The American Society of Newspaper Editors is trying to answer this painful question. The organization is deep into a long selfanalysis known as the journalism credibility project.
Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly lowlevel findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of headscratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want.
But the sources of distrust go way deeper. Most journalists learn to see the world through a set of standard templates (patterns)into which they plug each day’s events. In other words, there is a conventional story line in the newsroom culture that provides a backbone and a readymade narrative structure for otherwise confusing news.
There exists a social and cultural disconnect between journalists and their readers, which helps explain why the “standard templates”of the newsroom seem alien to many readers. In a recent survey, questionnaires were sent to reporters in five middlesize cities around the country, plus one large metropolitan area. Then residents in these communities were phoned at random and asked the same questions.
Replies show that compared with other Americans, journalists are more likely to live in upscale neighborhoods, have maids, own Mercedeses, and trade stocks, and they’re less likely to go to church, do volunteer work, or put down roots in a community.
Reporters tend to be part of a broadly defined social and cultural elite, so their work tends to reflect the conventional values of this elite. The astonishing distrust of the news media isn’t rooted in inaccuracy or poor reportorial skills but in the daily clash of world views between reporters and their readers.
This is an explosive situation for any industry, particularly a declining one. Here is a troubled business that keeps hiring employees whose attitudes vastly annoy the customers. Then it sponsors lots of symposiums and a credibility project dedicated to wondering why customers are annoyed and fleeing in large numbers. But it never seems to get around to noticing the cultural and class biases that so many former buyers are complaining about. If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class.
59.What is the passage mainly about?
[A]needs of the readers all over the world
[B]causes of the public disappointment about newspapers
[C]origins of the declining newspaper industry
[D]aims of a journalism credibility project
60.The results of the journalism credibility project turned out to be .
[A]quite trustworthy[B]somewhat contradictory
[C]very illuminating[D]rather superficial
61.The basic problem of journalists as pointed out by the writer lies in their .
[A]working attitude[B]conventional lifestyle
[C]world outlook[D]educational background
62.Despite its efforts, the newspaper industry still cannot satisfy the readers owing to its .
[A]failure to realize its real problem [B]tendency to hire annoying reporters
[C]likeliness to do inaccurate reporting[D]prejudice in matters of race and gender
核心詞匯:
astonish [E5stCniF]vt.使驚訝,使吃驚
backbone[5bAkbEun]n.脊椎, 中樞, 骨干, 支柱, 意志力, 勇氣, 毅力, 決心,主干(back+bone)
bias[5baiEs]n./v.(使有)偏見,偏心,偏袒(bi 二+as 名詞后綴→有兩種觀點→偏見
contradictory[7kCntrE5diktEri]a.矛盾的,對立的(contradict反駁+ory形容詞后綴)
conventional[kEn5venFEnEl]a.慣例的,常規(guī)的(convention+al)newsroom(編輯室;閱覽室)←news+room。
credibility[9kredi5biliti]n.可信性(cred+ibility),cred詞根“相信”(如credit→cred+it→信用),ibility名詞后綴“可……性”(如ability←a+(i)bility)
dedicate[5dedikeit]vt.奉獻;獻身于(de加強+dic說+ate動詞后綴→反復(fù)說→致力于)
elite[ei5li:t]n.<法>[集合名詞]精華;精銳;中堅分子(e出+lit=lig選+e 名詞后綴→選出的人→精英人物)
factual[5fAktFEl]a.事實的, 實際的
gender[5dVendE]n.(生理上的)性;(名詞、代詞等的)性(gen+der名詞后綴)
illuminating[i5lju:mi9neitiN]a.照明的;啟發(fā)的(illuminat(e)+ing形容詞后綴),illuminate(照明;啟發(fā))可看作illumin+ate,illumin諧音“一路明”,ate動詞后綴,“使”“一路明”→照明→引申為“啟發(fā)”。
metropolitan[metrE5pClitEn]a.首都的,主要都市的,大城市
plug[plQg]n.塞子,插頭v.堵,塞,插上,插栓
questionnaire[kwestFE5nZE]n.調(diào)查表,問卷(question+aire)
難句分析:
難句1 Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly lowlevel findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of headscratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want.
[分析]此句主語是this project,謂語是has turned out to be,findings為賓語,mostly lowlevel是賓語的定語修飾成分,about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes是賓語的補語成分。combined with lots of headscratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want是過去分詞引導(dǎo)的伴隨狀語,其中about what in the world those readers really want是puzzlement的補語。
[譯文]遺憾的是,這次新聞機構(gòu)可信度調(diào)查計劃結(jié)果只獲得了一些膚淺的發(fā)現(xiàn),諸如新聞報道中的事實錯誤,拼寫或語法錯誤,和這些低層次發(fā)現(xiàn)交織在一起的還有許多令人撓頭的困惑,譬如讀者到底想讀些什么。
難句2 There exists a social and cultural disconnect between journalists and their readers, which helps explain why the “standard templates”of the newsroom seem alien to many readers.
[分析]此句的結(jié)構(gòu)主句是一個there加系動詞的用法。而表語后都有一個定語從句。本句的定語從句是which helps explain why the “standard templates”of the newsroom seem alien to many readers。
[譯文]新聞記者和讀者之間存在著社會和文化方面的脫節(jié),這就是為什么新聞編輯室的“標準模式”與眾多讀者的意趣相差甚遠的原因。
難句3 The astonishing distrust of the news media isn’t rooted in inaccuracy or poor reportorial skills but in the daily clash of world views between reporters and their readers.
[分析]此句的主干是一個not... but結(jié)構(gòu)。注意這個結(jié)構(gòu)引導(dǎo)的是兩個方式狀語。其核心詞分別是inaccuracy和the daily clash。
[譯文]讀者對新聞媒介令人震驚的不信任的根源并非是報道失實或低下的報道技巧,而是記者與讀者的世界觀的日常沖突。
難句4 If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class.
[分析]此句中it代表上文提到的a troubled business,即“問題重重的新聞界”。now focused narrowly on race and gender是插入語,也是修飾program的定語。本句在would后面有兩個并列賓語open up和look for。此句中含有一個虛擬語氣:If it did, it would open up...。
[譯文]如果它能注意這個問題的話,它就應(yīng)該進一步開放其多樣化欄目(該欄目目前只關(guān)注種族和性別兩個方面),雇傭一些世界觀、價值觀、教育水平和社會階層各不相同的各種記者。
文章類型:社會科學(xué)——傳播學(xué)——大眾傳媒
本擴展文章的主題有關(guān)美國新聞業(yè)的信任度。
scratch[skrAtF]v.抓,搔,扒n.抓,搔,抓痕;起跑線
sponsor[5spCnsE]n.發(fā)起人,主辦,保證人v.發(fā)起,主辦(spons許諾+or名詞后綴→發(fā)起人;主辦方;保證人)
superficial[sju:pE5fiFEl]a.表面的;膚淺的,淺薄的(super在……上面+fic +ial形容詞后綴→在表面→膚淺的)
survey[sE:5vei]v./n.俯瞰,眺望;全面審視,調(diào)查;測量圖,勘定
symposium[sim5pEuzjEm]n.討論會; 專題論文,專題論文集(sym共同,相同+pos放+ium→放在一起討論→專題討論)
template[5templit]n.模板(templ(e)+ate),temple寺廟,ate吃,當今傾向于素食者日益增多,而temple是ate素的“模板”(template)。
volunteer[9vClEn5tiE]n./v.自愿(者,兵);自愿(提供)(volunt+eer人→意愿的人→志愿者)
試題解析:
59. 本文要探討的是什么?
[A] 世界各地讀者的需求。[B] 公眾對報紙失望的原因。
[C] 新聞業(yè)衰敗的根源。[D] 新聞可信性調(diào)查項目的目的。
中心主旨題【正確答案】 [B]
文章第一句就開宗明確地提出了本文旨在說明的問題,即為什么美國人不相信在報紙上讀到的東西。很明顯,該文的主旨就是論述公眾對報紙不信任的原因。[B]項中的disappointment和原文中的distrust在這件事情上表達的情感是一致的,因此為正確選項。
60. 新聞可信性調(diào)查項目的結(jié)果是。
[A] 非�?尚牛跙] 有點矛盾
[C] 很有啟發(fā)性[D] 十分膚淺
細節(jié)事實題【正確答案】 [D]
第二段中作者用Sad to say和mostly lowlevel findings來評價這次調(diào)查,可以判斷該調(diào)查的結(jié)果是相當浮于表面的。所以選擇[D]項。
61. 正如作者所指出的,新聞記者的根本問題在于他們的。
[A] 工作態(tài)度[B] 傳統(tǒng)的生活方式
[C] 世界觀[D] 教育背景
細節(jié)事實題【正確答案】[C]
第六段末句比較后直接點明,是記者與讀者世界觀的沖突引起了人們對報紙的不信任,因此[C]項符合題意。
62. 盡管做出了努力,但新聞業(yè)人仍然不能滿足讀者的需求,因為它。
[A] 沒有認識到它的真正問題[B] 雇用令人惱怒的記者
[C] 進行不準確報道的可能性[D] 在種族和性別問題上的歧視
細節(jié)事實題【正確答案】[A]
定位比較后一段的比較后兩句話,根據(jù)But it never seems...(新聞業(yè)從未……)和If it did,...(如果它做到了……)就可以看出,新聞業(yè)并未認識到它真正的問題之所在,也未采取過任何手段,因此選擇[A]項。
全文翻譯:
為什么那么多美國人不相信自己在報紙上看到的東西?美國新聞編輯協(xié)會正試圖回答這個痛苦的問題。該組織正深深陷入一個長期的自我剖析過程,即新聞可信度調(diào)查項目。
第一段:提出問題,為什么那么多的美國人不相信自己在報紙上看到的東西?
遺憾的是,這次新聞機構(gòu)可信度調(diào)查計劃結(jié)果只獲得了一些膚淺的發(fā)現(xiàn),諸如新聞報道中的事實錯誤,拼寫或語法錯誤,和這些低層次發(fā)現(xiàn)交織在一起的還有許多令人撓頭的困惑,譬如讀者到底想讀些什么。
第二段:對美國新聞協(xié)會有關(guān)此問題所做的調(diào)查的評價。
但這種對媒體的不信任有更深刻的根源。多數(shù)新聞記者都學(xué)著用一套標準的模式去看待世界,并把每天發(fā)生的事件納入這種模式。換言之,在媒介機構(gòu)的新聞編輯室中存在著一套約定俗成的報道模式,為在其他方面可能造成誤解的新聞報道提供了一個主干框架和一個現(xiàn)成的故事敘述結(jié)構(gòu)。
新聞記者和讀者之間存在著社會和文化方面的脫節(jié),這就是為什么新聞編輯室的“標準模式”與眾多讀者的意趣相差甚遠的原因。在比較近一次調(diào)查中,問卷被送到了全國五座中等城市及一座大都市的記者手中,然后隨機地給這些城市的居民打電話,問他們同樣的問題。
結(jié)果表明,與其他美國人相比,新聞記者更有可能居住在富人區(qū),有女傭,有奔馳車,炒股,而他們不太可能去教堂,參加支援服務(wù),扎根社區(qū)。
記者們往往屬于廣義的社會文化精英的一個部分,因此他們的工作往往反映了這些精英傳統(tǒng)的價值觀。讀者對新聞媒介令人震驚的不信任的根源并非是報道失實或低下的報道技巧,而是記者與讀者的世界觀的日常沖突。
第三到第六段:進而指出:美國人不相信報紙,其原因遠遠深刻于新聞協(xié)會所做的調(diào)查,并分析不信任的真正原因。
這種現(xiàn)象對于任何行業(yè)都是難堪的局面,特別是對于一個正在衰落的行業(yè)來說尤其如此。這是一個棘手的行業(yè),卻不斷地雇用觀點總體上使客戶惱怒的雇員。然后它又出資組織研討會和可信度調(diào)查項目,去探究為什么顧客們惱火了,為什么會有那么多人逃避報刊。但它似乎從來就沒回過頭來去注意那么多以前的顧客所抱怨的文化和階級偏見。如果它能注意這個問題的話,它就應(yīng)該進一步開放其多樣化欄目(該欄目目前只關(guān)注種族和性別兩個方面),雇傭一些世界觀、價值觀、教育水平和社會階層各不相同的各種記者。
第七段:提出解決問題的方案,即招聘世界觀、價值觀、教育水平和社會階層各不相同的各種記者。
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