2017年高考英語一輪復(fù)習(xí)考點解析：短文改錯
由育路網(wǎng)編輯老師精心提供，“2017年高考英語一輪復(fù)習(xí)考點解析：短文改錯”，因此考生及家長請認(rèn)真閱讀，關(guān)注孩子的學(xué)習(xí)成長。
短文改錯
高考英語短文改錯題要求考生判斷一篇短文中十行(自1995年以來)文字是否有錯，如果有錯誤就將其改正。
此題型旨在測試考生發(fā)現(xiàn)、判斷并改正短文中錯誤的能力，以及考查考生準(zhǔn)確運用詞法、句法、行文邏輯等的綜合能力。
本題型側(cè)重考查考生的詞匯和語法基礎(chǔ)知識，但并不是單純的知識檢測，而是考查考生在閱讀的過程中運用語法知識解決實際問題的能力。
縱觀近幾年高考短文改錯，不難發(fā)現(xiàn)其設(shè)題方式比較固定：正確為1個，多詞或缺詞共計3個，錯詞為6個，其比例為1：3:6。
下面引用近幾年的高考題來分析一下此題的三種錯誤類型：多詞、缺詞和錯詞。
一、多詞
1.多冠詞
(l)Suddenly,I caught a sight of my English teacherin the crowd.
【解析lsight是不可數(shù)名詞，且catch sight of是固定搭配，意為“看見”。
(2) For e】cample, when l was a child, the rain was amystery.
【解析】，am為不可數(shù)名詞，泛指時前面不用冠詞。
【知識拓寬】
(1)不可數(shù)名詞表示泛指時不用冠詞。
Modern people know more about the health, havebetter food，and…
(2)與by連用的交通工具及air，land，sea等名詞前不用冠詞。
by bike騎自行車，by sea由海路，乘船
(3)有些名詞(如school，class，hospital，church，prison，bed，table，town等)與相應(yīng)介詞連用，表示進(jìn)行和這些詞直接相關(guān)的活動時，前不用冠詞。
___ _去上學(xué)，_______坐牢，_______在吃飯
(4)球類運動、棋類游戲前，不用冠詞。
___ _打籃球，_______下棋
(5)mo。t副詞作“非常”解時，前面不用定冠詞the。
She is most pretty.她非常漂亮。
(6)。。或though引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，構(gòu)成倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，前置的單數(shù)名詞前不用任何冠詞。
Child as he is,he knows a lot.雖然他只是孩子，知道的卻很多。
2.多介詞
(l)ln fact,they are planning to visit China in next yeaL
(2)We practice for three times every week..
(3)So l'm really sorry that l won't be able to come inthis time.【解析】以上三例都是作時間狀語的名詞短語前多了介詞。
(4)…but we do not seem to get much time to talkabout together.
【解析】talk about意為“談到……”，是及物動詞短語，后須接介詞賓語，但根據(jù)本句語境，此處不必接賓語，故去掉about。
【知識拓寬】
(1) last night, next week, this year, one day,threetimes等名詞詞組直接充當(dāng)時間狀語，前面不用介詞。
(2)有些動詞在漢語中是不及物動詞，在英語中卻是及物動詞，由于受漢語影響，可能多一個介詞。
serve for the people, follow after the teacher, marrywith her,make him as our monitor,play with Tom in amatch(畫線介詞多余)
(3)有些表示地點的副詞，其意義中已包含to，如果再加to，則多余。
on one's way to there, return to home, go to upstairs(畫線介詞均多余)
(4)有些副詞或介詞詞組后加另一個介詞，構(gòu)成復(fù)合介詞，若后面沒有介詞賓語，介詞則多余。同樣，有些動詞短語是“動詞十介詞”結(jié)構(gòu)，若后面沒有介詞賓語，介詞則多余。
�、買f you won’t go，I'll go instead of.(畫線介詞多余)
②She listened to but heard nothing(畫線介詞多余)
(5)有些動詞或形容詞后接名詞或代詞時，須加一個介詞，但接從句時，必須去掉介詞。
�、賚 never knew about a ride down a river could be soexciting.(畫線介詞多余)
②I am sorry for that he won't come(畫線介詞多余)
3.詞義重疊
(1) Whenever I see them l will often think of myEnglish teacher.
【解析】在whenever l see them這一時間狀語從句后再用often顯得重復(fù)，應(yīng)去掉。
(2) 1'11 spend all the whole weekend reading andpreparing for it.【解析】the whole weekend意為“整個周末”，再加上all，詞義重疊。
【知識拓寬】
(1)有些詞受漢語影響，多一副詞或介詞，造成詞義重疊。
return back回來，repeat again重復(fù)，flee away逃走，enter into進(jìn)入，blue color藍(lán)色，stop down停下來，raiseup舉起來，unpack open打開
(2)定語從句中的一個名詞，已由關(guān)系代詞取代，再用其替代詞是多余的。
I do remember you having apologized to the old lady Imet her last week
(3)單音節(jié)的形容詞或副詞比較等級加-er.-est，多音節(jié)加more、most，但二者不能同時重疊使用。
As a result, people in the modern world generally livemuch more longer than people in the past.
4.出現(xiàn)冗言現(xiàn)象
(l)Today l visited the Smiths-my first time visit toan American family.
【解析】本句中的first修飾visit，visit此處為名詞，意為“我的第一次訪問”，time多余。
(2)Now I can't watch much television,but…【解析】根據(jù)上下文，此處應(yīng)是“我根本不能看電視”，因此受漢語影響，多了much，造成冗言。
【知識拓寬】
(1)狀語從句與主句之間多一并列連詞。
①Though he tried his best, but he failed.
�、赥he more he has, and the more he wants.
(2)充當(dāng)狀語的介詞短語與主句之間多一關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞。
�、買n the last five years that they have climbed churches一②…in other places where you are limited to a certainnumber...
(3)充當(dāng)狀語的分詞與主句之間多一并列連詞。
Sitting down,and he began to work.
(4)從屬連詞后多一個that。
She was absent from the meeting because that she was ilL(5)復(fù)合賓語前多一個that。
I found that her lying on the ground.
5.固定搭配中多詞
(1)I was used to watch it every night.
【解析】此處屬于used to do與be used to兩個固定搭配的誤用，應(yīng)去掉was，取“過去常常”之意。
(2)…in any other words,Iam only a child.
【解析lin other words為固定搭配，意為“換句話說”，而any other意為“任何別的……”，與本文上下文不符。
6.行文邏輯上多詞First, let me tell you something more about myself.
【解析】由first可知是剛開始向別人講述自己的故事，故只能說something，而不能加more。
二、缺詞
1.名詞前缺限定詞
(1) Each player must obey^captain, who is theleader of the team.the【解析】此處應(yīng)加上the，特指“球隊的隊長”。
(2) The day before the speech contest^Englishteacher talked to me.my【解析】根據(jù)上下文分析，此處English teacher是有所指的，指的是“我的”英語老師，故加上my，表達(dá)一個更確切的概念。
(3)I'1I take this chance to wish you^ wonderful timeon your birthday. a【解析lwish sb.awonderful time為固定搭配，意為“祝某人玩得愉快”。
【知識拓寬】
(1)在“so+形容詞十可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)”結(jié)構(gòu)中，名詞前不能缺a或an。
This is so good a book that we will buy it.
=This is such a good book that we will buy it.
(2)little,few表示肯定時，前面不能缺a，意為“一些”。
如a little water，但是“每隔幾分鐘”應(yīng)說成every fewminutesa
(3)有些不可數(shù)名詞(如metal, beauty, iron, tea,coffee, ice, youth, pleasure, success, failure等)，表示“一種”“一個“一份”時，應(yīng)加上a或an。
Work is a pleasure to me.
(4)“the+姓氏復(fù)數(shù)”表示一家人時，the不能省。
The Browns like to go skating.
(5)表示“兩者之中比較……的一個”時，比較級前應(yīng)加the。
He is the taller of the two boys.
(6)在句中可數(shù)名詞不可單獨使用，前面應(yīng)有限定詞，如his,that,Tom's,the,a等。
When we walked to the car, Bill smiled and shook^head. his2.缺動詞不定式符號to(1) I'd like very much^come but I have anexamination on Monday morning. to【解析】like后面不能直接加動詞，需加to，構(gòu)成固定搭配“would like to do”，意為“想做……”。
(2)一.and will do all they can^ make sure that l geta good education to【解析】不定式作目的狀語，不定式符號to不可省。
【知識拓寬】
(1)不定式作后置定語，不定式符號to不能省。
But then there are always more mysteriesAlook into:_____to
(2) -般說來，兩個實義動詞不能并列使用，中間常用to連接。
①7Ihe World Health ()rganization and other organizationsare workingAimprove health all over the world_____to
�、趇 had always wantedA retum to the village _____to
(3) feel, hear, let, make,have, see, notice, watch,ob。。rv。等動詞變成被動結(jié)構(gòu)時，充當(dāng)主語補足語的不定式不能省去to。
Little Tom was made to do heavy work
(4)為了避免重復(fù)前面的動詞，后面的不定式常常省略，但要保留不定式符號to。
We wanted to go to the lecture, but we weren't able to
3.缺系動詞
(l)neyA eager to Imow everything about China：.'were【解析】eager為形容詞，必須加系動詞構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)。
( 2)What^ your favourite sport?IS【解析】本句缺謂語動詞，應(yīng)加is。
( 3)I'd like to^ your pen-friend, and. be/become【解析】本句考查I'd like to do結(jié)構(gòu)，根據(jù)上下文，必須加上系動詞。
【知識拓寬】
(1)由于受漢語語法規(guī)則的影響，有些形容詞作表語時，常常缺少系動詞。
She is afraid of her boss.
(2)在被動結(jié)構(gòu)中，由于缺少助動詞，變成了主動語態(tài)，造成錯誤。
…and let you know when the book you want has^returned and is ready for you to pick up.been4.缺介詞(l)We must keep in mind that we play for the teaminstead^ ourselves._____ of【解析linstead of為固定短語，意為“而非，而不是”，后接賓語。
(2)…but the others spent a lotA time arguing_____of【解析la lot of是固定習(xí)語，意為“許多，大量”，后加賓語。
【知識拓寬】
改錯題對介詞的考查，重點是一些固定搭配，再如：
WhenI have free timeI go^along walk..for，因此，同學(xué)們在學(xué)習(xí)和復(fù)習(xí)中應(yīng)牢記一些固定搭配。
5.缺連詞In one class,l learned^ it rained.why【解析】本句因缺連詞而造成句子成分殘缺，只有加上why，句子的意義才完整。
【知識拓寬】
(1)在漢語中，分句與分句之間往往不用連詞，但在英語中卻不行。
It began to rain,^ they had to stop working. and
(2)受母語影響，幾個同類詞并列連用時，它們之間往往缺一連詞。
CDi told Mother, Father, Sister,^ all my friends herewhat a great time I had.and②He looked inside but saw nothing.
(3) that引導(dǎo)的主語從句置于句首時，that常常不能省。
That light travels in straight line is known to all.
(4)引導(dǎo)同位語從句的連詞that，when等常不可省。
(DThe doctors came to the conclusion that the patientwas suffering from cancer.
�、趇 have no idea when he will return(5)在even if，even though，as if'as though等短語中，第二個連詞不能少。
He walks as if/though he were drunk
三、錯詞
1.可數(shù)名詞單復(fù)數(shù)誤用
(l)They were eager to know everything about Chinaand asked me lots of question
(2) We study quite a few subject, such as maths,Chinese, English and physics.
(3) We practise three times every week and oftenwatch football match on TV together.
(4) She said that she and my schoolmate' all.wishedme success,.
(5)…so that l'11 get good marks in all my subject.___
(6)…and many happy return of the day_____
( 7)I used to love science class-all of them-biology,chemistry, geography, physics.
【知識拓寬】
對名詞單復(fù)數(shù)的考查是高考的熱點之一，幾乎每年考查一處。因此，為了對名詞錯誤判斷準(zhǔn)確，應(yīng)該：
(1)弄清名詞是可數(shù)名詞還是不可數(shù)名詞。
We stopped to rest for a while and to drink somewaters from a stream water
(2)掌握好可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)的變化規(guī)則。
There are branch library in many villages libraries
(3)要熟練運用名詞的所有格。
2.時態(tài)誤用
(l)We havea good tinte talking and laughing together.
had
(2)I learn about you from my English teacher, MissFang.
learned
(3)I was a member of our school football team am
(4)I arn happy with any programme but the othersspent a lot of time...was
(5)I remembered her words and calm down calmed
(6)They did not want me to do any w,ork at home do【知識拓寬】
動詞時態(tài)是短文改錯考查的熱點之一，一般說來每年考查一處，而且近幾年高考主要考查現(xiàn)在時與過去時的使用 ，再如：I had an examination on Monday moming. have
3.非謂語動詞誤用
(l)It was very kind of them to meet me.at the railwaystation and drove meto their home drive
(2)I look forward to hear from you soon hearing
(3)Play football not only makes us grow up...
Playing
(4)I was often alittle tired after a day's work andwatch TV demands very little effort.
watching【知識拓寬】
(1)由以上考例可見，v.-mg形式作主語、賓語或狀語是考查的熱點。
CDi'ii spend the whole weekend reading and preparefor it. preparing②After learn the basics of the subject, nothing elseseemed very practical to me. learning
(2)過去分詞與現(xiàn)在分詞的區(qū)別是另一考查熱點。此時重點要看分詞與主語或邏輯主語的關(guān)系。
①After an hour or so, we began to feel veryfrightening. frightened②…but now l am interesting in football. interested(3)被動語態(tài)中的過去分詞誤用成動詞原形。
Books may be keep for four weeks.kept(4)掌握好動詞不定式帶to與不帶to的差異。
(5)有些動詞后接不定式，有些動詞后接動名詞，應(yīng)分別牢記這些動詞。
4.主謂不一致
(1) Playing football not only makes us grow up talland strong but alsoglve us a sense of fair play and teamspirit.gives
(2)Now my picture and the prize is hanging in thelibrary.are【知識拓寬】
(1)謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)一般取決于前面主語的單復(fù)數(shù)。
Anyone may borrow books, and it cost nothing toborrow them.costs
(2)not only;一but also, neither.—nor.一，either.
or..-等并列連詞連接兩個主語時，謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)應(yīng)采取就近一致原則。
(3)There be結(jié)構(gòu)中，謂語動詞也應(yīng)采取就近一致原則。
But then there is always more mysteries to look into.
are
(4)注意把集合名詞(如family，class，team等)和不定代詞(如all，none等)放在具體語境中，判斷其謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)。
5.代詞不一致
(l)The Smiths did his best to make me feel at home.
their
(2)And they must not break the rules too often if wewant to win the game.
we(3)Now someone at home reads instead.
everyone/everybody【知識拓寬】
(1)根據(jù)上下文判斷，出現(xiàn)了代詞不一致。
�、�1 felt that it helped me understand how the worldworks.they②They have been to Europe many timesWe
(2)傾向于考查學(xué)生對不定代詞、形容詞性物主代詞、名詞性物主代詞以及代詞的主格與賓格等諸方面知識的掌握與運用能力。
And I can’t forget the good food you cooked forl me
(3)人稱代詞性別上的誤用也是常見的錯誤形式之一。
6.連詞誤用
(l)~esaid that she and my schoolmates all wished mesuccass,but it didn’t matter thatI would win or notwhether【解析】it為形式主語，whether l would win or not是真正的主語，意為“我是否能贏”。
(2)lt looks as if my parents treat me as a visitor andaguest.or【解析】句意為：看起來我的父母親把我當(dāng)成了“visitor”或“guest”。二者為選擇關(guān)系而非并列關(guān)系，故將and改為or。
(3)It is a very important exam butI can't afford tofail it.and/so【解析】此處應(yīng)是并列或因果關(guān)系，而非轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。
【知識拓寬】
(1)正確掌握各連詞的含義及其在從句中的應(yīng)用。
①…because I felt that they helped me understandwhat the world works.
how②Most people can quickly get help from a doctor orgo to a hospital sir ce they areill when/if
(2)熟練應(yīng)用表示并列、選擇、轉(zhuǎn)折、因果等關(guān)系的連詞：and, or, but, so, therefore, however等.
�、賁he was smiling but nodding at me.and②Therefore, there are still some countries wherepeople have shorter lives.
However
(3)弄清whether和if的含義及用法區(qū)別。
…and whether you pay the cost of sending apostcard,the librarian will write to you. if
7.關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞誤用
I live inBeijing,where is the capital of China. which【解析】此處是非限制性定語從句，關(guān)系代詞which作主語。
【知識拓寬】
(1)正確區(qū)分關(guān)系代詞之間的區(qū)別，尤其是that和which的區(qū)別。
…in other places you are limited to.a certainnumber, of that some may be novels.which
(2)正確區(qū)分關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞的區(qū)別，并掌握它們的用法。
However,there are still some countries there peoplehave shorter lives.where
8.詞性誤用
(1) Also the sport teaches us the important ofobedience. importance【解析】本句應(yīng)該用名詞importance作動詞teach的直接賓語。
(2) Unfortunate, there are too many people in myfamily. Unfortunately【解析】此處應(yīng)該用副詞unfortunately作狀語，意為“不幸的是”。
(3) After learning the basics of the subject,nothingelse seemed very practically to me. practical【解析】。eem為系動詞，后面應(yīng)接形容詞作表語。
【知識拓寬】
詞性誤用指的是動詞與名詞混淆，副詞與形容詞混淆等。這就要求我們在平時學(xué)習(xí)中重視詞性及各類詞在句中的基本功能。再如：
I'm sure we'IIhave 8 wonderfully time together.
wonderful
9.限定詞誤用
(1) Today I visited the Smiths-my first visit to aAmerican family. an【解析】American為元音音素開頭的單詞，故應(yīng)用部定冠詞 an
(2)wemay be one family and live under a sameroof，…the【解析】same意為“同樣的”，前面應(yīng)加定冠詞the。
10.近義詞混用They did not want me to do any work at family......
home【解析】family側(cè)重指“家庭這個結(jié)構(gòu)或家里的人。，而home則側(cè)重指“家庭的所在地”。因此，“在家里”應(yīng)用athome。
【知識拓寬】
在英語中，有許多同義詞、近義詞和反義詞，在平時學(xué)習(xí)中應(yīng)抓好基礎(chǔ)，牢記每一個詞的基本含義。再如： .Uncle Ben will alsogo back for Christmas.come總之，平時學(xué)習(xí)中應(yīng)加強對基礎(chǔ)知識的積累，熟練掌握高考詞匯、基本詞法、句法，同時還應(yīng)加強閱讀能力的訓(xùn)練。因為，較快的閱讀速度、較好的語感和牢固的基礎(chǔ)知識是做好短文改錯的重要前提。平時訓(xùn)練短文改錯時，不應(yīng)只是為了做題而做題，而應(yīng)善于總結(jié)、摸索答題的規(guī)律。
參考答案
一、1. (3)go to school; in prison; at table(4)play basketball; play chess
三、1. (1) question-*questions(2)subject—subjects(3) match-*matches(4)schoolmate—+ schoolmates(5)subject-+ subjects(6) return—.retums(7) class- classes
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