高二英語語法知識點之虛擬語氣的用法
世界通用英語，和一個中國人要會說普通話一樣。育路小編準備了高二英語語法知識點，具體請看以下內(nèi)容。
虛擬語氣的用法
一、虛擬語氣表示一種不能實現(xiàn)的假設(shè)。該語法主要用于if條件狀語從句。也可用于主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句等。
二、if條件狀語從句中虛擬語氣的判斷
判斷是真實條件句還是非真實條件句。只有在非真實條件句中才使用虛擬語氣。通過句子意思，看假設(shè)的條件是否能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)，能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)是真實條件句，不能使用虛擬語氣;假設(shè)的條件不能實現(xiàn)則是非真實條件句，要用虛擬語氣。
判斷這個假設(shè)是與哪個事實相反。通常有三種情況：①與過去事實相反。②與現(xiàn)在事實相反。③與將來事實可能相反。
三、“后退一步法”
后退一步法是指在準確地判斷了該句與哪一事實相反后，按虛擬語氣的后退一步法處理從句謂語動詞的時態(tài)。即：在非真實條件狀語從句中，謂語動詞按正常情況“后退一步”。也就是：
�、倥c過去事實相反，在從句中用過去完成時形式表示。
�、谂c現(xiàn)在事實相反，在從句中用過去一般時形式表示。
�、叟c將來事實可能相反，在從句中用過去將來時形式表示。
主句中則用情態(tài)動詞would, should, could 等加一個與從句一致的動詞形式。
例：If I had comeher yesterday, I would have seen him.
If I were a teacher, I would be strict with my students.
If it should snow tomorrow, they couldn’t go out.
四、注意事項
�、賗f條件句中如有were, should, had，可以省去if，并使用倒裝語序。
�、谠诂F(xiàn)代英語中if條件狀與從句中的謂語動詞如果是be其過去形式一般用were。
●賓語從句中的虛擬語氣
一、wish 后面賓語從句中的虛擬語氣
wish 后面賓語從句中的虛擬語氣，按“后退一步法”處理從句的謂語動詞。注意：與哪個事實相反，不能以主句的時態(tài)為判斷依據(jù)，而是根據(jù)從句的意義判斷。
二、表示“要求、建議、命令”等動詞后面的賓語從句中的虛擬語氣
從句中用“should + 動詞原形”構(gòu)成。而且should可以省去。用于此結(jié)構(gòu)的動詞有：advise, direct, agree,ask, demand, decide, desire, insist, order, prefer, propose, request, suggest等。
注意：當(dāng)insist表示“堅持認為”、suggest表示“表明，顯示”時，不用虛擬語氣。
The look on his face suggested that he was quite satisfied with what I had donefor him.
He insisted that he was honest.
三、would rather +從句
在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中，從句的位于動詞用過去形式表示虛擬。
I would rather you did this instead of me.
●主語從句中的虛擬語氣
一、It be + 形容詞 + that ...(should)...
用于該句型的形容詞是：necessary, good, inportant, right, wrong,better, natural, proper, funny, strange, surprising .
一些名詞也可以用于 在該結(jié)構(gòu)中。如：a pity， nowonder....
二、It be + 過去分詞 + that ...(should)....
用于該結(jié)構(gòu)中的過去分詞是表示“建議、請求、命令”等詞的過去分詞。如：desired， suggested，requested， ordered， proposed等。
三、It is time(about time， high time)that ...(過去式動詞形式或should+動詞原形)....
It is high time I went home now. = It is high time Ishould go home now.
●表語從句、同位語從句中的虛擬語氣
在suggestion， proposal， order， plan， idea， advice， decision等需要有內(nèi)涵的名詞后面的表語從句、同位語從句中，要使用虛擬語氣。其謂語動詞應(yīng)用：should+原形動詞。另外連接從句的that不能省略。
例：My suggestion is that weshould go there at once.
What do you think of his proposal that we should put on a play at the Englishevening?
虛擬語氣的重點是：
1.一些常見的虛擬語氣的句型或結(jié)構(gòu)。
2.虛擬語氣的特殊形式，即用來表示要求、建議、命令、提議、意愿等的主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句中的虛擬形式。
3.主從句表示不同的時間概念、事實或假設(shè)情況，從而交錯成為復(fù)合虛擬語氣。
4.含蓄條件句中的虛擬語氣的表示愿望的虛擬形式。
上述四個要點往往在完形填空或者閱讀理解里面存在，尤其是每年完形填空都至少有一道直接考這方面的知識的題目，而在閱讀理解里，我們掌握上述四個重點對于我們理解文章的大意和作者態(tài)度很有幫助，了解哪些觀點是作者假設(shè)的、虛擬的，哪些是真實的，這樣對于我們回答關(guān)
于作者態(tài)度觀點題很有幫助。
下面我們將主要從上述四個方面來重點論述在考試中應(yīng)該注意的問題。
一、虛擬語氣的常見類型和句型
(1)由wish引起的表示愿望的虛擬語氣
A.用wish表示對現(xiàn)在的愿望時，它所引起的賓語從句中謂語動詞形式為：過去式(be動詞用were)。
B.用wish表示對將來的愿望時，它所引起的賓語從句中謂語動詞形式為：would, could, might+ 動詞原形。
C.wish用于對過去的事實表示一種不可能實現(xiàn)的愿望時，賓語從句中的謂語動詞形式為：had+動詞過去分詞或could, would + have +動詞過去分詞。
The picture exhibition bored me to death; I wish I had not gone to it.
---“I let Joe borrow our radio for the afternoon.”
---“That’s all right, but I wish he would buy one of his own.”
I wish that he weren’t so lazy.
(2)had hoped引起的賓語從句中備用語動詞形式為would+動詞原形，表示一種過去未實現(xiàn)的愿望或令人失望的事。
His father had hoped that his son would go to business with him, but his son became an artistlater.
(3)would (had) rather, would as soon, would sooner和wouldprefer所引起的從句中要求用過去式表示當(dāng)時或?qū)淼那闆r，用過去完成時表示過去的情況，表示希望或婉轉(zhuǎn)的責(zé)備。例如：
I’d rather you posted the letter right away. 我倒希望你把這封信立刻寄出去。
I would prefer he didn’t stay there too long.我倒希望他不要在那兒可得太久。
I would just as soon you had returned the book yesterday.我真希望你昨天把這本書還了。
(4)It’s (high, about) time that句型中that從句中要求用虛擬語氣形式，即動詞要用過去式。
It’s time that something was done about the traffic problem downtown.
It is high time that we put an end to this discussion.現(xiàn)在是我們該結(jié)束講座的時候了。
(5)as, 或者whether…or…謂語多用be的原形，引導(dǎo)讓步虛擬從句，這種用法通常采用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)：
Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions, be theyChristian, Islamivc, Buddhist, Jewish, and so on.
The business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them, went quitesmoothly.
(6)由連接詞in case, so that,unless, lest ,for fear that引起的狀語從句中，謂語動詞要用虛擬形式，即should(might,would)+動詞原形，例如：
She put a blanket over the baby for fear that he should catch cold. 她在那個嬰兒身上蓋上了毯子以免他著涼。
The bad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself.
(7) if it were not for…與現(xiàn)在事實相反， if it had not been for與過去事實相反，兩個都相當(dāng)于but for：
If it had not been for his help(=but for his help),we would not havesucceeded.
(8) 虛擬語氣用于as if(though)引起的方式狀語從句和表語從句中，其動詞形式與wish賓語從句的形式相同。例如：She often laughsspontaneously, and her good humor breaks out as brightly as if it were a partof the sunshine above.她常常發(fā)出發(fā)自內(nèi)心的微笑，而且她那美好的情緒像天上一道明亮的陽光一樣，常常流露出來。
They talked as if they had been friends for years.他們交談著，就好像他們是我年的老朋友一樣。
She looks as if she would cry.她看起來好像要哭了。
(9)其它各種句型, as though, suppose, had rather, supposing,if only等等
If I were in a movie, then it would be about time that I buried my head in myhands for a cry.
二、特殊形式的虛擬語氣
虛擬語氣的特殊形式，即用來表示要求、建議、命令、提議、意愿等的主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句中的虛擬形式，其虛擬語氣的構(gòu)成往往是由should(可省略)+動詞原形that從句。
A、 用于表示意愿、建議、命令、提議、請求等動詞后的that賓語從句中，這類動詞有：
ask要求 advise建議 arrange安排 beg請求
command命令 decide決定 demand要求 desire渴望
determine決定 insist堅持 intend打算 maintain堅持主張
move建議，動員 propose提議 object反對 order命令
prefer建議 require 需要 request要求 resolve下決心
recommend推薦 suggest建議 stipulate約定，規(guī)定 urge強調(diào)，促進
vote公認，提議 decree頒布(法令) pray請求
注意：這類動詞后面除了可接that虛擬句以外，也可以接doing或者to do…來表達，一般情況下，意思沒有什么差別。
She advised that we should keep the gate locked.(書面體)
She advised us to keep the gate locked.(口語)
She advised keeping the gate locked.(較隨便)
B、用于It is+形容詞或過去分詞+主語從句中，這類形容詞或分詞有：
advisable合理的 decided決定的 crucial關(guān)鍵的 appropriate恰當(dāng)?shù)?/p>
determined決定的 commanded命令的arranged安排的 essential緊要的，基本的
complied遵照 anxious焦急的imperative迫切的 important重要的
desirable合意的 better較好的，更好insistent堅持的 desired想要
asked請求 keen渴望的 incredible難以置信的 adamant堅定不移的
natural自然的 insisted堅持 necessary必要的 suggested建議
urgent緊迫的 ordered命令 shocked震驚的 vital極其重要的
possible可能的 strange 奇怪的preferable (好一點) proposed提議
requested要求的 required要求的recommended推薦 resolved決定的
probable(可能的) pity可惜，憾事 shame遺憾
注意：這類形容詞后面除了可接that虛擬句以外，也可以for…todo…
來表達，一般情況下，意思沒有什么差別。
It is essential that he should be prepared for this.
It is essential for him to be prepared for this.
C.用于由表示建議、要求、命令、請示等含義的名詞引導(dǎo)的表語從句和同位語從句中，這類名詞常見的有：
advice忠告 decision決定 demand要求 desire要求、愿望
insistence堅持 motion提議 necessity必要性 order命令
preference偏愛 proposal提議 pray懇求 recommendation推薦
request要求 requirement要求resolution決心 suggestion勸告、忠告
例如：
This is their resolution that extra-curriculum activities be made part of theirschool life.這是他們的決議：要使得課外活動成為他們學(xué)校生活的一部分。
The motion that the remark of the last speaker be expunged from the record.該提議要求把最后一個發(fā)言的人的講話從記錄上除掉。
三、混合虛擬語氣
有時主句和從句的謂語動詞指不同的時間，這時需要用混合虛擬語氣。一般來說，在這種情況下，主從句謂語動詞指代的時間不同，所以我們又可以錯綜時間條件句，在這種虛擬情況，動詞形式應(yīng)根據(jù)實際情況靈活使用，在做這些題目時候尤其要注意每道題目的提示語：時間狀語。絕大多數(shù)情況下，從句或者主句都有相關(guān)的時間狀語，這是我解題的關(guān)鍵。
If you that late movie last night, you wouldn’t be so sleepy.
A. haven’t watched B. didn’t watch
C. hadn’t watched D. wouldn’t have watched 答案選C。
Many dead would now be alive if they have not attempted to return forsomething.
Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he would be our chairmannow.
混合虛擬語氣還有一種情況就是事實和虛擬假設(shè)的混合句，這樣的句子不僅僅是時間的不同，而重要是事實和假設(shè)的混合。
I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible, butI was fully occupied the whole of last week.
該句前半部分是假設(shè)虛擬，而后半部分是事實的陳述。
Your math instructor would have been happy to give you a make-up examinationhad you gone and explained that your parents were ill at the time.
該句前半句用的是假設(shè)虛擬，后半句主句也用的是假設(shè)虛擬(如果你去并且解釋的話)，但是后半句的從句用的是事實語氣，因為“父母病了”是客觀事實，故不需要用虛擬形式had been。
四、含蓄虛擬條件句
含蓄條件句是指句中沒有明顯的虛擬條件句，而是利用其他手段來暗示存在虛擬條件。但是這類隱含式虛擬條件句往往都可以轉(zhuǎn)化為if引導(dǎo)的條件句。常來表示含蓄虛擬條件的手段有：
(1)介詞或介詞短語，如but for, but that,without, in case of, under more favorable condition等。
the leadership of the party, we could not be living a happy today.=If therehadn’t been the leadership of the party, we could not be living a happytoday.
A. In spite of B. But for C. Because of D. As for 答案選B。
But that she was afraid, she would have said no.
(2)連詞，如：so that, unless, in case, supposing, lest,provided(倘若……)，for fear that(唯恐)，in order that, on condition that, if only(要是……就好了)等。
She listened carefully in order that she might discover exactly what hewanted.=if she listened carefully ,she might discover exactly what hewanted.
If only I had more money, I could buy a car.
(注：lest, for fear that 和 incase 引起的從句中謂語動詞多用should+動詞原形，但可以不用虛擬語氣，而用動詞的陳述語氣形式。)例如：
The foreign teacher spoke slowly in case we misunderstood him. 這位外籍教師說得很慢以免我們聽不懂。
Care must be taken in using this method lest overflow should occur.在使用此法時要小心謹慎，以免會發(fā)生溢流現(xiàn)象。
(3)通過上下文及內(nèi)在含義，句中往往有but,otherwise, unfortunately等類似轉(zhuǎn)折詞。
I thought the children when we returned home, but they were still awake.
A. were sleeping B. would be sleeping C. had been sleeping D. would sleep選擇 B。
(4)形容詞及其比較級
A more careful person would not have made so many mistakes.
A less conscientious man wouldn’t have tried so hard to get this job done.
(5)分詞短語
Having known in time, we might have prevented the accident.
Born ten days earlier, the boy could have seen his late father.
(6)動詞不定式短語。一般intended/meant/hoped/wished/planned 或 was/were+不定式完成式或hadintended/meant/planned/hoped/wished/+不定式一般式表示虛擬。
I intended I should call on you, but I was busy at that time.
To hear him speak French, you would take him for an Englishman.
She would be stupid not to accept his invitation.
It would be easier to do it this way.
(7)名詞短語和名詞+and結(jié)構(gòu)
A judicious man would not have committed suicide.
A diligent student would have worked harder.
(8)獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)
All things considered, the price would be reasonable.
(9)定語從句
Anyone who had been in your position would have done the same.
A nation, which stopped working, would be dead in a fortnight.
(10)情態(tài)動詞完成式暗示虛擬語氣：
I should have called to make an airline reservation, but I didn’t.
The porter ought to have called the fire-brigade as soon as he saw the fire inthe stock, which went up in smoke.
(11)動詞原形表示虛擬
動詞原形直接用在句子中也被看作是一種虛擬，最常見于正式文體中，動詞原形一般用在條件從句中，有時倒裝置于句首，同時這種用法也常見于獨立句中表達愿望。
God bless you!
All magnets behave the same, be they large or small.
She’ll be sixteen years odd, com May.(come May =when May come).
If that be so, we shall take action at once.
[28.as if和 as though的區(qū)別]
as if 或asthough引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句中，如果表示真實情況應(yīng)該用直陳語氣;如果表示非真實情況則應(yīng)該用虛擬語氣。關(guān)于這一點也取決于說話人的態(tài)度、看法。例如：
It gets darker and darker in the sky as if it's going torain .(表示真實情況，是直陳語氣) 天越來越暗了似乎要下雨了。
She speaks as if she knew everything in the world . (表示非真實情況，是虛擬語氣)她說話的樣子仿佛似她懂得天下事。
高中是人生中的關(guān)鍵階段，大家一定要好好把握高中，編輯老師為大家整理的高二英語語法知識點，希望大家喜歡。
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