高二英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)之定語(yǔ)從句
英語(yǔ)不止做為一門語(yǔ)言和交流工具，而是被提升到了必備技能的范疇，育路小編準(zhǔn)備了高二英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)，具體請(qǐng)看以下內(nèi)容。
一 定語(yǔ)從句
(一)定語(yǔ)從句概述
1. 定義：修飾一個(gè)名詞或代詞的從句稱為定語(yǔ)從句，一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞后面。2. 先行詞：被定語(yǔ)從句修飾的名詞或代詞稱為先行詞。3. 關(guān)系詞：引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞稱為關(guān)系詞。關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。
4. 關(guān)系詞常有三個(gè)作用：引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句;代替先行詞;在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)一個(gè)成分。如： Harry Potter is the most interesting novel that I have read. 解析：that I have read是定語(yǔ)從句;novel是先行詞;that 是關(guān)系代詞，代替先行詞novel，在從句中作have read的賓語(yǔ)。 I've become good friends with several of the students in my school ______ I met in the English speech contest last year. A. who B. where C. when D. which解析：首先確定先行詞，根據(jù)空格后的從句I met in the English speech contest last year缺少met的賓語(yǔ)，該賓語(yǔ)應(yīng)當(dāng)為sb.，故可判斷先行詞不是從句最靠近的my school，而是被in my school所隔開的the students。故此，關(guān)系代詞該用who/whom或者省略。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，只有A選項(xiàng)正確。
(二)關(guān)系代詞使用規(guī)則
規(guī)則1：關(guān)系代詞若在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)并且前面無(wú)介詞時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞可省略，其他情況不可省。
She is the woman (whom / that/who) I wanted to see yesterday. 規(guī)則2：定語(yǔ)從句中的主謂一致問(wèn)題 (1) 關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致。
I, who am your close friend, will try my best to help you whenever you are in trouble.(2) one of + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞+ 關(guān)系代詞+ 復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞;而the only one of + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞+ 關(guān)系代詞+ 單數(shù)動(dòng)詞。
Harry Potter is one of the bestsellers that are popular with teenagers.
Harry Potter is the only one of the bestsellers that makes the author a billionaire. (3) 非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，由關(guān)系代詞as或which代替整個(gè)主句時(shí)，從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用第三人稱單數(shù)。
Great changes have taken place in China, as is known to all.(4) 關(guān)系代詞和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之間有插入語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)要看關(guān)系代詞的指代。
To own a TV set in each family, which we think was impossible 20 years ago, now has become true.規(guī)則3：指物時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句中的關(guān)系代詞只能用that的情況： (1) 當(dāng)先行詞為everything, anything, nothing, the one, none, all, much, few, any, little等不定代詞時(shí)。
All that can be done has been done. (2) 當(dāng)先行詞被the only, the very, all, much, few, any, little, no修飾時(shí)。
This is the very dictionary that I want to buy.(3) 當(dāng)先行詞是序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)或者先行詞被序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)。
The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.
(4) 先行詞既有人又有物時(shí)。Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned? (5)當(dāng)主句的主語(yǔ)是疑問(wèn)詞who或which時(shí)，為避免重復(fù)要用that。Who is the man that is standing there?(6) 有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，其中一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞已用which，另一個(gè)則用that。
They have set up a company, which deals with the things that are related to environment protection.(7) 當(dāng)先行詞在主句中作表語(yǔ)，而關(guān)系代詞也在從句中作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，只用that。
Hangzhou is no more the city that it used to be.規(guī)則4：指物時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句中的關(guān)系代詞只能用which的情況： (1) 在引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)。
The tree, which is four hundred years old, is very famous here. (2)介詞后。We depend on the land from which we get our food.
(3)有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，其中一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞已用that，另一個(gè)宜用which。
規(guī)則5：指人時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句中的關(guān)系代詞只能用who的情況：(1)當(dāng)先行詞是anyone, those時(shí)。 Is there anyone who is ready to help the injured person? (2)有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，其中一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞已用that，另一個(gè)宜用who。
規(guī)則6：whose可以指代人或物，在定語(yǔ)從句中作定語(yǔ)， 后跟名詞。
指物時(shí)，whose+名詞=名詞+ of which = of which+ 名詞。
The classroom whose door/ the door of which/of which the door is broken is on the second floor.規(guī)則7：關(guān)系代詞as和which
在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，as和which可代替整個(gè)主句，相當(dāng)于and this或and that。二者的區(qū)別主要在于： (1) as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句既可以在主句前，也可以在主句后，有時(shí)還可以插入句中，常帶有“正如……，正像……”的意思。而which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句只能放在主句之后，翻譯成“這”。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one’s health. The man died last night, which is a lie.(2)主句中出現(xiàn)the same, as, such, so修飾先行詞或者the same…as, such…as, so…as, as…as 等結(jié)構(gòu)中需選擇as 關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。
This house is not such as I expect.(such為代詞，作先行詞; as在從句中作賓語(yǔ))
Here is so big a stone as no man can lift. I live in the same building as he (lives in). 【注意】當(dāng)先行詞由the same修飾時(shí)，有時(shí)也用that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，但是和由as所引導(dǎo)的意思不同：that表示同一個(gè)，as表示同一類。
The pencil is the same one as I lost last week.
The pencil is the same one that I lost last week (3) 在以下結(jié)構(gòu)中，一般也用as: as (it) appears, as (it) seems likely, as (it) often happens, as (it) was pointed out/said/reported/announced, as (it) was said earlier, as I remember (it), as is wellknown, as is known to all, as anybody can see等。As was pointed out, this kind of substance is poisonous.
as 的這種用法通常出現(xiàn)在一些固定短語(yǔ)之中如：
1.as has been said before 如上所述
2.as may be imagined 正如可以想象出來(lái)的那樣
3.as is well known 眾所周知
4.as was expected 正如預(yù)料的那樣
5.as has been already pointed out 正如已經(jīng)指出的那樣
6.as we all can see 正如我們都會(huì)看到的那樣規(guī)則8：“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，關(guān)系代詞指人時(shí)用whom，指物時(shí)用which。 (1) 某些帶有介詞的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)，介詞可以提至關(guān)系代詞之前，但是在一些固定搭配的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞中，由于動(dòng)詞和介詞不可以分割，因此不能將介詞置于關(guān)系代詞之前，如take care of, look for, look after, care for等。
This is the book (which / that) I am looking for.
(2)“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代詞或者數(shù)詞，有時(shí)數(shù)詞或代詞也可以放在“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”之后。 He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.
= He loved his parents deeply, of whom both are very kind to him.
(3)介詞+which / whom+to do結(jié)構(gòu)。這種結(jié)構(gòu)可以改為：介詞+which / whom+定語(yǔ)從句。
I don't have enough money with which to buy such an expensive dress.
=I don't have enough money with which I can buy such an expensive dress. (4)在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，which可作定語(yǔ)，指先行詞(短語(yǔ)或句子)所表示的信息，形成“介詞+which +名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)，相當(dāng)于and in/at/during this/that+名詞。
Mike was a student at the university from 1998 to 2004, during which time he studied very hard and was made chairman of the Students' Union.(三) 關(guān)系副詞使用規(guī)則規(guī)則1：when指時(shí)間，在定語(yǔ)從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ);when=表示時(shí)間的介詞(in / at / on / during…)+which。
I still remember the day when / on which I first came to the school.規(guī)則2：where指地點(diǎn)，在定語(yǔ)從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，where=表示地點(diǎn)的介詞(in / at / on / under…)+which。
The house where / in which I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.
規(guī)則3：why指原因，在定語(yǔ)從句中作原因狀語(yǔ)， why=表示原因的介詞(for)+which。
I don't know the reason why / for which he looks unhappy today.規(guī)則4：以the way為先行詞的定語(yǔ)從句通常由in which或that引導(dǎo)，而且通�？梢允÷�。
The way(in which / that)he answered the question was surprising.【注意】 The way (which / that) he explained to us was quite simple.(which / that在從句中充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)成分) 規(guī)則5：有時(shí)為了表達(dá)更清楚，可以在關(guān)系副詞where / when前加上介詞to, from等。
China is the birth place of kites, from where kites spread to Japan, Korea, Thailand and India.【注意】一些特殊的先行詞如situation, point, case, activity，scene及period, festival, occasion等要注意具體情況具體分析，作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)時(shí)，用關(guān)系代詞that/which;作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，用關(guān)系副詞where/when或“介詞+which”。
There is one point (that/which) we must insist on. 有一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)我們必須堅(jiān)持。(定語(yǔ)從句可還原為：we must insist on the point, 所以先行詞point在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)，故用that/which或省略。) We're just trying to reach a point where both sides will sit down together and talk. 我們正努力做到能讓雙方坐下來(lái)對(duì)話。 (定語(yǔ)從句可還原為：at a point both sides will sit down together and talk, 故先行詞point在定語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ)，所以關(guān)系詞用where/at which。)(四)關(guān)系代詞/關(guān)系副詞的選擇 規(guī)則1：用還原法：將先行詞放入定語(yǔ)從句中，找到它的原有位置，判斷它作什么成分以及判斷先行詞指人還是指物�！ ∫�(guī)則2：一般說(shuō)來(lái)，作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)時(shí)，用關(guān)系代詞;作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，用關(guān)系副詞或介詞+which;作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，用whose。 1. I will remember the days that we spent together. 2. June 7 is the day when we begin to take the college entrance examination. 3. This is the place that we visited the day before yesterday. 4. This is the place where he worked for ten years.
(五)限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句
限制性定語(yǔ)從句形式上不用逗號(hào)和主句隔開，是先行詞不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明確，翻譯成先行詞的定語(yǔ)，“……的……”。 非限制性定語(yǔ)從句是先行詞的附加說(shuō)明，去掉了也不會(huì)影響主句的意思，它與主句之間通常用逗號(hào)分開，通常翻譯成主句的并列句。關(guān)系代詞that和關(guān)系副詞why不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。
His brother who is now a lawyer always encourages him to go to college.
他那個(gè)現(xiàn)在是律師的哥哥總是鼓勵(lì)他上大學(xué)。(他還有其他的哥哥)
His brother, who is now a lawyer, always encourages him to go to college.
他的哥哥，現(xiàn)在是律師，總是鼓勵(lì)他上大學(xué)。(他只有一個(gè)哥哥)
(六) 定語(yǔ)從句和其他從句句型的區(qū)別規(guī)則1：區(qū)別such…as… / so…as…引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句和such/so…that…引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句 如果從句缺少主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)就是定語(yǔ)從句，連接詞用as;He is such a good boy as everyone likes.
如果從句的結(jié)構(gòu)完整，就是結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句，連接詞用that。He is such a good boy that everyone likes him.規(guī)則2：區(qū)別非限制性定語(yǔ)從句與并列句 定語(yǔ)從句與主句之間用關(guān)系詞連接;He said nothing, which made me angry.
并列句之間用并列連詞。He said nothing, and that made me angry.規(guī)則3：定語(yǔ)從句與名詞性從句 定語(yǔ)從句中，關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)。As is known to all, the moon travels around the earth.
名詞性從句中的連詞that在從句中不作任何成分;News came that our class had won the game.
疑問(wèn)代詞what及疑問(wèn)副詞how可連接名詞性從句，但不能引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。
What is known to all is that the moon travels around the earth.
I don't know the reason how he has worked out the problem.規(guī)則4：定語(yǔ)從句與地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句 關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，其前面必須有時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因等先行詞;
When you read the book, you'd better make a mark in the place where you have any questions.
疑問(wèn)副詞連接狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，其前面沒(méi)有。
When you read the book, you'd better make a mark where you have any questions. 規(guī)則5：定語(yǔ)從句與強(qiáng)調(diào)句、狀語(yǔ)從句 that在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ);It was a small village (that/which) we know from my father.
強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中that不作任何成分，但不能省;It was in this small village that we got to know each other.
結(jié)果從句區(qū)別狀語(yǔ)從句中that也只起連接作用，在從句中不充當(dāng)任何成分。(七)定語(yǔ)從句的考查
考題位置：在全國(guó)各地高考中主要出現(xiàn)在單項(xiàng)填空部分。1.主要考查的知識(shí)點(diǎn)： (1)關(guān)系詞的選用 (2)關(guān)系詞前加介詞等的用法 (3)定語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài) (4)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的用法 復(fù)習(xí)重點(diǎn)： (1)關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的用法區(qū)別�！� (2)掌握只能用that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的情形。 (3)掌握“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”的定語(yǔ)從句。 (4)掌握as，which和whose引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的用法。2.如何應(yīng)對(duì)定語(yǔ)從句考查 解題時(shí)，首先要確定先行詞，根據(jù)先行詞在從句中所作的句子成分來(lái)判斷該用關(guān)系代詞還是副詞，并且確定具體用哪個(gè)關(guān)系詞。如果從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為不及物動(dòng)詞，應(yīng)考慮關(guān)系代詞前該不該加介詞。
尤其要注意以下兩種定語(yǔ)從句：
1) 使用where而非“地點(diǎn)”型定語(yǔ)從句。定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞是mark, situation, case, point, scene, business等名詞而且從句缺少狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，要使用where表示“一種特定的……情況”或“一個(gè)特定的……場(chǎng)合”。
He’s got himself into a dangerous situation _______ he is likely to lose control over the plane.
A. where B. which C. while D. why
正確答案是A;引導(dǎo)詞在句子中作狀語(yǔ)，where: “在此情況下”，還可以用in which來(lái)代替，句意為：
他使自己身臨險(xiǎn)境——他很可能失去對(duì)飛機(jī)的控制。situation 在句中是“情境、情況”的意思。
“在此情況下”譯為：in this situation.
當(dāng)situation作先行詞時(shí)后面的定語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)詞有如下兩種情況：
(1)引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)時(shí),引導(dǎo)詞用that / which 作賓語(yǔ)時(shí), 引導(dǎo)詞可省略。
Worrying never helps in a situation ( that / which ) you can’t change.
對(duì)于你無(wú)法改變的狀況，發(fā)愁于事無(wú)補(bǔ)。(引導(dǎo)詞在句子中作賓語(yǔ))
(2)引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，引導(dǎo)詞可用where 或in which / at which。
與situation用法類似的名詞有： condition(s)(條件、狀況); spot(地點(diǎn));place (地方);position(位置);
stage(階段);case(情形、例、病例、案例);point(點(diǎn)、程度、);business(企業(yè)、事業(yè));meeting(會(huì)議、集會(huì));earth(地球、世界);society (社會(huì));world (世界) ; surroundings(環(huán)境)等。
I can think of many cases _______students obviously knew a lot of English words and expressions but couldn’t write a good essay.
A. why B. which C. as D. where
正確答案為D，亦可用in which。句意為：
我能想起很多這樣的情況：學(xué)生們顯然認(rèn)識(shí)許多英語(yǔ)單詞和短語(yǔ)，但卻寫不出一篇優(yōu)美的短文。
2) “分隔”式定語(yǔ)從句。即運(yùn)用插入語(yǔ)、介詞、副詞短語(yǔ)等手段使先行詞遠(yuǎn)離關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞，以達(dá)到增加試題難度的效果。
The film brought the hours back to me when I was taken good care of in that far-away village.
分隔式型定語(yǔ)從句
(1)先行詞與定語(yǔ)從句之間被用作定語(yǔ)的短語(yǔ)分開。
Do you remember one afternoon ten years ago when I came to your house and borrowed a necklace of yours?
They still remember one afternoon in the first year when the professor took the students to the chemistry lab.
(2)先行詞與定語(yǔ)從句之間被用作狀語(yǔ)的短語(yǔ)分開。
I was the only person in my office that was invited.
There are thousands of stars in the sky that are like our Sun.
She sang the songs perfectly there yesterday which was written by me.
(3)先行詞與定語(yǔ)從句之間被主句謂語(yǔ)分隔。
The days are gone when we suffered so much. 我們受苦受難的日子過(guò)去了。
定語(yǔ)從句總結(jié)
1. 定語(yǔ)從句定義
2. 關(guān)系代詞/關(guān)系副詞
3. 限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句
4. 定語(yǔ)從句和其他從句句型的區(qū)別
5. 定語(yǔ)從句的考查
高中是人生中的關(guān)鍵階段，大家一定要好好把握高中，編輯老師為大家整理的高二英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)，希望大家喜歡。
(責(zé)任編輯：彭海芝)
特別說(shuō)明：由于各省份高考政策等信息的不斷調(diào)整與變化，育路高考網(wǎng)所提供的所有考試信息僅供考生及家長(zhǎng)參考，敬請(qǐng)考生及家長(zhǎng)以權(quán)威部門公布的正式信息為準(zhǔn)。
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