高考英語語法學(xué)習(xí)-省略句
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高考英語語法學(xué)習(xí)-省略句
一、考綱要求
按照考試大綱的要求,考生應(yīng)掌握英語省略的一些基本原則,在行文中正確地使用省略。
二、命題導(dǎo)向
近年的高考試題主要考查定語從句、賓語從句、狀語從句、簡單句中和交際語境中的省略。
三、復(fù)習(xí)要點(diǎn)
1. 在并列句中,為了避免與第一個(gè)分句的相同內(nèi)容重復(fù),可采用省略謂語,而保留主語和表語或補(bǔ)足語等成分。例如:
Some books are to be tasted, others (are) to be swallowed, and some few (are) to be chewed and digested。
One of the sides of the board should be painted yellow, and the other white。
在一些并列句中,由于前面已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)了相同的主語,為了避免重復(fù),后一個(gè)分句的主語也常常省略。例如:
Coral is not a plant, but (it is) a variety of animal life。
He came into the classroom, (he) sat down and (he) began to read。
2. 在定語從句中,當(dāng)先行詞在句中作賓語時(shí),可省略關(guān)系代詞that/whom。例如:
They talked about the things and people (that) they remembered。
The doctor did everything (that) he could to save the patient.
3. 賓語從句中的省略
在含有動(dòng)詞“命令(order, command), 建議(suggest, propose),要求(request, demand, require),堅(jiān)持(insist)希望(desire)”等的名詞性從句中,謂語動(dòng)詞通常用should+動(dòng)詞原形,而且should可被省掉。例如:
It is desired that this rule(should)be brought to the attention of the staff。
They suggested that he (should) go on a summer camp。
4. 在表示時(shí)間、條件、地點(diǎn)、讓步、方式或比較的狀語從句中,如果包含動(dòng)詞be,從句中的主語與主句相同,或者從句的主語為it,就常常把從句中的主語和謂語的一部分(動(dòng)詞be)省略掉,只保留連詞+現(xiàn)在分詞/過去分詞/形容詞。例如:
�、� 時(shí)間狀語從句
Metals expand when (they are) heated and contract when (they are) cooled。
While (he was) eating breakfast, he heard the doorbell ring
�、� 條件狀語從句
Send the goods if (they are) ready。
(3) 地點(diǎn)狀語從句中
Fill in the blanks with articles where (it is) necessary。
(4) 讓步狀語從句中
Though (he was) poor, he lived a happy life。
(5) as, as if引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句中
As (it was) scheduled, they met on the New Year’s Day at the city of Zhengzhou.
He opened his lips as if (he was) to say something。
(6) 比較狀語從句中通常省略與前面相同的謂語部分。例如:
She can hold her breath longer than I (can hold my breath)。
He is not so busy as he was (busy) last year。
(7)在表示虛擬條件的狀語從句中,把if省略,而將had, were, should 時(shí),句子采用倒裝語序。例如:Had I known the news before hand, I would have told you。
Should you need any help (=if you need any help), you can always phone me at the office。
Were we to offer you the job, would you take it?
5.動(dòng)詞不定式的省略
在上下文中,為了避免重復(fù)前面或后面出現(xiàn)的動(dòng)詞和動(dòng)詞短語,通常在一些包含有動(dòng)詞不定式的結(jié)構(gòu)中,將動(dòng)詞不定式省略,只保留動(dòng)詞不定式符號(hào)to。在下面幾種情況下只保留不定式符號(hào)to:
(1)上文中出現(xiàn)了某一動(dòng)詞,下文中含有助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞如be going to, used to, have to, ought to, be able to, be about to 等+動(dòng)詞原形結(jié)構(gòu),要省去動(dòng)詞原形,只保留不定式符號(hào)to。例如:
I can’t stand as much as I used to。
(2)在上文中出現(xiàn)了某一動(dòng)詞,下文中含有謂語動(dòng)詞如 want, decide, like, love, hope, wish, mean, refuse, try 等+不定式作賓語結(jié)構(gòu),要省去動(dòng)詞不定式,只保留不定式符號(hào)to。例如:
Jack didn’t pass the driving test, but he still hope to。
(3)上文中出現(xiàn)了某一動(dòng)詞,下文中含有動(dòng)詞如 ask, tell, order, advise, persuade, warn, wish, permit, allow 等+動(dòng)詞不定式做主補(bǔ)或賓補(bǔ)結(jié)構(gòu),要省去動(dòng)詞不定式,而保留不定式符號(hào)to。例如:Mary wanted to use your new bike, but I asked her not to。
(4)在對話中,上句話出現(xiàn)過某一動(dòng)詞,答語中含有主語+系動(dòng)詞+形容詞+動(dòng)詞不定式結(jié)構(gòu)中,在形容詞如happy, glad, eager, anxious, willing, ready, pleased, afraid 等后的動(dòng)詞不定式要省去動(dòng)詞原形,而保留不定式符號(hào)to。例如:—Will you come for a walk? —I’d love to。
6.在交際英語中的答語中,往往只保留問句中所提問的部分。例如:
—Why do you want the book so badly?
—To study, sir。
四、注意事項(xiàng)
1. 在動(dòng)詞不定式省略時(shí),尤其要注意以下兩種情況:
(1)復(fù)合句中的主句的主語部分含有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do時(shí),作表語的動(dòng)詞不定式�?墒÷詣�(dòng)詞不定式的符號(hào)to。例如:All I did was (to) give him a little push。
(2) 在have no choice but to do sth。(別無選擇只好做某事)句型中,動(dòng)詞不定式的符號(hào)to不能省略。而在其它情況下, 如果前面出現(xiàn)實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do的某種形式如do/did /to do等,后面的動(dòng)詞不定式�?墒÷詣�(dòng)詞不定式的符號(hào)to。例如:Then it has no choice but to lie down and sleep.
(3) 當(dāng)動(dòng)詞want, like用在連詞when, if, what, as等連接的從句時(shí),其后的to也可被省略。例如:I’ve decided to do what I like。
(4) 在口語中,為了避免重復(fù),常用to代替動(dòng)詞不定式,有時(shí)甚至可以省略to。例如:
—Don’t make any mistakes in your homework, will you?
—I'll try not to。
五、 精典名題導(dǎo)解
1. (2008安徽)—Have you got any particular plans for the coming holiday?
—Yes, _______, I’m going to visit some homes for the old in the city。
A. If ever B. If busy C. If anything D. If possible
考點(diǎn)解析:狀語從句If it is possible和if it is necessary通常用省略為:If possible,If necessary, 因此最佳答案為D。
2.(2008福建) —Who should be responsible for the accident?
—The boss, not the workers. They just carried out the order _____。
A. as told B. as are told C. as telling D. as they told
考點(diǎn)解析:當(dāng)狀語從句的主語與主句的主語相同時(shí),從句可省略主語與助動(dòng)詞,保留“連詞+現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞、形容詞”等形式。句意為:他們只是按照老板的吩咐做事。狀語從句as they were told 省略為as told,因此最佳答案為A。
3. (2009年鄭州市畢業(yè)班第二次質(zhì)量預(yù)測) You can go to the party with us if you 。
A.want to B.want to do C.want it D.want to go
考點(diǎn)解析:句意為:“如果你想和我們一起參加派對,你就去吧”。前句出現(xiàn)了動(dòng)詞短語:go to the party with us, 因此在if引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中該動(dòng)詞不定式短語被省略,只保留動(dòng)詞不定式的符號(hào)to, 因此最佳答案為A。
4. (2009年鄭州市畢業(yè)班第一次質(zhì)量預(yù)測) It must be somebody’s, but I don’t know 。
A.who B.which C.whose D.whom
考點(diǎn)解析:句意為“這肯定是某人的,但是我不知道是誰的”,上句中的somebody’s 暗示應(yīng)選“whose”, 其實(shí)是賓語從句whose (it is)的省略。因此最佳答案為C。
5. (北京市東城區(qū)高中示范校2009屆高三質(zhì)量檢測) In the earthquake, parents were willing to do they could their children。
A.whatever; save B.whatever; to save
C.what; saving D.what; to save
考點(diǎn)解析:題干中第一空可填whatever,因could后省略了動(dòng)詞do,第二空為動(dòng)詞不定式作目的狀語,應(yīng)填to save,因此最佳答案為A。
(責(zé)任編輯:郭峰)
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