高考英語：做好英語閱讀理解題
近幾年的高考閱讀理解題越來越重視對考生猜詞悟義能力的考查，一般有三個小題直接考查猜測詞義，再加上閱讀過程中碰到的生僻詞匯，使得許多同學(xué)對閱讀理解產(chǎn)生畏懼心理。其實，閱讀理解中的許多“生詞”都是我們平時常見的熟詞通過合成、派生、轉(zhuǎn)化等而生成的，同學(xué)們只要熟知構(gòu)詞法，完全能夠解決。另有個別確屬生詞，同學(xué)們可靈活運用猜詞技巧，聯(lián)系上下文猜出其意思。本文擬介紹一些常用的猜測詞義的技巧，希望對同學(xué)們有所幫助。
一、根據(jù)上下文解釋進(jìn)行猜測
有時短文中出現(xiàn)一個需要猜測其意義的詞或短語，下面接著出現(xiàn)其定義或解釋，這就是判斷該詞或短語意義的主要依據(jù)。如：
1.(NMET2002, B篇) 62. What’s the meaning of“the organic trend”as the words are used in the text?
A. growing interest in organic food
B. better quality of organic food
C. rising market for organic food
D. higher prices of organic food
原文：Gold is one of a growing number of shoppers buying into the organic trend, and supermarkets across Britain are counting on more like him as they grow their organic food business.由此可知，越來越多的人購買organic food，所以全英國的超市才增加了organic food business，以期望有更多像Gold這樣的人前來購買。因此，“the organic trend”就是指購買organic food這樣一種流行趨勢，所以，此題答案為A。
2.(NMET2001, A篇)56. the words“deluxe sedans”，“minivans”and“station wagons”used in the text refer to _________.
A. cars in the making
B. car rental firms
C. cars for rent
D. car makers
原文：Shanghai Bashi Tourism Car Rental Center offers a wide variety of choices—deluxe sedans, minivans, station wagons, coaches. Santana sedans are the big favorite.由此可知，car rental center是出租車公司，所以，這里應(yīng)選擇的只能是cars for rent(出租汽車)。
二、根據(jù)上下文的指代關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測
文章中的代詞it, that, he, him或them可以指上文提到的人或物，其中it和that還可以指一件事。有時代詞指代的對象相隔較遠(yuǎn)，需要認(rèn)真查找;有時也需要對前面提到的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行總結(jié)，才能找出代詞所指代的事物。如：
1.(NMET2002, A篇) 57. What does the underlined word“it”(paragraph 2) refer to?
A. Discovering the moon’s inner space.
B. Using the earth’s inner space.
C. Meeting the“moon people”again.
D. Traveling to outer space.
原文：However, the question that“moon people”asked is still an interesting one. A growing number of scientists are seriously thinking about it.由此可以看出it指上句中的the question，而the question又指第一段中“月球人”所提的問題。所以根據(jù)第一段中的問題“Why are you traveling to outer space when you don’t even use your inner space?”就可以判斷出答案為B。
2. (NMET2002, D篇) 67. the underlined word“them”(paragraph 1) refers to _______.
A. red herrings B. treasure hunts
C. HenryⅧ’s six wives
D. readers of Masquerade
文中提到…but Williams put in a lot of“red herrings”， or false clues, to mislead them.意思是作者在書中用一些假線索誤導(dǎo)他們，顯然，他們(them)就是指書的讀者，故答案為D。
三、根據(jù)因果關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測
根據(jù)原因可以預(yù)測結(jié)果，根據(jù)結(jié)果也可以找出原因。如：
Biggest power failure in the city’s history…All of our ice-cream and frozen foods melted.后一句承接前一句，前一句的原因?qū)е潞笠痪涞慕Y(jié)果。根據(jù)因果關(guān)系，停電很可能導(dǎo)致冰淇淋和冷凍食品融化，所以melted的詞義應(yīng)為“融化”。
四、根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測
根據(jù)上下句的連接詞，如but, however, otherwise等就可以看到前后句在意義上的差別，從而根據(jù)某一句的含義，來確定另一句的含義。另外，分號也可以表示轉(zhuǎn)折、對比等意義。如：
(NMET2002, E篇)74.What does the underlined word“hassle”(paragraph 1) probably mean?
A. a party designed by specialists
B. a plan requiring careful thought
C. a situation causing difficulty or trouble
D. a demand made by guests
通過上下句，A child’s birthday party doesn’t have to be a hassle; it can be a basket of fun…可以看出，hassle和a basket of fun肯定是近乎相反的意義。所以不難判斷，答案為C。
五、根據(jù)同位關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測
閱讀中出現(xiàn)一些難詞，有時后面就是一個同位語，對前面的詞進(jìn)行解釋，這種解釋有時也用or連接。如：
1.(NMET2001, D篇)…and other Germanic and Nordic peoples, who spoke what we now call Anglo-Saxon (or Old English)，a Germanic language.
Anglo-Saxon也就是古英語(Q吧)(Old English)，是日耳曼語(a Germanic language)的一種。
2. (NMET2002, A篇) the“Chunnel”， a tunnel(隧道) connecting England and France, is now complete.此句中a tunnel是Chunnel的同位語。因此，The“Chunnel”就是英法之間的海底隧道。
六、根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法(轉(zhuǎn)化、合成、派生等)進(jìn)行猜測
在英語中，有很多詞可以在前面加前綴，在后面加后綴，從而構(gòu)成一個詞，乍看起來，這個詞可能是生詞，但掌握了一定的構(gòu)詞法知識，就不難猜出它的詞義。如：
1.(NMET2002, B篇) Market research shows that Gold and others who buy organic food can generally give clear reasons for their preferences—but their knowledge of organic food is far from complete.
我們知道，prefer的意思是“寧愿、愿意、喜愛”，根據(jù)上下文可以判斷prefer的名詞形式preference的含義應(yīng)是“偏愛、愛好”。
2.(NMET2002, E篇)“Our parties are aimed for children 2 to 10,”Anaclerio said,“and they’re very interactive(互動)and creative in that they build a sense of drama based on a subject…”
文中interactive是由前綴inter-(相互的)和active(活動的、活躍的)而構(gòu)成的，即使文中不給出其含義，根據(jù)上下文的意思也可以判斷，該詞的含義應(yīng)是“互動的”。
七、根據(jù)生活常識猜測詞義
In old days, when girls from rich families were married to their husbands, they expected to bring with themselves a large quantity of dowry.
根據(jù)常識，在舊社會，有錢人家的姑娘出嫁當(dāng)然要帶很多“嫁妝”。
總之，利用各種已知信息，靈活運用猜詞技巧，你就會在閱讀文章時如魚得水，游刃有余。
高三英語閱讀理解題原文：
Violin prodigies (神童), I learned, have come in distinct waves from distinct regions. Most of the great performers of the late 19th and early 20th centuries were born and brought up in Russia and Eastern Europe. I asked Isaac Stern, one of the world’s greatest violinists the reason for this phenomenon. “It is very clear,” he told me. “They were all Jews and Jews at the time were severely oppressed and ill-treated in that part of the world. They were not allowed into the professional fields, but they were allowed to achieve excellence on a concert stage.” As a result, every Jewish parent’s dream was to have a child in the music school because it was a passport to the West.
Another element in the emergence of prodigies, I found, is a society that values excellence in a certain field to nurture (培育) talent. Nowadays, the most nurturing societies seem to be in the Far East. “In Japan, a most competitive society, with stronger discipline than ours,” says Isaac Stern, children are ready to test their limits every day in many fields, including music. When Western music came to Japan after World War II, that music not only became part of their daily lives, but it became a discipline as well. The Koreans and Chinese as we know, are just as highly motivated as the Japanese.
That’s a good thing, because even prodigies must work hard. Next to hard work, biological inheritance(遺傳) plays an important role in the making of a prodigy. J. S. Bach, for example, was the top of several generations of musicians, and four of his sons had significant careers in music.
高三英語閱讀理解題題目：
53. Jewish parents in Eastern Europe longed for their children to attend music school because ________.
A. it would allow them access to a better life in the West
B. Jewish children are born with excellent musical talent
C. they wanted their children to enter into the professional field
D. it would enable the family to get better treatment in their own country
54. Nurturing societies as mentioned in the passage refer to societies that ________.
A. are highly motivated in the education of music
B. treasure talent and provide opportunities for its full development
C. encourage people to compete with each other
D. promise talented children high positions
55. Which of the following contributes to the emergence of musical prodigies according to the passage?
A. a natural gift. B. extensive knowledge of music.
C. very early training. D. a prejudice-free society.
56. Which of the following titles best summarizes the main idea of the passage?
A. Jewish Contribution to Music B. Training of Musicians in the World
C. Music and Society D. The Making of Music Prodigies
高三英語閱讀理解題答案：
ABAD
(責(zé)任編輯：郭躍文)
特別說明：由于各省份高考政策等信息的不斷調(diào)整與變化，育路高考網(wǎng)所提供的所有考試信息僅供考生及家長參考，敬請考生及家長以權(quán)威部門公布的正式信息為準(zhǔn)。
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