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Find Yourself Packing It On?Blame Friends
Obesity can spread from person to person，much like a virus，researchers are reporting today.When one person gains weight，close friends tend to gain weight，too.
Their study，published in The New England Journal of Medicine，involved a detailed analysis of a large social network of 12，067 people who had been closely followed for 32 years，from 1971 to 2003.
The investigators knew who was friends with whom as well as who was a spouse or sibling or neighbor，and they knew how much each person weighed at various times over three decades.1 That let them reconstruct2 what happened over the years as individuals became obese.Did their friends also become obese?Did family members?Or neighbors?
The answer，the researchers report，was that people were most likely to become obese when a friend became obese.That increased a person’s chances of becoming obese by 57 percent. 3 There was no effect when a neighbor gained or lost weight4，however，and family members had less influence than friends.
It did not even matter if the friend was hundreds of miles away，the influence remained. 5And the greatest influence of all was between close mutual friends.There，if one became obese，the other had a 171 percent increased chance of becoming obese，too.
The same effect seemed tO occur for weight loss，the investigators say.But since most people were gaining，not losing，over the 32 years，the result was，on average，that people grew fatter.
Dr.Nicholas A.Christakis，a physician and professor of medical sociology at Harvard Medical School and a principal investigator in the new study，said one explanation was that friends affected each others’ perception of fatness6.When a close friend becomes obese，obesity may not look so bad.
“You change your idea of what is an acceptable body type by looking at the people around you，”Dr.Christakis said.
The investigators say their findings can help explain why Americans have become fatter in recent years—each person who became obese was likely to drag along some friends. 7
Their analysis was unique，Dr.Christakis said，because it moved beyond a simple analysis of one person and his or her social contacts and instead examined an entire social network at once，looking at how a person’s friend’s friends，or a spouse’s sibling’s friends，could have an influence on a person’s weight.
The effects，he said，“highlight the importance of a spreading process，a kind of social contagion8，that spreads through the network.”
Of course，the investigators say，social networks are not the only factors that affect body weight.There is a strong genetic component at work，too.
Science has shown that individuals have genetically determined ranges of weights，spanning perhaps 30 or so pounds for each person.But that leaves a large role for the environment in determining whether a person’s weight is near the top of his or her range or near the bottom.As people have gotten fatter，it appears that many are edging toward9 the top of their ranges.The question has been why.
If the new research is correct，it may say that something in the environment seeded what some call an obesity epidemic，making a few people gain weight.Then social networks let the obesity spread rapidly.
詞匯：
obesity/Eu5bi:sItI/n.肥胖，肥大 virus/5vaIErEs/n.病毒
detailed/5di:teIld/adj.細(xì)的，逐條的investigator/In7vestI5^eItE/n.調(diào)查人
spouse/spauz/n.配偶(指夫或妻) sibling/5sIblIN/n.兄弟，姐妹
influence/5InfluEns/n.影響 principal/ 5prInsIpl/adj.主要的，首要的
highlight/5haIlaIt/v.使顯著，強(qiáng)調(diào) epidemic/7epI5demIk/adj.流行的，傳染的，流行性的
注釋：
1. The investigators knew...over three decades.：調(diào)查人員了解被調(diào)查人的朋友以及夫妻、兄弟姐妹或者鄰居，并且了解他們?nèi)陙砀鱾�時期的體重。as well as表示“和”、“又”。
2. reconstruct：重建，推想。re是表示“又，再”之義的詞根。
3. That increased a person’s chances of becoming obese by 57 percent.：這使得發(fā)胖的幾率增加了57％。chance這里指機(jī)率、可能性。
4. gained or lost weight：體重增加或減肥。
5. It did not even matter if the friend was hundreds of miles away，the influence remained.：即使朋友遠(yuǎn)在千里之外，這種影響仍然存在。
6. verception of fatness：對于肥胖的感知。
7. The investigators say their findings can help explain why Americans have become fatter in recent years—each person who became obese was likely to drag along some friends：調(diào)查人員聲稱他們的發(fā)現(xiàn)可以幫助解釋近年來美國人變得越來越胖的原因：每個發(fā)胖的人都可能帶動朋友一起變胖。
8. contagion：傳染，傳染病。
9. edge toward：向……緩慢或逐漸地前進(jìn)。 練習(xí)：
1. Who had the greatest influence on people who became obese?
A) Their friends.
B) Their neighbours.
C) Their family members.
D) Their colleagues.
2. Which of the following statement about a friend's influence is false according to the report?
A) Friends had more influence than family members on people who became obese.
B) Even ifthe friend lives far away, the influence still remained.
C) People were not likely to lose weight when they have skinny friends.
D) The greatest influence of all was between close mutual friends.
3. According to Dr. Nicholas A. Christakis, what is the explanation for friends being the
greatest influence?
A) Friends usually spend a lot of time together.
B) Friends share similar eating habits.
C) Friends are more important than family members.
D) Friends affected each others' feelings of fatness.
4. Which factor of becoming obese is not mentioned in this report?
A) Social contact.
B) Genetic information.
C) Life style.
D) Environmental influences.
5. In what way is obesity contagious and epidemic?
A) Social networks let the obesity spread rapidly.
B) Individuals have genetically determined ranges of weights.
C) Obesity can easily spread from one to another without any physical contact.
D) Obesity can spread rapidly and extensively by infection and affecting many individuals in an area or a population at the same time.
答案與題解：
1. A 本題的答案可以在文章的第四段中找到。第四段中提到研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)，當(dāng)周圍朋友發(fā)福時，人最容易發(fā)胖。而鄰居則不會對人產(chǎn)生影響，甚至家庭成員的影響也不如朋友大。至于同事，文章中并沒有提到。
2. C 這道題考察的是朋友如何對肥胖影響。A選項(xiàng)說的是“朋友產(chǎn)生的影響大于家庭成員”，是正確的；B選項(xiàng)也是正確的，因?yàn)榈谖宥蔚谝痪湓捥岬�，即使朋友遠(yuǎn)在千里之外，這種影響仍然存在；第五段第二句符合D選項(xiàng)的意思：那些關(guān)系親密的共同的朋友產(chǎn)生的影響最大：C選項(xiàng)的意思是， “當(dāng)有很瘦的朋友時，本人也不可能會變瘦”，這與原文表達(dá)的意思是相反的，第六段第一句話就提到，朋友也會對體重減輕產(chǎn)生同樣的效果，也就是說，擁有瘦朋友會讓體重減輕。
3. D 第七段和第八段陳述了Dr.Nich01as A.Christakis對于這種現(xiàn)象的解釋：朋友之間對于肥胖的感知是互相影響的。如果一個人的親密好友很胖，那么他對于什么是可接受的體型的態(tài)度也會發(fā)生改變，肥胖在他看來也不會很令人不快。
4. C 本題考察的是文中提到的導(dǎo)致人肥胖的因素。第九段和第十段主要分析了社會關(guān)系對肥胖的影響，第十一段和第十二段說的是遺傳因素，同時也提到環(huán)境因素在遺傳的基礎(chǔ)上對人的體重也起很重要的作用。至于C選項(xiàng)的生活方式，文中并沒有提到。
5. A 本題問的是為什么說肥胖具有傳染性。A選項(xiàng)說的是因?yàn)樯鐣P(guān)系網(wǎng)的原因，肥胖傳播的很快，這是文章的本意。而另外C、D兩個選項(xiàng)都是平常意義上的“傳染”，指疾病可以通過接觸而傳染或能夠在一個地區(qū)或人群中迅速廣泛地蔓延。B選項(xiàng)與題意無關(guān)。
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