英語語法歸納與練習(xí)

    （一）情態(tài)動詞

    一。情態(tài)動詞的現(xiàn)在完成式的用法

    情態(tài)動詞現(xiàn)在完成式主要有兩個功能：表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生的情況和表示虛擬語氣。在這兩個方面must/mustn't，；can/cann't；need/needn't；may/mayn't；might/mightn't；should/shouldn't；

    ougtht等情態(tài)動詞＋完成式表示的意思是有一定區(qū)別的

    1.表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生的情況。

    1）must have+過去分詞，表示對已發(fā)生情況的肯定推測，譯為“（昨天）一定……”。如：

    My pain           apparent the moment I walked into the room， for the first man I met asked sympathetically：“ Are you feeling all right？”

    [A] must be       [B] had been     [C] must have been     [D] had to be

    （答案為C）

    2）can't / couldn't have+過去分詞，表示對已發(fā)生情況的否定推測，譯為“（昨天）一定沒……”。如：

    Mary         my letter； otherwise she would have replied before now.

    [A] couldn't have received     [B] ought to have received

    [C] has received     [D] shouldn't have received

    （答案為A）

    3）may / might have +過去分詞，表示對已發(fā)生的事情做不肯定、可能性很小的推測，或事實上根本沒發(fā)生，譯為“也許……”。如：

    At Florida Power's Crystal River plant， a potentially serious leakage of radioactive water may have been unknowingly caused by an electrician.

    2.表示虛擬語氣。

    1） needn't have + 過去分詞，表示做了不必做的事，相當(dāng)于“didn't need to do”，譯為“其實沒必要……”。如：

    You needn't have come over yourself.

    As it turned out to be a small house party， we         so formally.

    [A] needn't dress up         [B]did not need have dressed up

    [C] did not need dress up     [D] needn't have dressed up

    （沒有必要穿的那么正式，體現(xiàn)是說話者的建議，實際結(jié)果是否真的穿的很正式?jīng)]有確定，答案為D）

    2）should have +過去分詞，表示應(yīng)該做某事但實際上未做，譯為“本應(yīng)該……”should not + have過去分詞表示本不應(yīng)該做某事但實際上做了，譯為“本不應(yīng)該……”。如：

    I regret having left the work unfinished； I should have planned everything ahead carefully.

    我本來應(yīng)該事先認真地把每件事情規(guī)劃的很好，但實際上作者還是沒有規(guī)劃好，以至工作沒有完成。

    3） ought to have +過去分詞，表示動作按理該發(fā)生了，但實際上未發(fā)生，譯為“該……”，與should 的完成式含義類似。如：

    Ｔhe porter ought to have called the fire-brigade as soon as he saw the fire in the stock， which went up in smoke .

    4） could have +過去分詞，表示過去本來可以做但卻未做，譯為“完全可以……”。這點與ought/should/ have +過去分詞用法相似。如：

    What you said is right， but you could have phrased it more tactfully.

    5） may/ might have +過去分詞，表示過去可以做但實際未做，譯為“（那樣）也許會……”。如：

    It might have been better to include more punchy statistics and photos of equipment in the introduction to further assist first-time office automation managers.

    二。幾個情態(tài)動詞�？嫉木湫停�

    1）。may/might （just） as well “不妨，最好”，與had better相近；

    Since the flight was cancelled， you might as well go by train.

    既然航班已經(jīng)取消了，你不妨乘火車吧。相當(dāng)于you had better go by train.

    2） .cannot / can't…too …“越……越好，怎么也不過分”。注意這個句型的變體cannot…over…。如：

    You cannot be too careful when you drive a car.駕車時候，越小心越好。

    The final chapter covers organizational change and development. This subject cannot be over emphasized .

    3） .usedn't 或did't use to 為used to （do） 的否定式。

    4）。should 除了“應(yīng)該”一層意思外，考研大綱還規(guī)定要掌握其“竟然”的意思。如：I didn't expect that he should have behaved like that. 我無法想象他竟然這樣做。

    三。情態(tài)動詞被動關(guān)系的主動表達法

    1. want， require， worth（形容詞）后面接doing也可以表示被動意義。

    Your hair wants cutting

    The book is worth reading

    The floor requires washing.

    2.need既可以用need to be done 也可以使用need doing ，兩種形式都表達被動的意義

    The house needs painting= the house needs to be painted.

    The watch needed repairing= the watch needed to be repaired.

    （二） 形容詞、副詞及比較級最高級

    一。形容詞的修飾與位置

    一般來說，從構(gòu)詞法角度來看，后綴“l(fā)y”往往是副詞，但有的以“l(fā)y'結(jié)尾的詞是形容詞而不是副詞，這點要注意；形容詞一般可以在句子中做定語，表語等成份，但有些形容詞在句子中只能做表語和只能做前置定語；這些形容詞在修飾時候有一定的特殊性要引起大家的注意，下面做了一下歸納：

    1   以-ly結(jié)尾的是形容詞而不是副詞：

    costly         昂貴的         lonely       孤獨的

    deadly       死一般的       lively       活潑的

    friendly       友好的         silly         傻氣的

    kindly       熱心腸的       likely       可能的

    leisurely     悠閑的           ugly         長得丑的

    brotherly     兄弟般的         monthly     每月的

    earthly       塵世的

    2   只作以“a”開頭的很多形容詞只能做表語：

    afraid       害怕的         alike         相象的

    awake     醒著的           alone         單獨的，惟一的

    alive       活著的           ashamed       羞愧的

    asleep     睡著的           aware         意識到的、察覺到的

    well       健康的         content         滿意的

    unable     無能的

    3   只作前置定語的形容詞

    earthen   泥土做的，大地的   daily   每日的             latter     后面的

    golden   金子般的           weekly     每周的         inner     里面的

    silken     絲一般的           monthly     每月的       outer     外面的

    wooden   木制的             yearly     每年的         elder     年長的

    woolen   毛織的           former     前任的         mere     僅，只不過

    only     惟一的           sheer       純粹的         very       恰好的

    little     小的             live         活的

    4.下列動詞既是實義動詞又是系動詞，注意用做系動詞時，要求形容詞做表語：

    remain   keep become， get， grow， go， come， turn， stay， stand， run， prove， seem， appear， look.

    如：All those left undone may sound great in theory， but even the truest believer has great difficulty when it comes to specifics.

    二。形容詞與副詞的比較級與最高級

    1. 考比較級時，考生應(yīng)把握：

    1）形容詞和副詞比較級的形式是否和比較連詞對應(yīng)出現(xiàn)，即是否符合原級比較及比較級的結(jié)構(gòu)。如：

    Do you enjoy listening to records？ I find records are often         ， or better than an actual performance.

    [A]as good as   [B]as good   [C]good     [D]good as

    在這里as good as 比較連詞與better than比較連詞同時出現(xiàn)時候，不能省略任何一個介詞。答案為A

    On the whole， ambitious students are more likely to succeed in their studies than are those with little ambition.

    2）比較的成分是否屬于同類事物或同類概念，既是說比較要具有可比性。如：

    The number of registered participants in this year's marathon was half           .

    [A] of last year's           [B]those of last year's

    [C]of those of last year     [D] that of last year's

    （前后相比的應(yīng)該是今年和去年注冊參加的人數(shù)“the number of”故代替它的應(yīng)該是單數(shù)指示代詞“that”，而不能選擇B，those是指代participants，不是同類對比，答案為D.

    Young readers， more often than not， find the novels of dickens far more exciting than Thackeray's.

    3）比較級與倍數(shù)詞關(guān)系及其位置

    原級結(jié)構(gòu)中可插入表達倍數(shù)的詞，表示為“為…。若干倍”，當(dāng)與有表示倍數(shù)比較的詞在一起時候等，他們的位置是，倍數(shù)詞+as…as…，或倍數(shù)詞+more…than…，但again一般放在原級詞之后，即 “as+原級＋again+as”。如：

    Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills         people each year than automobile accidents.

    [A] seven more times     [B] seven times more

    [C] over seven times       [D] seven times

    （答案為B）

    “Do you regret paying five hundred dollars for the painting？”“No， I would gladly have paid           for it.”

    [A] twice so much     [B] twice as much

    [C] as much twice     [D] so much twice

    （答案為B）

    My uncle is as old again as I am

    4）下列詞和短語不用比較級形式卻表示比較概念：

    inferior， minor， senior， prior， prefer to， superior， major， junior， preferable， differ from， compared with， in comparison with， different from， rather than. 如：

    Their watch is         to all the other watches on the market.

    [A] superior     [B] advantageous     [C] super     [D] beneficial

    （答案為A）

    Prior to his departure， he addressed a letter to his daughter.   （1986年考研題）

    5）“比較級＋and +比較級”或“more and more/less and less +原級”以及“ever， steadily， daily等副詞＋比較級”結(jié)構(gòu)表示“越來越……”的意思，與這類結(jié)構(gòu)搭配的常用動詞有g(shù)row， get ，become等。前面兩種情況更多地出現(xiàn)在進行時態(tài)中，注意的是這三種情況引導(dǎo)的比較級后面都不需要用than.如：

    Things are getting worse and worse.

    As I spoke to him he became less and less angry.

    Her health was becoming daily worse

    The road got ever worse until there was no road at all = the road got worse and worse.

    6）比較級前面可以用even， still， yet ，all the （more）等修飾語用以加強語氣，表示“更加”的意思。如

    Today it is even colder than yesterday

    I have yet more exciting news for you

    7） 有關(guān)比較級的特殊句型：

    A）： not so much…as…與其說……不如說……

    The chief reason for the population growth isn't so much a rise in birth rates         a fall in death rates as a result of improvements in medical care.

    [A] and     [B] as     [C]but     [D] or

    人口增長的主要原因與其說是因為出生率的提高，還不如說是因為醫(yī)療的進步帶來的死亡率下降的結(jié)果。答案為B

    B） no/not any more…than…兩者一樣都不……

    The heart is           intelligent than the stomach， for they are both controlled by the brain.

    [A] not so     [B]not much     [C]much more     [D] no more

    （心臟和胃兩者都不具有智力，他們都受大腦控制。答案為D）

    There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take，           they can limit how much water you drink.

    [A] much more than     [B] no more than

    [C] no less than         [D] any more than

    （答案為D）

    C）no/not any less…than…兩者一樣，都……注意基本上與no/not any more…than意思相反

    She is no less beautiful than her sister.她和她姐姐一樣漂亮

    D）just as… so…     正如……， ……也……（用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)）

    Just as the soil is a part of the earth，         the atmosphere.

    [A] as it is     [B] the same is     [C] so is     [D] and so is

    （答案為C）

    2.最高級形式應(yīng)注意的問題：

    1）最高級比較范圍用介詞in， over， of， among.

    in， （all） over用于在某一范圍內(nèi)的比較，如：in China， all over the world.

    of， among用于在同一群體內(nèi)同類事物的比較，如：among the teachers， of the four dresses.

    注意：among…相當(dāng)于one of …，不說among all…。這一點考生應(yīng)與漢語表達區(qū)別開來

    如：

    all visible lights， red light has the longest and violet the shortest wavelength.

    [A] Among       [B] Of     [C]For     [D]To       答案為[B]

    2）比較級形式表示最高級意義時，比較對象的范圍應(yīng)用：

    any other +單數(shù)名詞

    the other +復(fù)數(shù)名詞

    the others

    anyone/anything else

    上述詞是用業(yè)將比較級結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)變成最高級意義的關(guān)鍵詞語，切不可遺漏，尤其是other，否則會造成邏輯混亂的錯誤。如不能說：John runs faster than anyone.注意與漢語表達的不同。

    3）most可以用來修飾形容詞或副詞，意思相當(dāng)于very，用法區(qū)分單復(fù)數(shù)，但不能用定冠詞the，如：a most interesting book， most expensive restaurants， 要注意與 “the +形容詞最高級＋of + 名詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)表示的最高級的區(qū)別，如：

    He spoke in the warmest of voices

    They have been most kind to me

    Basketball is the most popular of sports in this country.

    Chinese is the most difficult of language

    Chinese is a most difficult language

    三。不用比較級和最高級的形容詞：

    1）表示顏色的有：white， black

    2）表示形態(tài)的有：round， square， oval， circular， triangular（三角形），level

    3）表示性質(zhì)和特征的有：atomic， economic， scientific， sonic， golden， silvery， woolen， earthen， silent， full， empty， sure， dead， deaf， blind， lame， rainy

    4）表示狀態(tài)作表語的有：afraid， asleep， alive， ashamed， alone， aware， alike

    5）表示時間、空間和方位的有：daily， weekly， monthly， annual， present， front， back， forward， backward， east， west， south， north， left， right， final

    6）表示極限、主次、等級的有：maximum， minimum， utmost， main， major， chief minor， superior， inferior， senior， junior， super， favorite

    7）含有絕對概念的有：absolute， entire， whole， total， perfect， excellent， thorough， complete.

    四。平行結(jié)構(gòu)與比較級

    平行結(jié)構(gòu)很多情況下是由形容詞或副詞的比較級或者暗含比較意味的連詞引導(dǎo)的。如：

    The ideal listener stays both inside and outside the music at the moment it is played and enjoys it almost as much as the composer at the moment he composes.

    大多數(shù)情況下平行結(jié)構(gòu)都是具有一定的比較含義的，有的是遞進對比not only…but （also） ；prefer…to…；rather than有的是同類對比：and ；but；or；both… and…；either…or…； neither…nor………

    平行結(jié)構(gòu)測試時候注意以下幾點：

    1.注意比較結(jié)構(gòu)中相比較的內(nèi)容在語法形式上是否相同。如：

    It is better to die one's feet than     .

    [A]living on one's knees [B]live on one's knees

    [C]on one's knees   [D]to live on one's knees

    （答案為D）

    Despite the temporary difficulties， the manager prefers increasing the output to decreasing it.

    2.其他具有并列或比較意義的短語也可引導(dǎo)平行結(jié)構(gòu)。

    1）rather than， let alone 雖不是并列連詞，但在結(jié)構(gòu)上連接兩個語法形式相同的成分。如：

    We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style         in a personal style.

    [A]rather than       [B]other than       [C]better than       [D]less than

    答案為A

    For the new country to survive，       for its people to enjoy prosperity， new economic policies will be required.

    [A] to name a few     [B]let alone     [C]not to speak     [D]let's say

    （答案為B）

    2）如果平行的兩個成分在形式上是介詞短語，而且介詞相同，一般說來第二個介詞不要省略。如：

    At times， more care goes into the composition of newspaper and magazine advertisements than into the writing of the features and editorials.

    （三）代詞及其指代一致

    一。代詞的指代

    1.that的指代作用

    that指代不可數(shù)名詞和單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞（如是復(fù)數(shù)，用those），后面通常跟有修飾語，如出現(xiàn)在比較結(jié)構(gòu)中的that of.如

    Conversation calls for a willingness to alternate the role of speaker with that of listener， and it calls for occasional “digestive pauses” by both.這里that指代前面的the role.

    No bread eaten by men is so sweet as that earned by his own labor.

    2.one的指代作用

    one指代帶不定冠詞的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，復(fù)數(shù)為ones.the one指代帶定冠詞的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞。如：

    A good writer is           who can express the commonplace in an uncommon way.

    [A] that         [B]he         [C]one       [D]this

    答案為[C]

    3.do的替代作用。

    do代替動詞，注意數(shù)和時態(tài)的變化。如：

    For him to be re-elected， what is essential is not that his policy works ， but that the public believe that it does.

    二。代詞指代一致問題

    代詞指代一致是指指代的名詞在性、數(shù)、格上是否一致，或者所照應(yīng)的名詞詞組在某些方面保持一致。

    Each cigarette a person smokes does some harm， and eventually he may get a serious disease form its effect.

    這里he指代前面的person.

    It was during the 1920's that the friendship between the two American writers Hemingway and Fitzgerald reached its highest point.

    這里its指代前面的兩人的friendship.

    Our department was monitored by two supervisors， Bill and me.

    這里me必須用賓格形式。

    代詞指代一致必須注意以下幾個原則和規(guī)律：

    1.鄰近和靠近原則

    由either … or， neither…nor， not only…but （also）連接先行詞時候，如果兩個先行詞在數(shù)和性上保持一致，就用其相應(yīng)的一直的人稱代詞；如果兩個先行詞在數(shù)或性上不一致，人稱代詞一般與鄰近的先行詞在數(shù)和性上保持一致。

    Neither Mary nor Alice has her key with her.

    Neither the package nor the letters have reached their destination

    If either David or Janet comes ， he or she will want a drink

    2.當(dāng)each， everyone， everybody， no one ，none ，anybody， someone， somebody用作主語或主語的限定詞時候，或者anything， nothing， something everything等不定代詞作主語時候，其相應(yīng)的代詞一般按照語法一致原則，采取單數(shù)形式。如：

    Everybody talked at the top of his voice.

    None of the boys can do it ， can he？

    Everything is ready， isn't it“

    3.當(dāng)主語為復(fù)數(shù)形式，后跟each作同位語時，如果each位于動詞之前，其后的代詞或相應(yīng)的限定詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式；如果 each位于動詞之后，其后的代詞或相應(yīng)的限定詞用單數(shù)形式。如：

    They each have two coats

    we are each responsible for his own family

    4.由and連接兩個先行詞，代詞用復(fù)數(shù)

    如：the tourist and businessmen lost their luggage in the accident

    （三） 主謂一致問題

    主謂一致是指主語與謂語在數(shù)上要一致。把握主謂一致問題，考生主要解決的是對不同結(jié)構(gòu)的主語單復(fù)數(shù)的認定，進而選擇適當(dāng)?shù)闹^語。解決主謂一致主要遵循三個原則：

    語法一致原則   意義一致原則   就近一致原則

    很多情況下應(yīng)該綜合利用這三個原則來處理主謂一致，在不同情況下可能應(yīng)用三個原則中的不同原則，具體應(yīng)用哪種原則應(yīng)該視具體情況而定�？偨Y(jié)如下：

    一。謂語動詞用單數(shù)的情況

    1.動名詞短語、不定式短語、名詞性從句做主語，謂語用單數(shù)。如：

    Buying clothes is often a time-consuming job because those clothes that a person likes are rarely the cones that fit him or her.

    （1987年考研題）

    To understand the situation completely requires more thought than has been given thus far.

    2.表示時間、距離、金額、重量、面積、體積、容積等度量的名詞短語做主語時，謂語用單數(shù)。

    Two weeks was too long

    Five times five makes twenty five

    3.一般用and連接的兩個單詞或短語做主語時候，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)，但是下面用and連接的主語表示一個概念，謂語用單數(shù)：

    law and order           法制             soap and water       肥皂水

    a cup and saucer         茶杯碟子         fork and knife       刀叉

    the needle and thread     針線             trial and error       反復(fù)嘗試，不斷摸索

    horse and carriage       馬車             time and tide         歲月

    bread and butter         奶油面包         the ebb and flow     盛衰，潮漲潮落

    如： If law and order         not preserved， neither the citizen nor his property is safe.

    A. is     B. are     C. was     d. were

    答案：A.

    4.表示學(xué)科和某些疾病名稱的名詞是復(fù)數(shù)形式，作主語時候謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式

    Linguistics is a branch of study on human language.

    5.有些名詞形式上是復(fù)數(shù)，意義上是單數(shù)，根據(jù)意義一致原則動詞用單數(shù)

    The chaos was stopped by the police

    The news is a great encouragement to us

    A series of debates between the lectures was scheduled for the next weekend.

    6.用and 連接的成份表示一個單一概念時候，動詞謂語用單數(shù)形式

    Bread and butter is our daily food

    Time and tide waits for no man

    二。 謂語用復(fù)數(shù)情況

    1. 由and， both …and， 連接的并列主語，和both ，a few， many ，several 等修飾語后面謂語動詞通常用復(fù)數(shù)形式。

    Few people know he and I were classmates when we were at college.

    2.集體名詞police， public， militia， cattle ，class ，youth后常用復(fù)數(shù)形式的動詞

    The Chinese people are brave and hardworking

    The cattle are grazing in the sunshine

    3.當(dāng)表示民族的詞與冠詞合用當(dāng)主語，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式

    The Japanese were once very aggressive

    4.某些形容詞前面加定冠詞表示一類人，做主語時候，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)

    The rich are not always selfish

    5.不可數(shù)名詞作主語，其前有表示數(shù)量的復(fù)數(shù)名詞修飾時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)

    Three million tons of coal were exported that year

    三。謂語動詞可用單數(shù)，也可以用復(fù)數(shù)的情況

    1. 就近一致原則

    這種情況下，謂語動詞使用單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)取決于最靠近該動詞的主語的單復(fù)數(shù)，存在這種情況的主要由以下幾種可能：

    1） 由連詞 either…or…； neither…nor…； whether… or…；not only…but （also） ；or 等連接的并列主語

    Neither money nor fame has influence on me

    Not only you but also he is wrong

    2） 在倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)中，謂語動詞與后面的第一個主語一致

    Blocking the open-sided porch， framed by the enveloping fog， stands a tall grave-faced policeman.

    Just outside the ruins is a magnificent building surrounded by tall trees.

    Although a great number of houses in that area are still in need of repair， there has been improvement in the facili

    2. 主語帶有（together/along）with， such as， accompanied by，   as well as， no less than， except， besides， with， combined with， in addition to ， including， together with   等等附加成分，謂語的數(shù)不受附加成分的影響仍然與主語保持一致

    Professor Taylor ， with six of his students ，is attending a conference in Boston organized to compare current practice in the United States with those of other nations.

    The president of the college， together with the deans， is planning a conference for the purpose of laying down certain regulations.   （1981年考研題）

    3.關(guān)系代詞做主語的定語從句中，謂語的數(shù)要與先行詞一致。如：

    Despite much research， there are still certain elements in the life cycle of the insect that are not fully understood.

    （1996年考研題）

    There are many valuable services which the public are willing to pay for， but which do not bring a return in money to the community.

    （1990年考研題）

    4.一些表示數(shù)量的短語與名詞連用時候，謂語動詞的數(shù)取決于名詞的數(shù)，名詞是復(fù)數(shù)，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)，反之就用單數(shù)。這些短語包括：a lot of /lots of； plenty of/heaps of； half of； two-third （three-fourth…） of； eighty（ten， twenty…） percent； part of； rest of ； none of 等等

    Two-thirds of people present are women

    Lots of damage was caused by the fire

    5.集體名詞作主語時，謂語動詞的數(shù)取決于主語表示的意思和數(shù)，當(dāng)表示整體時候，謂語動詞就用單數(shù)，當(dāng)強調(diào)集體中的個體時候，謂語動詞就用復(fù)數(shù)。這些集體名詞如：army， audience， band ，government ，group ，flock， police， public ，staff ，team ，troop. Crowd， firm， family 等等

    The family is the basic unit of our society

    The family were watching the TV

    The audience was enormous

    The audience were greatly moved at the words

    6.某些固定結(jié)構(gòu)中主語與謂語的數(shù)：

    第一組：

    a great many + 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)                 謂語用復(fù)數(shù)

    a number of + 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)                 謂語用復(fù)數(shù)

    the majority of + 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)               謂語用復(fù)數(shù)

    第二組；

    the number of + 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)               謂語用單數(shù)

    each/every + 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)                   謂語用單數(shù)

    neither/either of + 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)               謂語用單數(shù)

    one and a half + 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)               謂語用單數(shù)

    第三組；

    more than one + 可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)               謂語用單數(shù)

    many a + 可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)                     謂語用單數(shù)

    第四組；

    the greater part of

    a large proportion of

    50% of

    one third of

    plenty of

    the rest of

    謂語的數(shù)與of 后面的名詞一致

    第五組；

    （n）either…（n）or…。

    not only……… but also ……

    not ………but ……

    謂語的數(shù)與主語的第二部分（即（n）or/ but also/ but引導(dǎo)的后面部分）一致。

    注意比較：

    More students than one have been referred to

    More than one student is going to buy this book

    （四）倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)

    倒裝是指句子成分不是按主語在前、謂語在后的正常語序排列，而是將謂語或謂語的一部分移到主語之前。倒裝是一種修辭手段，目的是為了強調(diào)。倒裝分為部分倒裝和全部倒裝，考試多為部分倒裝�？忌鷳�(yīng)掌握什么情況下需要倒裝，并對倒裝后的句子能夠認出來，避免做題時候的盲目和迷茫。

    一。 用全部倒裝的情況

    全部倒裝一般是存在以下列副詞開頭的句子中，全部倒裝的方法是把句子的主謂語序顛倒過來，把謂語移到主語前面：

    1）出于修辭需要，表示方向的副詞：out， down， in ，up， away， on.如：

    Down jumped the burglar from the tenth floor when he heard someone shouted at him.

    Up went the plane

    2）出于習(xí)慣用法：here， there， now， thus， hence， then.如：

    Now is your turn. There goes the bell.

    Here is a ticket for you

    There existed a certain doubt among the students as to the necessity of work

    注意：here，there用于倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)時主語一般為名詞，如果是人稱代詞則不需要倒裝

    “ where is the cup？” “Here it is！”

    Here you are.

    There he comes.

    3）有時主語較長，為了使句子平衡，避免頭重腳輕，主謂要全部倒裝。這種情況多出現(xiàn)在主系表結(jié)構(gòu)中。如：

    Less important than ever is developing a meaningful philosophy of life.

    In between these two extremes are those people who agree with the jury system as a whole， but feel that some changes need to be implemented to improve its effectiveness.

    二。 采用部分倒裝情況

    部分倒裝一般是把句子謂語的一部分（主要是助動詞或系動詞）放到句子主語前，構(gòu)成部分倒裝，而全部倒裝則把句子的謂語（包括實義動詞）都放在主語前

    1.下列否定詞及含有否定意義的詞組修飾狀語時，若置于句首，句子的主謂要部分倒裝，：

    never， no， neither， not only， hardly， scarcely， little， seldom， rarely， not until， nowhere， at no time， on no account， in no respect， in no sense， by no means， in vain， still less.如：

    Not only is its direct attack on their discipline， it bypasses the essence of what sociologists focus on.

    Under no circumstances should we do anything that will benefit ourselves but harm the interests of the state.

    （1985年考研題）

    注：1）如果謂語動詞是單個實義動詞，倒裝時需根據(jù)人稱和時態(tài)加助動詞do.如：

    Little did we expect that he would fulfill his task so rapidly.

    （1983年考研題）

    2）考生要廣義理解“句首”的概念，注意從句的句首和并列分句的句首均為句首。如：

    Suddenly， Gallup's name was on everyone's lips； not only was he the prophet of the moment， but it was generally believed that he had founded a new and most important method of prediction.

    2.以only修飾狀語（副詞，介詞短語，狀語從句）開頭的句子，句子的主謂要部分倒裝：

    only then， only at that time， only once， only in this way， only with， only through， only by， only when， only after， only because.如：

    Only when you have obtained sufficient data       come to a sound conclusion.

    [A]can you         [B]would you       [C]you will         [D]you can

    3.以下列副詞或短語開頭的句子，句子的主謂要部分倒裝：

    often， so， well， to such a degree， to such an extent， to such extremes， to such a point， many a time.如：

    So involved with their computers         that leaders at summer computer camps often have to force them to break for sports and games.

    [A]became the children             [B]become the children

    [C]had the children become         [D]do the children become

    （2001年考研題，答案為D）

    4.比較從句的倒裝：

    as， than引導(dǎo)的比較從句中，如果主語是名詞短語且較長，經(jīng)常采用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)（不倒裝也可以）。注意：這種結(jié)構(gòu)主語一般為名詞，如果是代詞則不倒裝。如：

    Hydrogen burns much more cleanly than do other fuels and is easy to produce.

    Today's electuic cars cannot go as fast as gasoline-driven vehicles because the battery does not offer the same amount of energy as does gasoline combustion.

    Reading is to the mind as is exercise to the body.

    5.用于前面所說的情況也適用于另一人（物）的肯定句或否定句中的倒裝

    1） 肯定重復(fù)倒裝用：so

    They have got up， and so has jack

    2） 否定重復(fù)倒裝用：nor， neither， no more

    If you don't agree to our plan， neither will they

    6.“not only……but also”結(jié)構(gòu)時，如果not only 放在句首，則前半句but （also）句子后面不倒裝

    Not only did we lose all our money， but we also came close to being broke.

    三。 特殊的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)

    特殊形式的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)是指句子雖然是倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，但不是主謂倒裝，而往往是出于強調(diào)的需要，把強調(diào)部分移到句首，而其它部分順序不需要改變，句子主謂不需要倒裝。出現(xiàn)這樣的情況有以下幾種可能：

    1.讓步從句的倒裝。

    1）as引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，必須采用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，但不是主謂倒裝，而是將被強調(diào)的內(nèi)容置于句首。如：

    Much as I have traveled， I have never seen anyone to equal her， in thoroughness， whatever the job.

    Brave as they are， they are afraid of fight

    2）。出現(xiàn)在句型be+主語+其他，come what may中。如：

    While it's true that we all need a career， preferably a profitable one， it is equally true that our civilization has accumulated an incredible amount of knowledge-be it scientific or artistic.

    The business of each day         selling goods or shipping them， went quite smoothly.

    [A] it being     [B] be it     [C] was it     [D] it was     （答案為B）

    3） no matter how（who…）；however引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句必須采用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，但不是主謂倒裝，而是將被強調(diào)的內(nèi)容置于句首。如：

    No matter how busy he is ， he has to attend the meeting

    However cold it is ， he always goes swimming.

    語法測試

    1. She said that she __ much progress since she came here.

    A. makes         B. made         C. have made     D had made

    2. “What's the matter， Ali？ You look sad.”

    “Oh， nothing much. As a matter of fact， I     my friends back home.”

    A. just thought                   B. have just been thinking

    C. was just thinking               D. have just thought

    3. She         on this essay for twenty minutes but she has written only about a hundred words.

    A. will be working                     B. worked

    C. has been working                   D. will have worked

    4. The committee will not make the decision until it     the matter.

    A. has investigated                 B.investigates

    C. will have investigated             D. investigated

    5. Carey didn't go to the party last night because she         the baby for her sister until 9：30.

    A.must have looked after       B. would have to look after

    C. had to look after             D. should have looked after

    6.         four years since   John left school.

    A. They have been     B. It is       C. It was   D. Those are

    7.The car     at the present speed until it reaches the foot of the mountain at about 4 o' clock this afternoon.

    A. has gone             B. has not gone         C will be going         D. has been going

    8. By the time you arrive in London， we __ in Europe for two weeks.

    A. shall stay           B. have stayed         C. will have stayed       D. have been staying

    9. Between 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed         .

    A. had produced                     B. have been produced

    C. would have produced               D. had been produced

    10. The president __ the delegation at the airport but he was taken ill last night， so the vice-president is going to instead.

    A. is to meet                 B. was to meet

    C. has been to meet           D. was to have met

    語法測題答案與詳解

    1.（D）   根據(jù)時態(tài)一致的原則，間接引語（或賓語從句）的時態(tài)應(yīng)與主句的時態(tài)一致。該句中said是過去時所以that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句中也要用過去的某一種時態(tài)，而從句中since引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句表明其應(yīng)為完     成時態(tài)，故應(yīng)用過去完成時態(tài)。

    2.（C）   通過上下文可以判定Ali看起來很難受很傷心，是因為剛才在進行的事情所導(dǎo)致的，所以用過去進行時較好，故（C）是正確答案。

    3，（C）   根據(jù)句意和時間狀語for twenty minutes，可以判斷這里應(yīng)填入現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)，現(xiàn)在完成進行時是現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)的強調(diào)形式，并且選項中沒有現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)，所以（C）是正確答案。

    4.（A）   句意表明委員會是在調(diào)查事件之后才會做出決定，調(diào)查應(yīng)發(fā)生在決定之前，所以應(yīng)用將來完成時態(tài)，但是在英語中，時間條件狀語從句中的將來完成時態(tài)是由現(xiàn)在完成時來表示的，所以正確答案是（A）。

    5.（C）   從上下文的邏輯意義看，（C）項是唯一的正確答案。Carey沒有參加晚會，原因是給她姐姐照看小孩子。而（A）和（D）表示對過去發(fā)生的事情根據(jù)客觀情況作出主觀推斷：（A）作“準(zhǔn)是看孩子了”講；（D）作 “本應(yīng)該看孩子”講，都不對，而（B）表示動作發(fā)生在過去的將來，也不對，所以只有（C）正確。

    6.（B）   這是一個固定結(jié)構(gòu)（或句型）。本句也可說在“Four years have passed since John left school.”或“has been four years sinceJohn left schoo1.''

    7，（C）   until引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句用了一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來的意思，主句因此必須用一般將來時與之呼應(yīng)，口語中常用將來進行時代替一般將來時表示預(yù)料即將發(fā)生或肯定發(fā)生的事，也可表示某件事已經(jīng)決定了。本句完全可以用will go 因此，正確答案是（C）。     o

    8.（C）   by the time引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句中若謂語動詞用現(xiàn)在時，則主句要用將來完成時；若謂語動詞用過去時，則主句要用過去完成時，有時也可以用過去將來完成時。這樣，本道題目的正確答案是（C）。

    9.（D）   有具體表示過去某一時間段內(nèi)業(yè)已發(fā)生的事件的時間狀語，句子應(yīng)該用過去完成時。

    10.（B）   由第一個句子中的but引導(dǎo)的轉(zhuǎn)折句中所用的過去時，可以判斷總統(tǒng)本要在機場接見代表團，表示計劃要做某事在英語中可以用be+動詞不定式來表達，故正確答案是B）。

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