形容詞和副詞

　　形容詞及其用法

　　形容詞修飾名詞，說(shuō)明事物或人的性質(zhì)或特征。其位置不一定都放在名詞前面。

　　1)　直接說(shuō)明事物的性質(zhì)或特征的形容詞是性質(zhì)形容詞，它有級(jí)的變化，可以用程度副詞修飾，在句中可作定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。例如：hot 熱的。

　　2)　敘述形容詞只能作表語(yǔ)，所以又稱為表語(yǔ)形容詞。這類形容詞沒(méi)有級(jí)的變化，也不可用程度副詞修飾。大多數(shù)以a開(kāi)頭的形容詞都屬于這一類。

　　例如：well身體好的，unwell，ill，faint，afraid，alike，alive，alone，asleep，awake ，ablaze著火的, alert警惕的等。

　　（錯(cuò)）　He is an ill man.

　�。▽�(duì)）　The man is ill.

　�。ㄥe(cuò)）　She is an afraid girl.

　�。▽�(duì)）　The girl is afraid.

　　3）形容詞作定語(yǔ)修飾名詞時(shí)，要放在名詞的前邊。但是如果形容詞修飾以-thing為字尾的詞語(yǔ)時(shí)，要放在這些詞之后，

　　例如： something nice

　　2 以-ly結(jié)尾的形容詞

　　1） 大部分形容詞加-ly可構(gòu)成副詞。但 friendly，deadly，lovely，lonely，likely，lively，　　ugly，brotherly，仍為形容詞。

　　(錯(cuò)） She sang lovely.

　�。ㄥe(cuò)） He spoke to me very friendly.

　�。▽�(duì)） Her singing was lovely.

　　（對(duì)） He spoke to me in a very friendly way.

　　2）有些以-ly 結(jié)尾既為形容詞，也為副詞。

　　daily，weekly，monthly，yearly，early

　　The Times is a daily paper.

　　The Times is published daily.

　　3 用形容詞表示類別和整體

　　1） 某些形容詞加上定冠詞可以泛指一類人，與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的復(fù)數(shù)連接。如：the dead，the living，the rich，the poor，the blind，the hungry

　　The poor are losing hope.

　　2） 有關(guān)國(guó)家和民族的形容詞加上定冠詞指這個(gè)民族的整體，與動(dòng)詞的復(fù)數(shù)連用。

　　the British，the English，the French，the Chinese.

　　The English have wonderful sense of humor.

　　4 多個(gè)形容詞修飾名詞的順序

　　多個(gè)形容詞修飾名詞時(shí)，其順序?yàn)椋?/p>

　　限定詞--數(shù)詞--描繪詞--(大小，長(zhǎng)短，形狀，新舊，顏色) --出處--材料性質(zhì)，類別--名詞

　　a small round table

　　a tall gray building

　　a dirty old brown shirt

　　a famous German medical school

　　an expensive Japanese sports car

　　1） Tony is going camping with ___ boys.

　　A.　little two other　 B. two little other

　　C.　two other little　 D. other two little

　　答案：C。由"限定詞--數(shù)詞--描繪詞--(大小，長(zhǎng)短，形狀，新舊，顏色) --性質(zhì)--名詞"的公式可知數(shù)詞，描繪詞，性質(zhì)依次順序，只有C符合答案。

　　2)　One day they crossed the ____bridge behind the palace.

　　A. old Chinese stone　　 B. Chinese old stone

　　C. old stone Chinese　　D. Chinese stone old

　　答案：A.  幾個(gè)形容詞修飾一個(gè)名詞，他們的排列順序是：年齡，形狀，大小+顏色+來(lái)源+質(zhì)地+用途+國(guó)家+名詞。

　　3)  ---- How was your recent visit to Qingdao?

　　---- It was great. We visited some friends，and spent the ___days at the seaside.

　　A. few last sunny　 B. last few sunny

　　C. last sunny few　 D. few sunny last

　　答案：B。本題考查多個(gè)形容詞的排序問(wèn)題。

　　一般與被修飾形容詞關(guān)系密切的形容詞靠近名詞；如果幾個(gè)形容詞的重要性差不多，音節(jié)少的形容詞在前，音節(jié)多的方在后，在不能確定時(shí)，可參照下表：

　　限定詞+數(shù)量詞（序數(shù)詞在前，基數(shù)詞在后）+性狀形容詞+大小、長(zhǎng)短、高低等形體+

　　those + three + beautiful + large + square

　　新舊+顏色+國(guó)籍+材料+名詞

　　old + brown + wood + tables

　5 副詞及其基本用法

　　副詞主要用來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞，形容詞，副詞或其他結(jié)構(gòu)。

　　一、副詞的位置：

　　1） 在動(dòng)詞之前。

　　2） 在be動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞之后。

　　3） 多個(gè)助動(dòng)詞時(shí)，副詞一般放在個(gè)助動(dòng)詞后。

　　注意：

　　a. 大多數(shù)方式副詞位于句尾，但賓語(yǔ)過(guò)長(zhǎng)，副詞可以提前，以使句子平衡。

　　We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us.

　　b. 方式副詞well，badly糟、壞，hard等只放在句尾。

　　He speaks English well.

　　二、副詞的排列順序：

　　1） 時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)副詞，小單位的在前，大單位在后。

　　2） 方式副詞，短的在前，長(zhǎng)的在后，并用and或but等連詞連接。

　　Please write slowly and carefully.

　　3） 多個(gè)不同副詞排列：程度+地點(diǎn)+方式+時(shí)間副詞。

　　注意：副詞very 可以修飾形容詞，但不能修飾動(dòng)詞。

　　(錯(cuò))　I very like English.

　　(對(duì))　I like English very much.

　　注意：副詞enough要放在形容詞的后面，形容詞enough放在名詞前后都可。

　　I don't know him well enough.

　　There is enough food for everyone to eat.

　　There is food enough for everyone to eat.

　　6 兼有兩種形式的副詞

　　1) close與closely

　　close意思是"近"； closely 意思是"仔細(xì)地"

　　He is sitting close to me.

　　Watch him closely.

　　2)　late 與lately

　　late意思是"晚"； lately 意思是"最近"

　　You have come too late.

　　What have you been doing lately?

　　3)　deep與deeply

　　deep意思是"深"，表示空間深度；deeply時(shí)常表示感情上的深度，"深深地"

　　He pushed the stick deep into the mud.

　　Even father was deeply moved by the film.

　　4)　high與highly

　　high表示空間高度；highly表示程度，相當(dāng)于much

　　The plane was flying high.

　　I think highly of your opinion.

　　5)　wide與widely

　　wide表示空間寬度；widely意思是"廣泛地"，"在許多地方"

　　He opened the door wide.

　　English is widely used in the world.

　　6)　free與freely

　　free的意思是"免費(fèi)"；freely 的意思是"無(wú)限制地"

　　You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like.

　　You may speak freely; say what you like.

　　7 形容詞與副詞的比較級(jí)

　　大多數(shù)形容詞（性質(zhì)形容詞）和副詞有比較級(jí)和的變化，即原級(jí)、比較級(jí)和，用來(lái)表示事物的等級(jí)差別。原級(jí)即形容詞的原形，比較級(jí)和有規(guī)則變化和不規(guī)則變化兩種。

　　1) 規(guī)則變化

　　單音節(jié)詞和少數(shù)雙音節(jié)詞，加詞尾-er，-est來(lái)構(gòu)成比較級(jí)和。

　　8 as + 形容詞或副詞原級(jí) + as

　　1）在否定句或疑問(wèn)句中可用so… as。

　　He cannot run so/as fast as you.

　　2）當(dāng)as… as 中間有名詞時(shí)采用以下格式。

　　as +形容詞+ a +單數(shù)名詞

　　as + many/much +名詞

　　This is as good an example as the other is.

　　I can carry as much paper as you can..

　　3）用表示倍數(shù)的詞或其他程度副詞做修飾語(yǔ)時(shí)，放在as的前面。

　　This room is twice as big as that one.

　　Your room is the same size as mine.

　　4) 倍數(shù)+ as + adj. + as　<=> 倍數(shù)+ that + of

　　This bridge is three times as long as that one.

　　This bridge is three times the length of that one.

　　Your room is twice as large as mine.

　　Your room is twice the size of mine.

　　9 比較級(jí)形容詞或副詞 + than

　　You are taller than I.

　　注意： 1）要避免重復(fù)使用比較級(jí)。

　　(錯(cuò)) He is more cleverer than his brother.

　　(對(duì)) He is more clever than his brother.

　　(對(duì)) He is clever than his brother.

　　2）要避免將主語(yǔ)含在比較對(duì)象中。

　　(錯(cuò)) China is larger than any country in Asia.

　　(對(duì)) China is larger than any other countries in Asia.

　　3）要注意對(duì)應(yīng)句型，遵循前后一致的原則。

　　The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing.

　　It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out.

　　4）要注意冠詞的使用。

　　比較：Which is large, Canada or Australia?

　　Which is the larger country, Canada or Australia?

　　She is taller than her two sisters.

　　She is the taller of the two sisters.

　　典型例題

　　1）The weather in China is different from____.

　　A. in America　           B. one in America

　　C. America                  D. that in America

　　答案：D.

　　2）After the new technique was introduced，the factory produced ___ tractors in 1988 as the year before.

　　A. as twice many　　B. as many twice

　　C. twice as many　D. twice many as

　　C. 此句意為"這個(gè)廠1988能生產(chǎn)的拖拉機(jī)是往年的兩倍"。 表示倍數(shù)用"倍數(shù)+ as + 形容詞原形+ as +比較對(duì)象"的句型。所以此句答案為C。

　　This ruler is three times as long as that one.

　10 可修飾比較級(jí)的詞

　　1. a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even等

　　2. 還可以用表示倍數(shù)的詞或度量名詞作修飾語(yǔ)。

　　3.以上詞(除by far)外，必須置于比較級(jí)形容詞或副詞的前面。

　　1)---- Are you feeling ____?

　　---- Yes，I'm fine now.

　　A. any well　B. any better　   C. quite good  D. quite better

　　答案：B. any 可修飾比較級(jí)，quite修飾原級(jí)，well的比較級(jí)為better.

　　2）The experiment was____ easier than we had expected.

　　A.　more　 B.　much more　C.　much　　D.　more much

　　答案：C.　much可修飾比較級(jí)，因此B，C都說(shuō)得通，但easier本身已是比較級(jí)，不需more，因此C為正確答案。

　　3）If there were no examinations, we should have ___ at school.

　　A. the happiest time　　          B. a more happier time

　　C. much happiest time　          D.a much happier time

　　答案：D。

　　11 many,old 和 far

　　1) 如果后接名詞時(shí)，much more +不可數(shù)名詞

　　many more +可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)

　　2) old 有兩種比較級(jí)和形式: older/oldest 和elder/eldest。 elder，eldest 只用于兄弟姐妹的長(zhǎng)幼關(guān)系。

　　My elder brother is an engineer.

　　Mary is the eldest of the three sisters.

　　3) far 有兩種比較級(jí)，farther，further. 在英語(yǔ)中兩者都可指距離。

　　在美語(yǔ)中，farther 表示距離，further表示進(jìn)一步。

　　I have nothing further to say.

　　12 the + + 比較范圍

　　1) The Sahara is the biggest desert in the world.

　　形容詞前通常必須用定冠詞 the，副詞前可不用。

　　形容詞most前面沒(méi)有the，不表示的含義，只表示"非常"。

　　It is a most important problem. =It is a very important problem.

　　注意 使用要注意將主語(yǔ)包括在比較范圍內(nèi)。

　　(錯(cuò))　Tom is the tallest of his three brothers.

　　(對(duì))　Tom is the tallest of the three brothers.

　　2) 下列詞可修飾，by far, far, much, mostly, almost

　　This hat is nearly / almost the biggest.

　　注意：

　　a.　 very可修飾，但位置與much不同。

　　This is the very best.                  This is much the best.

　　b.　 序數(shù)詞通常只修飾。

　　Africa is the second largest continent.

　　3) 句型轉(zhuǎn)換：

　　Mike is the most intelligent in his class.

　　Mike is more intelligent than any other students in his class.

　　4) "否定詞語(yǔ)+比較級(jí)"，"否定詞語(yǔ)+ so… as"結(jié)構(gòu)表示含義。

　　Nothing is so easy as this.

　　=Nothing is easier than this.  =This is the easiest thing.

　　13 和more有關(guān)的詞組

　　1) the more… the more…　越……就越……

　　The harder you work，the greater progress you'll make.

　　2) no more than = only "只"

　　He has no more than 10 dollars. = he has only 10 dollars.

　　3) not more than = at most    "最多"

　　He has not more than five dollars.

　　4) no more… than…= not … any more than "與……一樣不 ……， "不比……多

　　I am no more mad than you are.

　　= I am not mad any more than you. = you are not mad, nor am i.

　　5) not more … than= not so … as "沒(méi)有到…的程度"；"不像…那樣…"

　　He is not more generous than John.

　　(= He is not so generous as John.)

　　6) more than　不只是，非常

　　She is more than kind to us all.

　　The story of the erupted island is more than a story.

　　His merits more than offset彌補(bǔ), 抵銷demerits.

　　more B than A　與其說(shuō)A不如說(shuō)B

　　=less A than B

　　He is more lazy than slow at his work.

　　= He is less slow than lazy at his work.

　　13 和less有關(guān)的詞組

　　1) no less than = as much (many) as

　　I have no less than (as much as) 10,000 dollars.

　　2) not less than = at least

　　He as not less than (at least) 5 dollars.

　　3) no less… than…= as …as與……一樣……

　　She is no less rich (as rich as )than her sister.

　　He is no less diligent than you.

　4) not less +原級(jí) than = 至少不必…差，也許比…好

　　She is not less rich than her sister.

　　(= She is as rich as , or richer than, her sister.)

　　1.     There is ____ bridge over the river.

　　A. a stone old fine                 B. an old stone fine

　　C. a fine old stone                  D. an old fine stone

　　2.     It's surprising that ____ little children could do ____ much work.

　　A. such; so                        B. so; such

　　C. such; such                      D. so; so

　　3.     How ____ the song sounds!

　　A. pleasure                 B. pleased

　　C. pleasant             D. pleasantly

　　4.     No sooner had he gone to bed than he fell ____.

　　A. sleep          B. asleep  C. slept           D. sleepily

　　5.     They dug ____ into the earth, hoping to find something of ____.

　　A. deep; value                      B. deeply; value

　　C. deep; valuable                   D. deeply; valuable

　　1-5  CACBA

　　6. What a ____ day we are having today!

　　A. lovely                          B. likely

　　C. lively                           D. interestingly

　　7. John is two years ____ than I.

　　A. smaller                   B. less

　　C. elder                           D. younger

　　8. He is said to be the best-known musician ____.

　　A. alive             B. living

　　C. live                            D. lively

　　9. Have you got any ____ information for us?

　　A. further                          B. farther

　　C. far                              D. farer

　　10. I know I am short, but he is ____ than I.

　　A. less taller                       B. more tall

　　C. no taller                        D. the taller

　　6-10  ADAAC     lively adj.活潑的, 活躍的, 栩栩如生的

　　lovely

　　adj.可愛(ài)的, 有趣的

　　likely

　　adj.很可能的

　　be likely to do sth.

　　這趟火車很可能晚點(diǎn)。

　　The train is likely to be late.

　　可能做某事

　　lively

　　adj活潑的；生氣勃勃的

　　A lively person is full of life and is always doing things.

　　一個(gè)生氣勃勃的人，總是充滿活力并且總在做事。

　　alive

　　adj活的，活著的

　　The fish we caught is still alive.

　　我們捉的魚(yú)還活著。

　　living

　　adj活著的，有生命的

　　對(duì)我們來(lái)說(shuō)在世的人比去世的人更重要。

　　The living are more important to us than the dead.

　　她沒(méi)有還健在的親戚。

　　She has no living relatives.

　　live

　　adj活的，有生命的，實(shí)況轉(zhuǎn)播的

　　a live animal

　　活的動(dòng)物

　　It wasn't a recorded show; it was live.

　　"那不是錄音節(jié)目,是實(shí)況轉(zhuǎn)播。"

　　11. Wang Lin is ____ a worker. He writes novels.

　　A. more than                      B. not more than

　　C. no more than                D. less than

　　12. It's ____ faster to travel by air ____ by water.

　　A. much; than                     B. much more; as

　　C. more; than                     D. very more; than like

　　13.     Sally is doing ____ in all her courses.

　　A. particular good            B. particularly well

　　C. particularly good            D. particular well

　　14. The people there were ____ young students between the ages of 13 and 15.

　　A. most            B. much C. mostly         D. at most

　　15. We can do the work with ____ money and ____ people.

　　A. less; few                      B. less; fewer

　　C. little; less                      D. fewer; less

　　11-15  A A BC B

　　most   adj, pron最多的；最大的;大多數(shù)；大部分

　　to get the most votes 得到最多的票數(shù)

　　他的大部分時(shí)間花在旅行上。

　　Most of his time is spent travelling.

　　大多數(shù)人在夏季休假。

　　Most people take their holidays in the summer.

　　adv最; 非常；頗

　　我最喜歡最后那首歌。

　　I like the last song most.

　　在商品展覽會(huì)上什么東西使你最感興趣?

　　What interested you most at the fair?

　　mostly

　　adv. generally; usually.

　　普遍地；通常地

　　The earth here is mostly clay.

　　這兒的土大部分是黏土。

　　Most of the Americans use their cars mostly for their job.

　　大多數(shù)美國(guó)人的汽車主要是用來(lái)上班的。

　　at most

　　adv.至多

　　16. They have produced ____ grain this year ____, they did last year.

　　A. as less; as                       B. as few; as

　　C. less; than                        D. fewer; than

　　17. He had never spent a ____ day in his life.

　　A. much worry                      B. more worrying

　　C. most worrying                   D. so worrying

　　18 He moved away from his parents, and missed them ____ enjoy the colorful life in another city.

　　A) enough to     B) too much to

　　C) very much to     D) much so to

　　19. This is ____ to answer.

　　A) rather a difficult question   B) rather difficult a question

　　C) rather difficult question    D) a question rather difficult

　　16-19 CBB A

　　20) This TV is ____ all the other TV in the department store.

　　A) superior to    B) advantageous than

　　C) super to    D) beneficial to

　　21) My command of English is ____ as yours.

　　A) half not so good   B) not half so good

　　C) not so good half   D) not so half good

　　22) Last year, John earned ____ his brother, who is less capable.

　　A) three times as much as

　　B) twice as many as   C) twice worse

　　D) three times as more as

　　23)___Are you going to the concert in the 21st Century Hotel?

　　--No, the tickets are ____ for me.

　　A) much far expensive   B) so much expensive

　　C) too far expensive   D) far too expensive

　　24) We need ____ information before we can decide.

　　A) far   B) farther  C) further  D) furthest

　　20- 24A B A D C

　　superior to

　　adj.(指位置)高[上]級(jí)的; 優(yōu)勢(shì)的, 勝過(guò)...的(to; in)

　　junior to

　　adj.較年幼的, 職[地]位較低的

　　advantageous

　　adj.有利的, 有益的; 便利的

　　這對(duì)我們極為有利。

　　It is highly advantageous to us.

　　beneficial to

　　adj.有利[益]的

　　be beneficial to有益于

　　陽(yáng)光對(duì)植物有益。

　　Sunshine is beneficial to plants.