政策解讀
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第一講 名詞
advice
n.忠告, 建議
一點(diǎn)意見
some advice
一條意見
a piece of advice
提出忠告
give advice
baggage
n.(=luggage)[美]行李
cash
n現(xiàn)金;零錢
現(xiàn)金支付
to pay (in) cash
你有現(xiàn)金嗎?
Have you any cash?
clothing
n衣服(總稱)
damage
n.損害, 傷害
The storm did a lot of damage to the crops.
暴風(fēng)雨使莊稼受到了很大損失。
equipment
n設(shè)備,裝備
Our school has been given some new equipment.
我們學(xué)校有了一些贈(zèng)送的新設(shè)備。
furniture
n.家具
information
n. 消息, 知識, 信息
jewelry
n珠寶
knowledge
n.知識, 學(xué)問
laughter
n笑;笑聲
leisure
n.空閑, 閑暇
leisure time
業(yè)余時(shí)間
machinery
n機(jī)器;機(jī)械(總稱)
The machinery in the factory consists of several different kinds of machines.
工廠里的機(jī)械設(shè)備包括許多種不同的機(jī)器。
n.郵件
他每天有大量的信件要回復(fù)。
He has a large amount of mail to answer every day.
recognition
n承認(rèn);認(rèn)可; 認(rèn)得
research
n.探索,調(diào)查, (in, on into)
a very interesting piece of research
some research on the effects of brain damage
scenery
n.風(fēng)景, 景色
一塊肥皂
a cake [cube] of soap
traffic
n交通,來往的行人、車輛等
Traffic police are sometimes very polite.
交通警察非常有禮貌。
The city streets are full of traffic.
城市的街道上滿是行人車輛。
violence
n.猛烈, 暴力
an act of violence
暴力行為
damned
adj.該死的, 被咒罵的
statistics
n.統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué), 統(tǒng)計(jì)表
fierce
adj.兇猛的, 猛烈的
currency
n流通; 通貨;貨幣
giggle
n格格笑
chuckle
n.吃吃的笑聲
1. 名詞
名詞可以分為專有名詞(Proper Nouns)和普通名詞 (Common Nouns),專有名詞是某個(gè)(些)人,地方,機(jī)構(gòu)等專有的名稱,如Beijing,China等。普通名詞是一類人或東西或是一個(gè)抽象概念的名詞,如:book,sadness等。普通名詞又可分為下面四類:
1)個(gè)體名詞(Individual Nouns):表示某類人或東西中的個(gè)體,如:gun
2)集合名詞(Collective Nouns):表示若干個(gè)個(gè)體組成的集合體,如:family
3)物質(zhì)名詞(Material Nouns):表示無法分為個(gè)體的實(shí)物,如:air
4)抽象名詞(Abstract Nouns):表示動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)、感情等抽象概念,如:work
1. 名詞的數(shù)
一般情況 加 -s
以s,sh,ch, x等結(jié)尾的詞 加 -es
以ce,se,ze, (d)ge等結(jié)尾的詞 加 -s
以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的詞 變y 為i 再加es
以y結(jié)尾的專有名詞,或元音字母+y 結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí),直接加s變復(fù)數(shù):
如: two Marys the Henrys monkey---monkeys holiday---holidays
1.2 其它名詞復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則變化
以o 結(jié)尾的名詞,變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí):
a. 加s,如: photo---photos piano---pianos radio---radios zoo---zoos;
b. 加es,如:potato--potatoes tomato--tomatoes
c. 均可,如:zero---zeros / zeroes
以f或fe 結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí):
a. 加s,如: belief---beliefs roof---roofs safe---safes gulf---gulfs;
b. 去f,fe 加ves,如:half---halves
knife---knives leaf---leaves wolf---wolves
wife---wives life---lives thief---thieves;
1.3名詞復(fù)數(shù)的不規(guī)則變化(考點(diǎn))
1)child---children foot---feet tooth---teeth mouse---mice man---men woman---women
注意:與 man 和 woman構(gòu)成的合成詞,其復(fù)數(shù)形式也是 -men 和-women。
如: an Englishman,two Englishmen. 但German不是合成詞,故復(fù)數(shù)形式為Germans;Bowman是姓,其復(fù)數(shù)是the Bowmans。
2)單復(fù)同形 如:deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese , li,jin,yuan,two li,four jin
但除人民幣元、角、分外,美元、英鎊、法郎等都有復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters
3)集合名詞,以單數(shù)形式出現(xiàn),但實(shí)為復(fù)數(shù)。
如: people police cattle 等本身就是復(fù)數(shù),不能說 a people,a police,a cattle,但可以說
a person,a policeman,a head of cattle
the English,the British,the French,the Chinese,the Japanese,the Swiss 等名詞,表示國民總稱時(shí),作復(fù)數(shù)用。
如: The Chinese are industrious and brave. 中國人民是勤勞勇敢的。
集合名詞指單一(oneness)的集合體時(shí)用單數(shù)動(dòng)詞,指個(gè)別的(individual)組成份子時(shí)用復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞。
My family is a large one.
My family are all very well.
這類集合名詞有:army, audience, class, committee, crowd, crew全體工作人員, couple, group, staff全體職員, team, public, cabinet內(nèi)閣, band
4)以s結(jié)尾,仍為單數(shù)的名詞,如:
a.學(xué)科名詞: mathematics,politics,physics, linguistics
b. 疾病名詞: measles, mumps
c. news 是不可數(shù)名詞。
d.專有名詞: the United States,the United Nations ,
eg. The United Nations was organized in 1945.
5) 以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)的書名,劇名,報(bào)紙,雜志名,也可視為單數(shù).
Eg. "The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book.
<<一千零一夜>>是一本非常有趣的故事書
6) 表示由兩部分構(gòu)成的東西,
A. 衣服: trousers, pants, clothes
B: 用具: spectacles, = glasses , scissors,
若表達(dá)具體數(shù)目,要借助數(shù)量詞 pair(對,雙); suit(套);
a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers
The scissors aren't sharp.
A pair of scissors is on the desk.
7) 另外還有一些名詞,其復(fù)數(shù)形式有時(shí)可表示特別意思,如:
goods貨物,waters水域,fishes(各種)魚
1.4 定語名詞的復(fù)數(shù)(考點(diǎn))
名詞作定語一般用單數(shù),如:computer room, 但也有以下例外。
1) 用復(fù)數(shù)作定語。
如:sports meeting 運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì) students reading-room 學(xué)生閱覽室
talks table 談判桌 the foreign languages department 外語系
2) man, woman, gentleman等作定語時(shí),其單復(fù)數(shù)以所修飾的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)而定。
如:men workers women teachers gentlemen officials
3) 有些原有s結(jié)尾的名詞,作定語時(shí),s保留。
如:goods train (貨車) arms produce 武器生產(chǎn)
customs papers 海關(guān)文件 clothes brush衣刷
4) 數(shù)詞+名詞作定語時(shí),這個(gè)名詞一般保留單數(shù)形式。
如:two-dozen eggs 兩打/(二十四個(gè)雞蛋) a ten-mile walk 十里路
two-hundred trees 兩百棵樹 a five-year plan. 一個(gè)五年計(jì)劃
個(gè)別的有用復(fù)數(shù)作定語的,如: a seven-years child
1.5 不同國家的人的單復(fù)數(shù)
名稱 總稱(謂語用復(fù)數(shù)) 一個(gè)人 兩個(gè)人
中國人 the Chinese a Chinese two Chinese
瑞士人 the Swiss a Swiss two Swiss
澳大利亞人the Australians an Australian two Australians
俄國人 the Russians a Russian two Russians
意大利人 the Italians an Italian two Italians
希臘人 the Greek a Greek two Greeks
法國人 the French a Frenchman two Frenchmen
日本人 the Japanese a Japanese two Japanese
美國人 the Americans an American two Americans
印度人 the Indians an Indian two Indians
加拿大人 the Canadians a Canadian two Canadians
德國人 the Germans a Germans two Germans
英國人 the English an Englishman two Englishmen
瑞典人 the Swedish a Swede two Swedes
1.6 名詞的格(考點(diǎn))
在英語中有些名詞可以加's來表示所有關(guān)系,帶這種詞尾的名詞形式稱為該名詞的所有格,如:a teacher's book。名詞所有格的規(guī)則如下:
1) 單數(shù)名詞詞尾加's,復(fù)數(shù)名詞詞尾沒有s,也要加's",如the boy's bag 男孩的書包,men's room 男廁所。
2) 若名詞已有復(fù)數(shù)詞尾-s ,只加',
如:the workers' struggle 工人的斗爭。
3) 凡不能加's的名詞,都可以用"名詞+of +名詞"的結(jié)構(gòu)來表示所有關(guān)系,如:the title of the song 歌的名字。
4) 在表示店鋪或教堂的名字或某人的家時(shí),名詞所有格的后面常常不出現(xiàn)它所修飾的名詞,如:the barber's 理發(fā)店。
5) 如果兩個(gè)名詞并列,并且分別有's,則表示"分別有";只有一個(gè)'s,則表示'共有'。
如:John's and Mary's room(兩間) John and Mary's room(一間
6) 復(fù)合名詞或短語,'s 加在最后一個(gè)詞的詞尾。
如:a month or two's absence
1.7 名詞作同位語
A.同位語和它前面的名詞是指同一人或物
A neighbor, Fred Brick, is on the telephone.
B.為了加強(qiáng)語氣,同位語也可變動(dòng)位置
An unusual present, a book on ethics, awaited him.
An unusual present awaited him , a book on ethics.
1. This is ___ reading-room.
A. the student's B. student's
C. students D. the students
2. How many___ would you like?
A. paper B. bread
C. pieces of papers D. pieces of bread
3. He was praised for his ___.
A. brave B. bravery
C. bravely D. great brave
4. Please get me a new ___ when you go to town.
A. clothes B. dress C. clothing D. trousers
5. There are 34___ doctors in the hospital.
A. woman B. women C. woman's D. women's
1-5 D D B B B
6. Some___ are even thinner than your little finger.
bamboo B. bamboos
C. kinds of bamboo D. kinds of bamboos
7. He was born in this town and now he lives in ___.
Building second B. Building Two
C. the Building Two D. Building the Second
8. Old as he is, he has ___to do every day.
A. a lot of work B. much works
C. lots of homeworks D. quite a lot of homeworks
9. Jack's room is furnished with ___.
A. new furnitures B. many new furnitures
C. many new pieces of furnitures
D. many new pieces of furniture
6-9 CBAD
10. Have you read ___newspaper yet?
A. today's B. Today's
C. the today's D. your today's
11. It's not far, only ___walk from here to our school.
A. a ten minutes B. ten minutes
C. a ten minutes' D. ten minutes'
12. Last month, he wrote me ___letter.
A. a 1000-word B. 1000 words
C. a 1000-words D. 1000 words'
13. He had a ___sleep yesterday.
A. a good night B. a good-night
C. a good night's D. good-night's
14. ___is not a long way to drive.
A. Three miles distance B. Three-mile distance
C. Three miles' distance D. A three-mile-distance
10-14 ADACC
15. His isn't fit for the work. Please get me ___.
A. something else B. somebody else
C. someone else's D. somebody's else
16. Do you know how large ___ is?
A. population of China B. Chinese population
C. China population D. China's population
17. ___ is too much for the boy to carry.
A. The box weight B. The box's weight
C. The weight of the box D. The box of the weight
18. Excuse me, how can I get to the nearest ___ shop?
A. shoes B. shoe C. shoes' D. shoe's
19. What ___ weather we're having these days!
A. nice B. a nice C. a bad D. worse
15-19 CDCBA
somebody else別人 someone else其他人 weather: U
20. Amelia Earhart, ____ woman to make a solo flight across the Atlantic Ocean, was born in 1898.
A. was the first B. she was the first
C. the first who was a D. the first (D )
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