The history of English is conventionally, if perhaps too neatly, divided into three periods usually called Old (or Anglo-Saxon) English, Middle English, and Modern English. The earliest period begins with the migration of certain Germanic tribes from the continent to Britain in the fifth century A.D., though no records of their language survive from before the seventh century, and it continues until the end of the eleventh century or a bit later. By that time, Latin, Old Norse (the language of the Viking invaders), and especially the Anglo-Norman French of the dominant class after the Norman Conquest in 1066 had begun to have a substantial impact on the vocabulary, and the well-developed inflectional(詞尾變化的)system that typify the grammar of Old English had began to break down.

　　The period of Middle English extends roughly from the twelfth century through the fifteenth. The influence of French(and Latin,often by way of French)upon the vocabulary continued throughout the period,the loss of some inflections and the reduction of others accelerate, and many changes took place within the grammatical systems of the language. A typical prose passage, especially one from the later part of the period, will not have such a foreign look to us as the prose of Old English, but it will not be mistaken for contemporary writing either.

　　The period of Modern English extends from the sixteenth century to our own day. The early part of this period saw the completion of a revolution in vowel distribution that had began in late Middle English and that effectively brought the language to something resembling its present pattern. Other important early developments include the stabilizing effect on spelling of the printing press and the beginning of the direct influence of Latin, and to a lesser extent. Greel pm the vocabulary. Later, as English came into contact with other cultures around the world and distinctive dialects of English developed in the many areas which Britain had colonized, numerous other languages made small but interesting contributions to our word-stock.

　　1. The earliest writing record of English available to us started_____.
　　[A] from the seventh century
　　[B] from the fifth century
　　[C] from the twelfth century
　　[D] from the ninth century

　　2. What is the main features of the grammar of Old English?
　　[A] The influence of Latin
　　[B] A revolution in vowel distribution
　　[C] A well-developed inflectional system
　　[D] Loss of some inflection

　　3. What can be inferred from the passage?
　　[A] Even an educated person cannot read old English without special training.
　　[B] A person who knows French well can understand old English.
　　[C] An educated person can understand old English but cannot pronounce it.
　　[D] A person can pronounce old English words but cannot understand them.

　　4. Which of the following is NOT mentioned?
　　[A] French
　　[B] Latin
　　[C] Greek
　　[D] German

　　5. What is the most remarkable characteristic of Modern English?
　　[A] Numerous additions to its vocabulary.
　　[B] Completion of a revolution in vowel distribution.
　　[C] Gradual changes in tis grammatical system.
　　[D] The direct influence of Latin.

　　參考答案：1-5 ACADB

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