(一)動詞不定式

1. 動詞know后不能直接跟不定式作賓語，只能跟疑問詞+不定式。
There isn’t any difference between the two. I really don’t know which to choose.
I don’t know whether to stay or not.
類似的動詞有：show, ask, tell, explain, consider, find out, understand, etc.
注意：不定式與only連用表示一種意外或不幸的結(jié)果。
I went to see him only to find him out. 我去看他，不料他出去了。
2. 以下短語常跟不帶to的不定式。
might as well              would rather                     would sooner(寧愿)
would as soon            had better                         had rather (寧愿)
may just as well (還是……的好)                       prefer … rather than
rather than (而不是)                                          had sooner (寧可，寧愿)
He preferred to stay at home rather than go out.
She said she had sooner live in the city than on a farm.

3. 介詞but, except, save, than等后接不定式。
1) but后常跟帶to的不定式，只有在下列短語中but后不帶to。
do anything/everything/nothing but                          cannot help but
cannot but                                                             cannot choose but
The sailor did nothing but complain about the food.
Can’t you do anything but ask silly questions?

2) 當(dāng)but連接兩個平行結(jié)構(gòu)時，會出現(xiàn)帶to的不定式。
They went to America not to study English but to do business.
3) 在have no (any) choice/alternative but結(jié)構(gòu)中，不定式帶to。
I think you have no choice but to go with me.
I had no alternative but to do as you tell me.
4) 介詞except, than后既可跟帶to的不定式也可跟不帶to的不定式。
She did nothing else than (to) laugh. 她只是哭。
4. 動詞help, bid, know等既可跟帶to的也可跟不帶to的不定式作賓語補足語。
Will you help me (to) make the plan?
The king bids all subjects (to) pay the tax.
注意：動詞know前面的時態(tài)是現(xiàn)在時，通常用to be作賓語補足語；若其前面為過去時或完成時，可用其它動詞作賓語補足語。
I know him to be a liar.
I have never known her (to) sing so beautifully.
They knew him to have come.

5. 當(dāng)不定式作賓語，其后又跟有賓語補足語時，應(yīng)用it作形式賓語，真正的賓語應(yīng)置于句末。常用于這一句型的動詞有find, feel, think, consider, deem(相信，認為), make, believe等。
Do you consider it wise to ignore them?
I find it very difficult to study English well.
6. 以下動詞常跟不定式的完成時作賓語：
seem                 suppose           mean            wish              hope               expect
promise            appear             would           happen         pretend
I meant to have telephoned, but I forgot. 我本打算打個電話，但后來忘了。
She wished to have come here last night, but she had no time.

注意：在美國英語中intended或had intended其后的不定式采用一般式就可表示希望，打算或意圖未曾實現(xiàn)，不應(yīng)用不定式的完成時，TOFEL考試將此評為錯誤。
I intended to come, but a heavy rain prevented me from coming.
I intended to write her a letter yesterday, but I forgot to because of the day and evening appointments that I had.

7. 以下短語常跟不定式的完成時作主補：
be believed/found/known/said/reported/supposed
be thought/understood…
He is said to have translated the book into Chinese.
You are supposed to have read the instructions.
8. deserve, need, require, want 前的主語為有生命的人或物時，后常接不定式。
She deserves to win because she was the best.
The boy needs to study hard.
注意：若主語為無生命的事物，其后常接不定式的被動式，動名詞的主動式。
These flowers need to be watered at once.（… watering at once.）
This point deserves mentioning. (… to be mentioned.)

9. 當(dāng)不定式與其所修飾的名詞構(gòu)成動賓關(guān)系，不定式又是不及物動詞時，后面要加相應(yīng)的介詞。
He is a very good comrade to get along with.
We want to find a place to live in.

10. have與get后接不定式作賓補時，get后的賓補前應(yīng)加to.
I’ll have a worker repair the door.
or:
I’ll get a worker to repair the door.

11. 不定式的邏輯主語
一般情況下不定式的邏輯主語就是句子的主語。
He studies hard to get high scores.
但有兩種特殊情況：
1) 由for引出邏輯主語。
This is a very difficult for us to answer.
2) 如果形容詞是指行為的性質(zhì)又同時指行為的人即表示人的性格、特征等，由of引出邏輯主語，常見的形容詞有：
kind                  foolish              good            wise              stupid             honest
brave                wrong              right             considerate   rude               bold
nice                  impolite            courageous   wicked         clever             silly
It’s kind of you to give me so much help.
It’s foolish of you to behave like that.

(二) 動名詞

1. 以下動詞常接動名詞作賓語
admit                advise              anticipate      appreciate     avoid              cease
consider            delay                deny             dislike           enjoy              escape
favor                 finish                fancy            feel like         forgive            keep
imagine             suggest             understand   miss              resume           quit
postpone          risk                  acknowledge                    practice          mind   hate
We shall appreciate hearing from you again.
Would you resent her interfering in your business?

2. 動名詞用在these is no use/no sense(沒道理)/no harm(不妨)/no point(沒道理)/no fun(沒意思)結(jié)構(gòu)中。
There is no use going to see her today, she is busy.
There is no point (in) trying to persuade him to do anything.
3. 動名詞用在It’s no use/no fun/no harm/no picnic(有困難、有麻煩)結(jié)構(gòu)中，但it’s of no use 應(yīng)接不定式。
It’s no fun milling around, for it is raining.
It’s no picnic having to take care of 5 children all day.（……可不是玩兒的。）
It’s no good doing so many things.
It’s of no use to help him, he doesn’t listen to you.
4. 動名詞用在以下結(jié)構(gòu)中：
have no business in                   have difficulty in                take pleasure in
spend time/money in                 waste time in                     have a trouble in
take/ have a difficult/hart/good time in            take turns at                take risk in
I have difficulties in distinguishing between “sit” and “seat”.
She took great pleasure in getting to that peak.

5. 形容詞worth, busy后接動名詞。
Don’t bother her. She is busy preparing for her lessons.
Knowledge is worth working for.

6. 動詞feel like/can’t help 后接動名詞.
When he heard the news, he couldn’t help crying.
He doesn’t feel like taking a walk.

7. 以下短語后常接動名詞，其中的to是介詞：
look forward to                       adapt to                        attend to           amount to    
confess to         commit to         consent to    devote to      see to 照料
turn to求助于  live up to          lead to          apply to        object to
resort to            react to            contribute to belong to

Tom confessed to having cheated in the exam.湯姆承認考試舞了弊。
What he had done led to his mother’s worrying about him.

8. 動詞advise, admit, allow, bear, forbid, permit, intend, recommend, like, consider, understand, attempt, plan, etc.既可接動名詞作賓語，也可接不定式作賓語。
Will you permit me to smoke?
We do not permit smoking in the office.
They admitted having seen us.
They admitted him to be lazy.

9. 動詞begin, start, prefer, continue, love, like, hate, etc.接不定式和動名詞作賓語意思差別不大。
She began to study English at the age of 8.
She began studying English at the age of 8.

10. 以下動詞跟不定式，動名詞的意思差別很大。
1)remember to do sth 記住要做某事
remember doing sth 記得做過某事
I remember seeing her somewhere.
I’ll remember to bring you the book.

2)forget to do sth 忘記要做某事
forget doing sth 忘記曾經(jīng)做過某事
I forgot giving her the key.

3)regret to do sth 對尚未做的事表示遺憾
regret doing sth 對做的事表示后悔
I bitterly regret having told him the story last night.
I regret to say that I’m very busy.

4)try to do sth 盡力做某事
try doing sth 試著做某事
I’ll try to finish the job as soon as possible.
I tried standing on my head but it gave me a headache.

5)mean to do sth 打算做某事
mean doing sth 意思是；意味著
I meant to write to you, but I was ill.
I’ll learn how to row(劃船) even if it means practicing all day.
6)stop to do sth 停下（某事）去做……
stop doing sth 停止做某事
I stopped to speak to the captain of the ship as I wanted his advice.
I stopped smoking when I started to train for the Olympics.

7)go on to do sth 做完某事接著做另一件事
go on doing sth 繼續(xù)做某事
The speaker, having finished his main theme, went on to talk about minor problems of sailing.
Let’s go on discussing of the Chinese Communist Part.

11. 動名詞的邏輯主語

1)當(dāng)邏輯主語為無生命的或較長名詞時，只能用普通格，不用所有格。
Did you ever hear of a man of good sense refusing such an offer?(較長)
We are opposed to the idea of weapon being everything and man nothing.
2)當(dāng)邏輯主語為不定代詞或指示代詞時用賓格，不用所有格。
I object to that being said about me.（指示代詞）
He was awakened by someone knocking on the window.（不定代詞）
3)當(dāng)邏輯主語是指物的it時用賓格或所有格，指時間時用賓格。
She was worried about the little bird. She was frightened of it/its building a nest in the chimney.
“It’s eight o’clock already. ”
“I’m surprised at it being so late. ”

(三)分詞

1．使役動詞have, make, get, let, feel, find, hear, see, watch, want, wish等后可接過去分詞作賓補，表示動作由他人完成。
When you speak, you must make yourself heard.(他人聽見)
I shall have the windows cleaned before I put up the new curtain.
I wonder if she could get it done tomorrow.
I heard it said that he will quit his present job soon.
2．當(dāng)現(xiàn)在分詞或過去分詞的邏輯主語是句子的主語時，分詞可帶連詞
when, while, although, as if etc.
Although born in China, she is the most famous for her stories about New York City.
He is lying on the floor, as if knocked down by someone else.
When heated, water can change into vapor.
She was singing English songs while reading.
3．獨立結(jié)構(gòu)
當(dāng)句子的主語不是分詞的主語，分詞自帶有主語時，稱為分詞的獨立結(jié)構(gòu)。獨立結(jié)構(gòu)在句子中作狀語表時間、原因、伴隨等。being 在獨立結(jié)構(gòu)中常省略。
The meeting (being) over, they went to the park. (時間)
The car stopped, there being no fuel in the tank! (原因)
Her eyes filled with tears, she did not see him enter. (伴隨)
He came into the room, his face (being) red with cold. (伴隨)
Weather permitting, we’ll go fishing. (條件)
介詞with 也常用來引出獨立結(jié)構(gòu).
He fell asleep with the lamp burning.
With all factors considered, we think this program may excel all the others in achieving the goal.
4．現(xiàn)在分詞的完成、被動形式與過去分詞的區(qū)別
1）現(xiàn)在分詞的完成時表示主動意義，過去分詞表示完成被動意義。
Having finished my exercises, I went out. (=When I had finished my exercises, I went out.)
Finished (=When it has been finished), the book may have 400 pages.

2）現(xiàn)在分詞的完成被動式既表完成又表被動時，可與過去分詞互換。
Having been given (=given) such a good chance, how could she let it slip away?

3）不及物動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞表進行；不及物動詞的過去分詞只表完成。
He found a girl standing under a tree singing. (進行)
We found him gone. (完成)

4）及物動詞的過去分詞有時只表被動，不表完成；有時既表被動又表完成。
Spoken English (被動)                           a broken glass (完成，被動)
5）現(xiàn)在分詞的被動式強調(diào)動作正在進行，過去分詞強調(diào)完成。
The question discussed (= which has been discussed) at the meeting is very important.
The question being discussed (= which is being discussed) at the meeting is very important.