查看：2013年同等學(xué)力申碩英語(yǔ)�？颊Z(yǔ)法歸納匯總

　　一、總述

 

　　根據(jù)從句在句中擔(dān)任成分的不同，可將其分為名詞性從句、形容詞性從句和副詞性從句。

　　名詞性從句包括主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句。引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有：

　　單純連接詞：that, whether, if (此類連接詞在從句中不充當(dāng)句法成分)。

　　疑問(wèn)代詞：who, whoever, whichever, what, whatever (此類詞在名詞性從句中充當(dāng)一定的句法成分)。疑問(wèn)副詞：when, where, why, how (此類副詞在句中充當(dāng)句法成分)。

　　二、重點(diǎn)考點(diǎn)

　　1. 名詞性從句

　　名詞性從句包括主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句。引導(dǎo)這些名詞性從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞包括：從屬連詞that 、if、whether ;連接代詞who 、whoever 、whom 、whomever 、which 、whichever 、what 、whatever 、whose ;連接副詞where 、when 、why 、how 。其中，從屬連詞只起連接作用，在從句中不充當(dāng)任何句法成分，而連接代詞和連接副詞則既起連接作用，又在從句中充當(dāng)一定的成分。例如：

　　That Owen should have married his cousin is not at all surprising.

　　The fact is that he didn’t go to the dinner party.

　　I don’t know if he will attend the meeting.

　　Have you heard the news that Mary is going to marry Tom?

　　A. 在含有主語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句中，為保持句子平衡，常用it 作形式主語(yǔ)，而將真正的主語(yǔ)從句放在句末。例如：It’s well-known that water is indispensable to life.

　　B. 為保持句子平衡，that 引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句也常用it 代替，而將真正的賓語(yǔ)從句置于主句句末。這常常出現(xiàn)在主句有形容詞或分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的情況下。例如：

　　He made it quite clear that he preferred to live here.

　　C. 從屬連詞whether 和if 都作“是否”解，但if 不可引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句和表語(yǔ)從句。

　　whether 可與or (not) 連用，而if 不可以。例如：

　　I don’t know whether (if) she is at home. Whether she comes or not makes no difference.

　　D. that 和what 引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的區(qū)別：that 在從句中不充當(dāng)成分，而what 在從句

　　中充當(dāng)一定的成分，如主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)等。that 可省略，what 則不可省。例如：

　　He always means what he says. She suggested (that) he do it at once.

　　E. 同位語(yǔ)從句大多由從屬連詞that 引導(dǎo)，常跟在下列名詞后面，如fact、idea 、opinion 、news 、hope 、belief 等。同位語(yǔ)從句一般用來(lái)解釋說(shuō)明這些名詞的具體含義和內(nèi)容。that 不可省略。例如：

　　We are familiar with the idea that all matter consists of atoms.

　　The news that we are invited to the conference is very encouraging.

　　2. 定語(yǔ)從句

　　引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞包括：(1) 關(guān)系代詞：that, which, whose, who, whom, as; (2) 關(guān)系副詞：when, where, why 。關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞在定語(yǔ)中都充當(dāng)一定的句法成分，關(guān)系代詞在從句中充當(dāng)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，一般可省去。

　　關(guān)系代詞的選用比較復(fù)雜，它受下列條件的制約：(1) 先行詞是指人還是指物;(2) 關(guān)系代詞在從句中的句法功能;(3) 定語(yǔ)從句是限定性的還是非限定性的。關(guān)系代詞的選用情況見(jiàn)下表：

 

　　例如：

　　I know that he is a man who (that) means what he says.

　　The gentleman whom (that) she met addressed her with courtesy ( 禮貌)。

　　The watch which (that) was lost has been found.

　　Here is the material which (that) you need.

　　You’re the only one whose advice he might listen to.

　　關(guān)系副詞的選用相對(duì)來(lái)說(shuō)比較簡(jiǎn)單。如先行詞為表示時(shí)間的名詞，如time 、day 等，則用when ，如先行詞為表示地點(diǎn)的名詞，如place 、house 、area 等，則用where ;如先行詞為reason，則用why 。例如：

　　I’ll never forget the mountain village where (in which) I spent my childhood.

　　A. 當(dāng)先行詞是all、something, nothing 等不定代詞時(shí);或先行詞前有first、last 、only、few、much 、some 、any、no 等詞修飾時(shí);或先行詞前有形容詞修飾時(shí)，一般只用that 而不用which 來(lái)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。例如：

　　I don’t know the reason why (for which) he did that.

　　I’ve explained everything (that) I can to you.

　　This is the most beautiful campus (that) I’ve ever been to.

　　B. 定語(yǔ)從句分為限定性定語(yǔ)從句和非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，限定性定語(yǔ)從句與主句關(guān)系緊密，是句中不可缺少部分，如去掉，主句意思不完整。非限定性定語(yǔ)從句與主句關(guān)系松散，如去掉，主句內(nèi)容仍完整。在書(shū)面語(yǔ)中，非限定性定語(yǔ)從句一般被逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)。非限定性定語(yǔ)從句一般不用that 引導(dǎo)。引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞不可省略。例如：

　　His speech, which bored everyone, went on and on.

　　The general’s daughter, whose name is Ann, gave me a sweet smile.

　　C. 先行詞也可以是整個(gè)句子。這時(shí)，一般用which 或as 來(lái)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。which 在從句中可充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)等，as 在從句中一般只充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)。which 與as 引導(dǎo)此類定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別在于：which 只能置于句中或句末，而as 的位置比較靈活，可置于句中、句末，又可置于句首。例如：

　　Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen, which (as) is known to all.

　　He was awarded a gold medal, which the whole family considered a great honor.

　　As had been expected, he finished first in decathlon (十項(xiàng)全能) at that Olympic Games.

　　D. 關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中有時(shí)也充當(dāng)介詞的賓語(yǔ)。如果介詞被置于關(guān)系代詞前，一般只用介詞 + which 或介詞 + whom ，而不用介詞 + that 來(lái)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。如果介詞被置于從句句末，則可用that 代替which 或whom ，且that 這時(shí)可省去。例如：

　　This is the ring on which she spent 1,000 dollars.

　　One of my colleagues whom (that) you are familiar with come today.

　　3. 狀語(yǔ)從句

　　在復(fù)合句中，起狀語(yǔ)作用的從句稱作狀語(yǔ)從句。根據(jù)語(yǔ)義，狀語(yǔ)從句分為：時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句、條件狀語(yǔ)從句、原因狀語(yǔ)從句、讓步狀語(yǔ)從句、比較狀語(yǔ)從句、目的狀語(yǔ)從句、結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句。

　　A. 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。例如：

　　When you cross a main road, you must be very careful.

　　Until we learn the facts, we can’t do anything about it.

　　(1) when、as、while 引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)都可以表示主句的動(dòng)作與從句的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，即同時(shí)性。它們的區(qū)別在于：when 和as 引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句中的動(dòng)作可以是延續(xù)性的，也可以是非延續(xù)性的，即瞬時(shí)性;while 引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句中的動(dòng)作只能是延續(xù)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。當(dāng)主句和從句中的動(dòng)作均為延續(xù)性動(dòng)作時(shí)，一般用while，而不用when 或as。當(dāng)表示兩個(gè)同時(shí)發(fā)展、變化的情況下，一般用as, 作“隨著”解。例如：

　　When she comes, I shall tell her to wait for you.

　　As she got older, she got wiser.

　　While Peter was reading, his wife was cooking.

　　(2) 有些副詞和一些表示時(shí)間的名詞詞組也可用作從屬連詞，引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。如：instantly, immediately, directly, the day, every time, the minute, the second, the moment 等。例如：

　　Immediately he arrived, he started describing us what had happened.

　　The day he returned home, his grandpa was already dead.

　　B. 條件狀語(yǔ)從句

　　引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞有：if, unless, as (so), only if (只要)。例如：

　　If you don’t come on time, we’ll start out without you.

　　As (so) long as you keep on trying, you’ll certainly succeed.

　　除了以上提到的從屬連詞外，還有其他的一些詞或詞組也可引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句。例如：providing that, provided, supposing that, suppose that, on condition that, in case 等。例如：

　　Provided (that) he wins the support of the minority groups, he will be able to win the election.

　　C. 原因狀語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞有：because, since, as, now (that), in that, considering

　　that 等。例如：

　　Since the speaker can’t come, we’ll have to cancel the meeting.

　　in that 和now (that) 的用法：in that 引導(dǎo)的從句對(duì)主句進(jìn)行解釋或說(shuō)明，意思是：在方面，在于;因?yàn)椤�now (that) 表示既然。例如：

　　Theory is valuable in that it can provide a direction for practice.

　　Now (that) the weather has improved, let’s go out for a picnic.

　　D. 讓步狀語(yǔ)從句

　　引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞有：though, although, even if (even though), as, no matter,despite the fact that, in spite of the fact that, while。例如：

　　Tom always enjoys swimming, even though the weather is rough.

　　Despite the fact that there exist national differences, certain funny situations have a universal appeal.

　　一些疑問(wèn)詞在詞尾加上ever 后，也可引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，相當(dāng)于no matter + 疑問(wèn)詞。這些詞包括：whatever, wherever, whenever, whoever, however 。例如：

　　Whatever he says, don’t believe him.

　　Whoever you are, you must obey the traffic regulations.

　　E. 目的狀語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞有：so that, in order that, lest, in case, for fear that 。例如：They climbed to the top of the building in order that they could get a bird’s-eye view of the city.

　　Ask her to hurry up with these letters so that I can sign them.

　　so that 和in order that 的區(qū)別：so that 更常用，in order that 更正式。so that 引導(dǎo)的從句一般置于句末，而in order that 引導(dǎo)的從句既可置于句首，又可置于句末。例如：

　　In order that the grass and flowers could bloom again, it was necessary that the rocks should be removed.

　　She got up early so that she could catch the first bus.

　　F. 結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句

　　結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句一般由下列連詞引導(dǎo)：so that、so…that、such…that。例如：

　　He overslept, (so) that he was late for work.

　　They got such a fright that they dropped the bag and ran away.

　　(1) so… that 和such… that 的區(qū)別。so 后接形容詞或副詞，such 后接名詞。例如：

　　It was so cold that we had to cancel the game.

　　It’s such a good chance that we mustn’t miss it.

　　(2) so that 既可引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)從句，也可引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句。so that 引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，一般從句動(dòng)詞前會(huì)出現(xiàn)can (could) 、may (might) 、shall (should), 而so that 引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句表示客觀事實(shí)，不會(huì)出現(xiàn)上述詞語(yǔ)。引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句的so that 前常有逗號(hào)，表示強(qiáng)調(diào)。so that 引導(dǎo)的目的狀語(yǔ)從句可置于句首，而so that 引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句只能置于句末。例如：

　　He left early so that he could catch the train.

　　他早早動(dòng)身，以便能趕上車。(目的)

　　He left early, so that he caught the train.

　　他早早動(dòng)身，趕上了火車。(結(jié)果)

　　G. 方式狀語(yǔ)從句

　　引導(dǎo)方式狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞有as、as if (though)、the way、how。例如：

　　He made some changes as you had suggested.

　　She was behaving as if (though) she hadn’t grown up.