一、總述
虛擬語(yǔ)氣(subjunctive mood )用來(lái)表示說(shuō)話人的愿望、請(qǐng)求、意圖、建議、懷疑、設(shè)想等未能或不可能成為事實(shí)的情況,以及在說(shuō)話人看來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)可能性很小的情況。由于虛擬語(yǔ)氣是動(dòng)詞的一種特殊表現(xiàn)形式,因而動(dòng)詞的變化形式體現(xiàn)出虛擬語(yǔ)氣所包含的不同含義。
二、重要考點(diǎn)
1. 在非真實(shí)條件句中,有時(shí)從句的動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作和主句的動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作并不同時(shí)發(fā)生,這樣的條件句中使用的虛擬式稱(chēng)為混合虛擬式。其構(gòu)成視具體情況而定。例如:
If I had taken my raincoat when I came out this morning, I would not be wet now.
If I were you, I wouldn’t have missed the film last night.
2. 引導(dǎo)非真實(shí)條件從句的連詞if 在正式文體中有時(shí)可以省去, were、had、should 等非行為動(dòng)詞這時(shí)應(yīng)提到從句句首。例如:
If I were you, I wouldn’t feel sorry.
Were I you, I wouldn’t feel sorry.
3. 有些句子從表層結(jié)構(gòu)上看是無(wú)if 引導(dǎo)的非真實(shí)條件句,但從深層意思上看if 是存在的。這種情況下主句動(dòng)詞仍需用虛擬式。這類(lèi)句子中常出現(xiàn)without (如果沒(méi)有),but for (要不是),otherwise (否則),but that (若不,后接一從句)等詞或詞組。例如:
But for your help, they couldn’t have succeeded.
She wasn’t feeling well. Otherwise,she wouldn’t have left the meeting so early.
4. 在It is + 形容詞 + that 從句的句型中,that 引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞采用should + 動(dòng)詞原形形式,其中should 常省略�?捎糜诖司湫偷男稳菰~還有:absurd, advisable, better, best, desirable, (un)fair, fortunate, good, imperative, important, incredible, just, natural, (un) necessary, odd, pleasant, possible, preferable, right, ridiculous, sad, silly, unusual, urgent, vital, wrong 等,表示必要、應(yīng)該、建議、要求、驚訝、不相信等含義。例如:
It’s necessary that we (should) set out at once.
It’s proposed that a committee (should) be set up to look into the matter.
5. 具有“提議、建議、請(qǐng)求、命令”等含義的動(dòng)詞所帶的從句(包括賓語(yǔ)從句和主語(yǔ)從句)中,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用should + 動(dòng)詞原形形式。美國(guó)英語(yǔ)多用動(dòng)詞原形,英國(guó)英語(yǔ)多用should + 動(dòng)詞原形。有相同用法的動(dòng)詞還有:ask, advise, agree, arrange, beg, command, decide, demand, desire, determine, direct, instruct, insist, intend, maintain, move, order, persuade, pray, propose, recommend, request, require, stipulate, suggest, tell, urge。如:
I suggest that we (should) go camping tomorrow. He insisted that our laboratory reports (should) be handed in the day after the experiment was done.
應(yīng)當(dāng)注意的是,當(dāng)suggest、insist 等詞不再表示“建議”或“堅(jiān)持要求”的含義時(shí),其后面的從句不再用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。例如:
His look suggested that he wasn’t telling the truth.
He insisted that he was right.
6. 虛擬式可用于wish 后的賓語(yǔ)從句中,表示與事實(shí)相反的愿望。其表達(dá)形式一般是將謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞提前一個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)。例如:
I wish I had been to the concert last night.
I wish he would forgive me.
7. It’s (high, about) time that… 的句型要求用虛擬式,表示應(yīng)該做還沒(méi)有做的事。其表達(dá)形式一般是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞使用過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)。例如:
It’s high time that he stopped smoking.
It’s about time that we took our leave.
8. 在I would rather 后的句子中,動(dòng)詞也要求用虛擬式,表示某人的愿望。其表達(dá)形式一般是將謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞提前一個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)。例如:
I’d rather you left tomorrow instead of today.
I’d rather he hadn’t done anything like that.
9. 在由as if、as though 引導(dǎo)的方式狀語(yǔ)從句中,表示和現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反或?qū)ΜF(xiàn)在情況有所懷疑,或表示與主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)或其后的假設(shè)情況時(shí),從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去時(shí)。表示過(guò)去想象中的動(dòng)作或情況或表示在主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示時(shí)間之前的假設(shè)情況,從句用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。如果表示的情況很可能發(fā)生或是事實(shí),則用陳述語(yǔ)氣。例如:
She looks as if she knew all about it.
They talked as though they had got acquainted with each other for years.
10. 在if only 引起的感嘆句中,用謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示與現(xiàn)在的事實(shí)相反的情況,用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的情況。例如:
If only he knew our telephone number!
11. 在lest、for fear that 、in case 等詞引導(dǎo)的從句中,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用should + 動(dòng)詞原形表示虛擬,should 一詞也可以省略。例如:
Grown people should never say or do anything wrong before children, lest they (should) set them a bad example.
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