Section Ⅰ Listening Comprehension Part A (每題1分，共5分) Directions:
This section is designed to test your ability to understand spoken English. You will hear a selection of recorded materials and you must answer the questions that accompany them. There are three parts in this section, Part A, Part B and Part C. Remember, while you are doing the test, you should first put down your answers in your test booklet. At the end of the listening comprehension section, you will have 5 minutes to transfer all your answers from your test booklet to ANSWER SHEET 1. Now look at Part A in your test booklet.
Part A
Directions: For Questions 1-5, you will hear an introduction about the life of Margaret Welch. While you listen, fill out the table with the information youve heard. Some of the information has been given to you in the table. Write only 1 word or number in each numbered box. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the table below. (5 points)
1、Major at University
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【正確答案】
sociology
2、Growing Up In New Guinea Published (Year)
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【正確答案】
1930
3、Field Study in the South Pacific (Age)
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【正確答案】
23
4、Main Interest
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【正確答案】
religions
5、Professorship at Columbia Started (Year)
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【正確答案】
1954
Section Ⅰ Part B(每題1分，共5分) Directions: For questions 6-10, you will hear a talk by a well-known U.S.journalist. While you listen, complete the sentences or answer the questions. Use not more than 3 words for each answer. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the sentences and questions below. (5 points)
6、Besides reporters, who else were camped out for days outside the speakers home?
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【正確答案】
cameramen / camera men
7、 One reporter got to the speakers apartment pretending to pay
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【正確答案】
a personal visit
8、The speaker believed the reporter wanted a picture of her looking
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【正確答案】
depressed
9、Where is a correction to a false story usually placed?
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【正確答案】
among advertisements
10、According to the speaker, the press will lose readers unless the editors and the news directors
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【正確答案】
take firm
Section Ⅰ Part C （共三節(jié)，滿分10分） Directions: You will hear three pieces of recorded material. Before listening to each one, you will have time to read the questions related to it. While listening, answer each question by choosing [A] ，[B]，[C] or [D]. After listening, you will have time to check your answers. You will hear each piece once only. (10 points) Questions 11-13 are based on a report about childrens healthy development. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 11-13.
11、What unusual question may doctors ask when giving kids a checkup next time?
（本題分值：1分）
【正確答案】
D
[A]How much exercise they get every day.
[B]What they are most worried about.
[C]How long their parents accompany them daily.
[D]What entertainment they are interested in.
12、The academy suggests that children under age two
（本題分值：1分）
【正確答案】
B
[A]get enough entertainment.
[B]have more activities.
[C]receive early education.
[D]have regular checkups.
13、According to the report, childrens bedrooms should
（本題分值：1分）
【正確答案】
C
[A]be no place for play.
[B]be near a commom area.
[C]have no TV sets.
[D]have a computer for study.
Questions 14-16 are based on the following talk about how to save money. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 14-16.
14.According to the speaker, what should one pay special attention to if he wants to save up?
（本題分值：1分）
【正確答案】
D
[A]Family debts.
[B]Bank savings.
[C]Monthly bills.
[D]Spending habits.
15、How much can a person save by retirement if he gives up his packaday habit?
（本題分值：1分）
【正確答案】
B
[A]$190，000
[B]$330，000
[C]$500，000
[D]$1，000，000
16、What should one do before paying monthly bills, if he wants to accumulate wealth?
（本題分值：1分）
【正確答案】
A
[A]Invest into a mutual fund.
[B]Use the discount tickets.
[C]Quit his eatingout habit.
[D]Use only paper bills and save coins.
Questions 17-20 are based on an interview with Herbert A. Gliederman, a domesticrelations lawyer. You now have 20 seconds to read Questions 17-20.
17.Which word best describes the lawyers prediction of the change in divorce rate?
（本題分值：1分）
【正確答案】
A
[A]Fall.
[B]Rise.
[C]Vshape.
[D]Tshape.
18、What do people nowadays desire to do concerning their marriage?
（本題分值：1分）
【正確答案】
D
[A]To embrace changes of thought.
[B]To adapt to the disintegrated family life.
[C]To return to the practice in the 60s and 70s.
[D]To create stability in their lives.
19、Why did some people choose not to divorce 20 years ago?
（本題分值：1分）
【正確答案】
C
[A]They feared the complicated procedures.
[B]They wanted to go against the trend.
[C]They were afraid of losing face.
[D]They were willing to stay together.
20、Years ago a divorced man in a company would have.
（本題分值：1分）
【正確答案】
B
[A]been shifted around the country.
[B]had difficulty being promoted.
[C]enjoyed a happier life.
[D]tasted little bitterness of disgrace.
Section II Use of English（滿分10分） Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A] [B] [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Comparisons were drawn between the development of television in the 20th century and the diffusion of printing in the 15th and 16th centuries. Yet much had happened (21)[]. As was discussed before, it was not (22)[] the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant preelectronic (23)[], following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book and in the (24)[] of the periodical. It was during the same time that the communications revolution (25)[] up,beginning with transport, the railway, and leading (26)[] through the telegraph, the telephone, radio, and motion pictures (27)[] the 20thcentury world of the motor car and the airplane. Not everyone sees the process in (28)[]. It is important to do so. It is generally recognized, (29)[], that the introduction of the computer in the early 20th century, (30)[] by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s, radically changed the process, (31)[] its impact on the media was not immediately (32)[]. As time went by, computers became smaller and more powerful,and they became “personal” too. as well as (33)[], with display becoming sharper and storage (34)[] increasing. They were thought of, like people, (35)[] generations, with the distance between generations much (36)[]. It was within the computer age that the term “information society” began to be widely used to describe the (37)[] within which we now live. The communications revolution has (38)[] both work and leisure and how we think and feel both about place and time, but there have been (39)[] views about its economic ,political, social and cultural implications. “Benefits” have been weighed (40)[] “harmful” outcomes. And generalizations have proved difficult.
21、
（本題分值：0.5分）
【正確答案】
A
［注釋］本題固然涉及副詞的使用知識，然而，更重要的是考查考生句與句之間語義邏輯的理解能力。本題考察對上下文句意的理解。第一句指出：人們常拿二十世紀電視的發(fā)展同十五六世紀印刷術(shù)的普及作比較。第二句承上轉(zhuǎn)折，但在(十五六世紀到二十世紀)這段時間內(nèi)發(fā)生了許多事，強調(diào)兩者是不能相提并論的。四個選項都是時間副詞，但只有BETWEEN…A AND …B結(jié)構(gòu)，而忽略了它可以作為副詞，表示介于某兩從此時間或地點之間的時間或地點，此時BETWEEN=IN BETWEEN ADV.
[A]between
[B]before
[C]since
[D]later
22、
（本題分值：0.5分）
【正確答案】
D
［注釋］本題考查考生對“IT WAS NOT UNTIL...THAT...”句型的把握。UNTIL表示“直到……才”，在IT WAS NOT UNTIL+時間 THAT+句子中，句中謂語動詞用一般過去時，句意直到十九世紀，報紙才成為主要媒介。如果使用BY，是句子時態(tài)應(yīng)改為完成時，即“BY THE 19TH CENTURY THE NEWSPAPER HAD BECOME THE DOMINANT MEDIUM”，在19世紀之前，報紙已成為主要媒介。而選［A］、［C］均不符合歷史事實，報紙就是在19世紀開始發(fā)展成為主要媒體的。
[A]after
[B]by
[C]during
[D]until
23、
（本題分值：0.5分）
【正確答案】
C
［注釋］本題考查考生的詞匯知識。MEDIUM是媒體，媒介的意思，復(fù)數(shù)形式為MEDIA,MASS MEDIA指大眾傳媒，大眾傳播工具(尤指電視、報紙、無線電等)考生往往熟知MEDIA，卻不知道其單數(shù)形式MEDIUM。
[A]means
[B]method
[C]medium
[D]measure
24、
（本題分值：0.5分）
【正確答案】
B
［注釋］本題主要考查介詞短語知識。從THE PAMPHLET和THE BOOK推斷THE PERIODICAL應(yīng)該也是和NEWSPAPER處于并列關(guān)系。IN THE COMPARY OF STH.=TOGETHER WITH 表示“與……一起”的意思。全句意思為：繼宣傳小冊子和書本之后，直到十九世紀，報紙同雜志期刊一起成為電子時代之前的主要媒體。
[A]process
[B]company
[C]light
[D]form
25、
（本題分值：0.5分）
【正確答案】
B
［注釋］本題考查動詞短語知識。SPEED UP 不及物動詞短語，是“加速”的意思，只有此選項符合題意，全句是說，通訊革命也是在19世紀加速發(fā)展，從鐵路運輸開始，經(jīng)過電報、電話、無線電和動畫片，直到20世紀的摩托車和飛機。GATHER是“聚集”的意思；WORK UP一般作及物動詞短語，如：WORK UP A BUSINESS拓展一家商店，WORK UP THE FEELINGS OF AN AUDIENCE，煽動聽眾情緒；PICK UP是“拾起，撿起”的意思。
[A]gathered
[B]speeded
[C]worked
[D]picked
26、
（本題分值：0.5分）
【正確答案】
A
［注釋］本題考查副詞的使用知識。ON表示“進展，向前，繼續(xù)活動”，是一個持續(xù)的狀態(tài)，與句意“從鐵路運輸開始，一直經(jīng)過一系列的發(fā)明(電報、電話……)”相符。短語LEAD OFF是“開始”的意思，與句意不符。
[A]on
[B]out
[C]over
[D]off
27、
（本題分值：0.5分）
【正確答案】
D
［注釋］本題考查介詞的使用知識。該句從“THE COMMUNICATIONS REVOLUTION”開始的主要骨干為：THE REVOLUTION SPEEDED UP, BEGINNING WITH …, AND LEADING ON THROUGH…， …， …， INTO THE WORLD OF …
[A]of
[B]for
[C]beyond
[D]into
28、
（本題分值：0.5分）
【正確答案】
D
［注釋］本題考查介詞短語知識。短語IN PERSPECTIVE=IN THE RIGHT PERSPECTIVE，意指“以正確的觀點；正確地”，這句話意思是：“并不是每個人都能正確地看待這一進程”。IN COCEPT “在概念上”，IN EFFECT則指“規(guī)則、法律仍在實施中，仍然有效”，或指“IN FACT ACTUALLY”，都與句意不符。
[A]concept
[B]dimension
[C]effect
[D]perspective
29、
（本題分值：0.5分）
【正確答案】
C
［注釋］本題考查考生語篇層次上的語義邏輯的把握能力。從上下文句意推斷，上文強調(diào)并“并不是每個人都能正確地看待這一進程”，這里卻說“20世紀初電子計算機的出現(xiàn)極大地改變了這一進程，這一觀點是大家公認的�！焙茱@然這里是一種轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，只有HOWEVER符合題意，INDEED表示強調(diào)，HENCE和THEREFORE則是順承的關(guān)系(因此，所以)。
[A]indeed
[B]hence
[C]however
[D]therefore
30、
（本題分值：0.5分）
【正確答案】
B
［注釋］本題考查詞匯知識。從上下文時間關(guān)系上推斷，20世紀60年代集成電路的發(fā)明②應(yīng)該是在20世紀初電子計算機的使用①之后，因此用“FOLLOWED BY”，而BROUGHT BY則指②帶來①，STIMULATED BY 指②刺激了①的產(chǎn)生，明顯顛倒了兩者之間的前后關(guān)系，CHACTERIZED BY則是說②是①的特征，也與事實不符。
[A]brought
[B]followed
[C]stimulated
[D]characterized
31、
（本題分值：0.5分）
【正確答案】
D
［注釋］本題考查考生對句內(nèi)語義邏輯的識別能力。由上下文句意推斷，前半句“20世紀初電子計算機的出現(xiàn)以及20世紀60年代集成電路的發(fā)明極大地改變了這一進程，這一點為大家所公認”，是對計算機的肯定，而后半句“它對媒體的影響并不是立竿見影”，兩句之間應(yīng)是轉(zhuǎn)折的關(guān)系，選ALTHOUGH UNLESS “除非”，SINCE “由于”，LEST “以免”，都不符合邏輯關(guān)系。
[A]unless
[B]since
[C]lest
[D]although
32、
（本題分值：0.5分）
【正確答案】
A
［注釋］本題考查一般的詞匯知識。結(jié)合上題分析，應(yīng)選［A］，即“盡管計算機對媒體的影響并沒有立即為人們所認識，人們卻公認……”，選DESIRABLE, NEGATIVE都與上下文邏輯聯(lián)系相悖，PLAUSIBLE是“可行的”，與IMPACT “影響”不能搭配。
[A]apparent
[B]desirable
[C]negative
[D]plausible
33、
（本題分值：0.5分）
【正確答案】
A
［注釋］本題考查考生對詞匯意義的準確把握程度。INSTITUTIONAL與PERSONAL形成相對的關(guān)系，意指計算機不僅為個人廣泛使用，也被機關(guān)單位廣泛采用。從AS WELL AS “推斷”，所填單詞應(yīng)與PERSONAL “個人化的”，形成一種對應(yīng)，比照的關(guān)系，而UNIVERSAL “普遍性的”；FUNDAMENTAL “基礎(chǔ)性的”；INSTRUMENTAL “工具性的”，都不能滿足這種關(guān)系。
[A]institutional
[B]universal
[C]fundamental
[D]instrumental
34、
（本題分值：0.5分）
【正確答案】
C
［注釋］本題考查近義詞之間的辯析。ABILITY一般指有生命的人，動物的能力，CAPABILITY 指人具體做某事的能力，含“能否勝任某項工作”的意思，而FACULTY則指人的才能，能力，如THE FACULTY FOR LEARNING LANGUAGES “學(xué)習(xí)語言的才能”，而CAPACITY 可指非生命體的能力，容量，則有“容量”的意思，STORAGE CAPACITY 指“存儲容量，內(nèi)存大小”。
[A]ability
[B]capability
[C]capacity
[D]faculty
35
（本題分值：0.5分）
【正確答案】
B
［注釋］本題考查介詞短語知識。這句話意思是說，人們認為，不同時代的電腦就像人一樣，也分為一代、二代……，只是兩代電腦電腦之間的相隔時間相對要短得多。IN TERMS OF “措詞，說法”，BY MEANS OF 則是指“通過……的手段”，WITH REGARD TO是“鑒于，考慮到”的意思，IN LINE WITH 則是“與……一致”的意思=IN AGREEMENT WITH。
[A]by means of
[B]in terms of
[C]with regard to
[D]in line with
36、
（本題分值：0.5分）
【正確答案】
D
［注釋］本題考查考生對“形容詞+名詞”之間的語義修飾的識別能力。這里考查的是與DISTANCE的搭配問題，只有［D］SMALL能與其搭配，常用的還有A GREAT DISTANCE LONG/SHORT DISTANCE等。
[A]deeper
[B]fewer
[C]nearer
[D]smaller
37、
（本題分值：0.5分）
【正確答案】
A
［注釋］本題考查考生對一詞多義的把握。本題實際上是找一個與“INFORMATION SOCIETY”相對應(yīng)的詞，而“信息社會”應(yīng)該是指我們所生活的時代、社會背景，而CONTEXT不僅有我們所熟知的“上下文”之意，也指某一事件發(fā)生的環(huán)境、背景。此時CONTEXT=CIRCUMSTANCE, BACKGROUND SITUATION，而RANGE則指一定的范圍，如射程，音域，價格上下浮動范圍等。SCOPE指活動范圍或觀察范圍、眼界等，TERRITORY則指領(lǐng)土、領(lǐng)域、區(qū)域，都沒有環(huán)境、背景之意。
[A]context
[B]range
[C]scope
[D]territory
38、
（本題分值：0.5分）
【正確答案】
C
［注釋］本題考查詞匯的一般知識。INFLUENCE意指影響，REGARD指“注視，視為……”，IMPRESS指“給……留下印象”，而EFFECT作及物動詞時指“實現(xiàn)，完成”，只有［C］符合句意，全句意為“通訊革命影響了我們的工作和休閑，以及我們的時空觀，但是……”。
[A]regarded
[B]impressed
[C]influenced
[D]effected
39、
（本題分值：0.5分）
【正確答案】
B
［注釋］本題考查考生利用上下文理解做題的能力。由“BUT”可以推斷后半句是承前轉(zhuǎn)折，前半句說“通訊革命不僅影響了我們的工作和休閑，還影響到我們的時空觀”，但即使如此，“人們對其在經(jīng)濟、政治、社會和文化上的影響優(yōu)然持……的觀點”。COMPETITIVE 指“競爭性的”，DISTRACTING 指“令人分神的”，IRRATIONAL 則指“非理智的”，只有CONTRAVERSIAL “有爭議的”符合上下文句意，即在此問題上人們各持己見，說法不一。
[A]competitive
[B]controversial
[C]distracting
[D]irrational
40、
（本題分值：0.5分）
【正確答案】
C
［注釋］本題考查“動詞+介詞”的搭配使用知識。WEIGH STH. AGAINST STH. 是一個短語，表示將兩者進行對比，比較，兩相權(quán)衡，尤其是兩種相對的事物，如本題的權(quán)衡利弊，WEIGH UPON SB./STH. 是“某件事，使某人產(chǎn)生焦慮，某事沉甸甸地壓在某人心頭”之意，STH. WEIGH WITH SB. 是“某事影響某人，對某人而言有分量”的意思。
[A]above
[B]upon
[C]against
[D]with
Section ⅢReading Comprehension Part A （滿分40分） Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A] [B] [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
Passage1
If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems. Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view. Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different. If you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses. Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St. Peter. He sees wonderful accommodations, beautiful gardens, sunny weather, and so on. Everyone is very peaceful, polite and friendly until, waiting in a line for lunch, the new arrival in suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat, who rushes to the head of the line, grabs his food and stomps over to a table by himself. “Who is that?” the new arrival asked St. Peter. “Oh, thats God,” came the reply, “but sometimes he thinks hes a doctor.” If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and itll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairmans notorious bad taste in ties. With other audiences you mustnt attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chaiman. You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the telephone system. If you feel awkward being humorous, you must practice so that it becomes more natural. Include a few casual and apparently offthecuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner. Often its the delivery which causes the audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a lighthearted remark. Look for the humor. It often comes from the unexpected. A twist on a familiar quote “If at first you dont succeed, give up” or a play on words or on a situation. Search for exaggeration and understatements. Look at your talk and pick out a few words or sentences which you can turn about and inject with humor.
41.To make your humor work, you should
（本題分值：2分）
【正確答案】
C
［注釋］這是一道作者觀點題。題意是：要使你的幽默奏效的話，你應(yīng)該：［A］TAKE ADVANTAGE OF SB. 是“欺騙，捉弄”的意思，［B］MAKE FUN OF… 是“嘲笑，取笑”，［C］對不同的人談?wù)摬煌膯栴}，強調(diào)要有針對性，［D］同情你的聽眾。
本題考查考生對文章第一段的理解，［A］、［B］兩項僅憑常識也可以排除，再去第一段映證，文中亦無此含義，而從“DEPENDING ON WHOM YOU ARE ADDRESSING, THE PROBLEMS WILL BE DIFFERENT”。以及下面一句舉的兩個例子，這里強調(diào)的是幽默的針對性，選［C］。［D］項為干擾選項，雖然文中出現(xiàn)“IN SYMPATHY WITH THEIR POINT OF VIEW”，但并不是“同情”之意，而是“同意，贊成”之意。
本題題干其實就是第一段大意，只不過換了一種說法而已，考生要培養(yǎng)迅速將問題與文章內(nèi)容建立對應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)換關(guān)系的能力，尤其要注意正確理解段落主干句的含義，如第一段第一句“IDENTIFY SHARED EXPERIENCES AND PROBLEMS”以及“RELEVANT”就是很好的解題線索。
[A]take advantage of different kinds of audience.
[B]make fun of the disorganized people.
[C]address different problems to different people.
[D]show sympathy for your listeners.
42. The joke about doctors implies that, in the eyes of nurses, they are
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【正確答案】
B
［注釋］這是一道暗示題。題意為：有關(guān)醫(yī)生的玩笑暗指在護士的眼中，醫(yī)生是：［A］對新來的人不禮貌，B意識到自己的職責(zé)像上帝的職責(zé)一樣，有強烈的使命感。［C］享有某些特權(quán)。［D］即使在午飯時間也很忙。
本題考查考生對第二段的笑話能否充分理解，從表面上看，［A］、［C］、［D］都是正確的，第二段第四句“EVERYONE IS…POLITE…UNTIL, WAITING…FOR LUNCH, THE NEW ARRIVAL IS…PUSHED ASIDE BY…”描述的就是上帝在午餐時間不排隊，沖向隊伍前面搶先領(lǐng)取午餐的情景，“不禮貌”，“有特權(quán)”，“繁忙”都似乎是說得通的，但這個笑話的實質(zhì)并不停留在這一層面，而是借此形容醫(yī)生總是有強烈的使命感和責(zé)任感，因為醫(yī)生總是沖到排除等候的病人前面去為他們看病的。即使考生一時拿不準這個笑話的含義，從［A］、［C］、［D］三個選項都屬于同一層次的描述也可以判斷，既然不能同時選［A］、［C］、［D］，答案只能是［B］。
[A]impolite to new arrivals.
[B]very conscious of their godlike role.
[C]entitled to some privileges.
[D]very busy even during lunch hours.
43、It can be inferred from the text that public scrvices
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【正確答案】
D
［注釋］這是一道推論題。題意是說，從文中可以推斷，公共事業(yè)：［A］造福許多人，［B］是公眾關(guān)注的焦點，［C］不適合作笑料，［D］常被人拿來作為笑料。首先用排除法，［A］、［B］與本文重點“HUMOR”無關(guān)，而從第二段最后一句話“YOU WILL BE ON SAFER GROUND IF YOU STICK TO SCAPEGOATS(替罪羊)，LIKE THE POST OFFICE OR THE TELEPHONE SYSTEM.”可以看出，使郵局或電信系統(tǒng)這樣的公共事業(yè)開玩笑是無傷大雅的，因此選［D］。
本題屬細節(jié)題，需要考生在文中仔細尋找與“PUBLIC SERVICES”相對應(yīng)的細節(jié)，考生如果不能找到POST OFFICE與PUBLIC SERVICE之間的邏輯從屬關(guān)系，這題就很難下手。
[A]have benefited many people.
[B]are the focus of public attention.
[C]are an inappropriate subject for humor.
[D]have often been the laughing stock.
44、To achieve the desired result, humorous stories should be delivered
（本題分值：2分）
【正確答案】
D
［注釋］這是一道作者觀點題。題意是：如果幽默故事要達到期望的效果，應(yīng)該以什么樣的方式講述。
［A］以得體的措辭，［B］盡量不高明地，尷尬地，［C］夸張，［D］盡量隨意
本題與第三段有關(guān)。第三段說，如果你感覺自己的風(fēng)趣幽默很不自然，你還得常練習(xí)，以使幽默變得更自然一些，不造作。加進一些“CASUAL、OFFTHECUFF(未經(jīng)準備的，即席的)”的評論，并以一種“RELAXED, UNFORCED”的方式講述，由這幾個關(guān)鍵詞可以看出，［D］為正確選項。
[A]in wellworded language.
[B]as awkwardly as possible.
[C]in exaggerated statements.
[D]as casually as possible.
45、The best title for the text may be
（本題分值：2分）
【正確答案】
A
［注釋］這是一道主旨題。題意是要為本文選擇一個合適的題目：［A］使幽默奏效，［B］各種各樣的幽默，［C］在言語中加進幽默，［D］不同的幽默策略
第一、二段講的是要使幽默奏效，應(yīng)該有針對性，對不同的聽眾講不同的話題，第三段講的是怎樣講笑話才能取得最好的效果，因此，排除［B］、［C］，而在［A］、［D］之間，［A］比［D］更準確，更能概括全文的內(nèi)容，因此選［A］。
譯文 解讀 如果你想在你的談話中，用幽默來逗別人笑，你必須知道如何找到跟聽眾共同的經(jīng)歷，或者你們同樣面臨的問題。你的幽默必須是跟聽眾相關(guān)的，并且讓他們感覺到你是他們中間的一員，或者你讓他們認為你了解他們的處境，并且跟他們有相似的觀點。根據(jù)聽眾的不同，你必須采用不同的方式。如果你對一群管理人員講話，你可以談?wù)撍麄兠貢纳⒙偷托�。相反的，你在跟一些秘書談話時，你就應(yīng)該談?wù)撍麄兘?jīng)理的散漫和沒有效率。 這是一篇議論文。
第一段提出觀點：要幽默，就要找出你與聽者的共同之處。 這里就有一個例子，我是在一所護士學(xué)校聽到這故事的，這是一個很能逗人發(fā)笑的故事，因為所有的人對醫(yī)生都有同樣的印象。故事是這樣的：有一個人來到了天堂，圣彼得帶他熟悉周圍的環(huán)境。他看到良好的住宿條件，美麗的花園，溫暖的氣候，如此種種。每一個人都很安靜，有禮貌，并且友好。直到他排隊吃午飯的時候，這位新來的天堂居民突然被一個穿白色外套的人擠到一邊，那個人沖到隊伍的最前邊，一把抓起了他的食物，大步走到餐桌邊，自己吃飯去了。這個新來的人就問圣彼得：“那個人是誰?”圣彼得回答說：“那就是上帝，不過有時他認為自己是個大夫。”
如果你是聽眾中的一員，你可能很容易了解你們共同的經(jīng)歷和問題。這樣，你所隨便作出的一些評論可能都很合適，你可以抱怨食堂難吃的食物，或者主席在選擇領(lǐng)帶方面臭名昭著的惡劣品味。在面對另外一些聽眾的時候，你就不能開這種玩笑，他們可能不希望一個外來人抱怨他們的食堂，或者嘲笑他們的主席。如果你另找一些替罪羊，比如說郵政或電話系統(tǒng)，可能安全得多。 第二、三段舉例說明幽默的效果取決于共同認識。 如果你想讓自己變得幽默的時候總覺得不自然，那么你需要一些練習(xí)才好。你可以用一種隨隨便便的方式講一些細小的，或者不相干的廢話。觀眾發(fā)笑的原因是講話的方式，而不是講話的內(nèi)容。所以說話的時候要盡量慢一點，揚起眉毛，或者作出一副難以置信的表情，這都有助于讓聽眾知道你在講一件有趣的事情。 第四段提出幽默應(yīng)自然。 你要在生活中尋找幽默，幽默經(jīng)常產(chǎn)生于意想不到的方面。你可以篡改一些俗話(比如說“一擊不中，悄然遠引”)，或者作出一些夸大的言行，讓別人合乎情理的期待落空。準備講話的時候，先看看草稿，找出一些你能改變的詞匯和句子，把幽默注入其中。 第五段強調(diào)幽默的關(guān)鍵是要出人意料。
[A]Use Humor Effectively.
[B]Various Kinds of Humor.
[C]Add Humor to Speech.
[D]Different Humor Strategies.
Section ⅢReading Comprehension Part A （滿分40分） Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A] [B] [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
Passage2
Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in robotics—the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close. As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robodrivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micromechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy—far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone. But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves—goals that pose a real challenge. “While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error,” says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, “we cant yet give a robot enough ‘common sense’ to reliably interact with a dynamic world.” Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries. What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brains roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented—and human perception far more complicated—than previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth cant approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still dont know quite how we do it.
46.Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in
（本題分值：2分）
【正確答案】
C
［注釋］這是一道具體信息題。題意是：人類的創(chuàng)造力最初展示在哪個方面：［A］使用機器產(chǎn)生科學(xué)幻想，［B］在制造業(yè)廣泛使用機器，［C］發(fā)明工具應(yīng)對艱險的工作，［D］精英人才機智地應(yīng)對危險和枯燥的工作。
本題考生只要正確理解文首第一句話的含義即可，文中并沒有強調(diào)“THE ELITE(精英人才)”，只提到“PEOPLE HAVE DEVISED CUNRING TOOLS”，因此排除［D］，而［A］、［B］兩項都不符合題中“INITIALLY(最初、最早)”這一要求，故而選［C］。
[A]the use of machines to produce science fiction.
[B]the wide use of machines in manufacturing industry.
[C]the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work.
[D]the elites cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work.
47、The word “gizmos”(line 1, paragraph 2)most probably means
（本題分值：2分）
【正確答案】
C
［注釋］這是一道詞義題，解詞義題上下文是關(guān)鍵。本題要判斷“GIZMOS”這一單詞的含義，由第一段提到“ROBOTICS”，而“CONFERTING HUMAN CAPABILITIES ON MACHINES”與修飾GIZMOS的定語從句中“REMOVE, MUCH HUMAN LABOR”相照應(yīng)，聯(lián)系上下文句意，GIZMOS應(yīng)該是與機器人有關(guān)，因此排除［A］、［B］、［D］，選［C］。這也從GIZMOS的下面四句舉例論述可以看出，如工廠中的機械，銀行的自動出納終端，地鐵的無線機器駕駛員等。
[A]programs.
[B]experts.
[C]devices.
[D]creatures.
48、According to the text, what is beyond mans ability now is to design a robot that can
（本題分值：2分）
【正確答案】
D
［注釋］這是一道具體信息題。題意為：人類現(xiàn)在還無法設(shè)計一個能的機器人。［A］強調(diào)“FULFILL DELICATE TASKS”，第二段最后一句指出，已經(jīng)有機器人系統(tǒng)，能完成某些大腦或骨科外科手術(shù)，因此排除［A］；［B］強調(diào)與人進行言語上的交流，第二段第三句則指出“AUTOMATED TELLER TERMINALS”可以“THANK US WITH MECHANICAL POLITENESS”，因此［B］亦被排除，［C］強調(diào)“HAVE A LITTLE COMMON SENSE”，從第三段DAVE LAVERY的話可以看出，機器人不是沒有COMMON SENSE,而是沒有“ENOUGH”足夠的COMMON SENSE，排除［C］，只有［D］符合第三段原意，機器人尚不能“RELIABLY INTERACT WITH A DYNAMIC WORLD”。
[A]fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgery.
[B]interact with human beings verbally.
[C]have a little common sense.
[D]respond independently to a changing world.
49、Besides reducing human labor, robots can also
（本題分值：2分）
【正確答案】
B
［注釋］這也是一道具體信息題。題意為：機器人除了能減少人的勞力之外，還可以：［A］自己作一些決定，［B］在人工干預(yù)下處理某些錯誤，［C］改善工廠環(huán)境，［D］培養(yǎng)人的創(chuàng)造力。
由第三段第一句可以看出，機器人尚不能“MAKE AT LEAST A FEW DECISIONS FOR THEMSELVES”，故排除［A］、［C］、［D］在文中根本沒有出現(xiàn)這樣的字眼，可不予考慮，而在第三段中，由“WE KNOW HOW TO TELL A ROBOT TO HANDLE A SPECIFIC ERROR”即可推斷［B］項是正確選項。
[A]make a few decisions for themselves.
[B]deal with some errors with human intervention.
[C]improve factory environments.
[D]cultivate human creativity.
50、The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are
（本題分值：2分）
【正確答案】
C
［注釋］這是一道邏輯題，考查考生對論點論據(jù)的識別能力。題意為，作者舉猴子一例，意在證明機器人：［A］被期望能在內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)上與人腦相似；［B］能立即感知異常；［C］在關(guān)注相關(guān)信息上比人腦能力差很多；［D］最好用于可控的環(huán)境。
本題需要考生能迅速在文章中找到相關(guān)細節(jié)，“MONKEY”一詞出現(xiàn)在第五段第三句，由“THE HUMAN MIND CAN…IMMEDIATELY DISREGARD THE 98% THAT IS IRRELEVANT, INSTANTANEOUSLY FOCUSING ON THE MONKEY…”，可以看出，這里談的是人腦能迅速捕捉相關(guān)信息，而忽略無關(guān)信息，再由第四句“THE MOST ADVANCED COMPUTER SYSTEMS ON EARTH CANT APPROACH THAT KIND OF ABILITY”，可以得出，既然最先進的計算機系統(tǒng)都不能有這樣的能力，正確答案應(yīng)選［C］。文中雖然出現(xiàn)“IN A CONTROLLED FACTORY ENVIRONMENT”以及“RECOGNIZE THE ERROR…”這樣的字眼，［A］項也符合事實，但［A］、［B］、［D］三項都與猴子一例無關(guān)，可排除［A］、［B］、［D］。
譯文 解讀 人們開始有智能以來，一直在制造越來越精巧的工具，來幫助他們承擔(dān)危險的、單調(diào)的、沉重的或者骯臟的工作。這一傾向的結(jié)果是機械化：也就是用機器來模擬人的各種能力的學(xué)科。如果說科學(xué)家們還沒能創(chuàng)造出科幻小說的“機器版”的話，他們至少是在朝這個目標(biāo)接近了。
結(jié)果，世界上的智能機器越來越多，雖然它們的存在幾乎無法察覺，但它們的廣泛使用的確節(jié)省了大量的勞力，我們的工廠因為有機械化裝配線才能運轉(zhuǎn)，我們的銀行用自動錄音來播放禮貌性的問候，我們的地鐵由不知疲倦的機器人駕駛員控制。而且由于電子技術(shù)和縮微技術(shù)的發(fā)展，我們現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)擁有能夠進行腦科和骨科手術(shù)的機械裝備，手術(shù)誤差在毫微米以下，這已經(jīng)比最熟練的外科醫(yī)師還要準確了。 這是一篇議論文。
第一、二段指出人類有智慧以來，一直在設(shè)計用來處理危險困難工作的工具，結(jié)果機器充斥了人類的生活，節(jié)省了許多勞動力。 但是如果機器人要發(fā)展到下一階段，更多地節(jié)省勞力的話，他們必須能夠在更少人監(jiān)督的情況下工作，至少能自己作出一些決定——而這是非常難以達到的。“雖然我們知道，如何讓機器去處理一些特定的錯誤，”美國國家航空航天局機器人研究計劃的經(jīng)理代維·拉瓦利說道，“我們還不能讓一個機器人擁有足夠的常識，讓它來適應(yīng)不斷變化的世界�！� 第三段指出機器人研究的下一個階段，是節(jié)省勞力，能夠獨立解決問題，但這是個艱巨的任務(wù)。 事實上，對真正人工智能的追求導(dǎo)致了多重后果。雖然早在20世紀六七十年代，人們就預(yù)言微處理器和控制電路可以讓機器模擬人的行為，但他們預(yù)言的2010年還是太樂觀了。新近的研究認為，這一目標(biāo)的實現(xiàn)要推后幾十年，如果不是幾百年的話。當(dāng)他們想去模擬人的思維時，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)人腦大概有一千億個神經(jīng)細胞，比他們預(yù)想的要復(fù)雜得多，精密得多。在實驗室環(huán)境中，他們可以制作出一些機器人，這些機器人可以分辨微米以下的數(shù)據(jù)誤差。但是人腦的高超之處在于他們可以一眼就識辯出重要的信息，而同時把百分之九十八的無關(guān)信息舍棄。比如在一片樹林，馬上發(fā)現(xiàn)一只猴子；或者在一群人中間，馬上發(fā)現(xiàn)一張可疑的面孔。世界上沒有一個計算機可以做到這一點，而神經(jīng)科學(xué)家甚至不知道我們是怎么做到這一點的。 第四段指出目前研究人員已經(jīng)將機器人模仿人腦的預(yù)想向后推遲了數(shù)十年，甚至數(shù)百年，因為人腦在變化的環(huán)境中的反應(yīng)能力是機器人無法做到的。
[A]expected to copy human brain in internal structure.
[B]able to perceive abnormalities immediately.
[C]far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant information.
[D]best used in a controlled environment.
Section ⅢReading Comprehension Part A （滿分40分） Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A] [B] [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
Passage 3
Could the bad old days of economic decline be about to return? Since OPEC agreed to supplycuts in March, the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel, up from less than $10 last December. This neartripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 1973 oil shock, when prices quadrupled, and 1979-80, when they also almost tripled. Both previous shocks resulted in doubledigit inflation and global economic decline. So where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom the time? The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraq suspended oil exports. Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher still in the short term. Yet there are good reasons to expect the economic consequences now to be less severe than in the 1970s. In most countries the cost of crude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol than it did in the 1970s. In Europe, taxes account for up to fourfifths of the retail price, so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past. Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were, and so less sensitive to swings in the oil price. Energy conservation, a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy, energyintensive industries have reduced oil consumption. Software, consultancy and mobile telephones use far less oil than steel of car production. For each dollar of GDP (in constant prices) rich economies now use nearly 50% less oil than in 1973. The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25-0.5% of GDP. That is less than onequarter of the income loss in 1974 or 1980. On the other hand, oilimporting emerging economies—to which heavy industry has shifted—have become more energyintensive, and so could be more seriously squeezed. One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodityprice inflation and global excess demand. A sizable portion of the world is only just emerging from economic decline. The Economists commodityprice index is broadly unchanging from a year ago. In 1973 commodity prices jumped by 70%, and in 1979 by almost 30%.
51.The main reason for the latest rise of oil price is
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【正確答案】
B
［注釋］這是一道具體信息題。題意為：近期油價上漲的主要原因為：［A］全球通貨膨脹，［B］供應(yīng)量減少，［C］經(jīng)濟快速增長，［D］伊拉克暫停出口。
第一段第二句出現(xiàn)“SUPRLYCUTS IN MARCH”，第一段出現(xiàn)“IRAQ SUSPENDED OIL EXPORTS”以及“STRENGTHENING ECONOMIC GROWTH”，“WINTER”都可以刺激油價上漲，但只有［B］、［D］是造成近期油價上漲的原因，又從［B］、［D］在文中出現(xiàn)的重要性來看，提到“SUPPLYCUTS”時，是和油價從不到10美元升至26美元聯(lián)系在一起的，而“IRAQS SUSPENSION OF EXPORTS”只與“OIL PRICE WAS GIVEN ANOTHER PUSH UP”有關(guān)，因此［B］項更符合題意。
[A]global inflation.
[B]reduction in supply.
[C]fast growth in economy.
[D]Iraqs suspension of exports.
52、It can be inferred from the text that the retail price of petrol will go up dramatically if
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【正確答案】
D
［注釋］這是一道推論題。題意為：從文中可推斷，汽油零售價將急劇上漲，如果：［A］原油價上漲，［B］商品價上漲，［C］消費增長，［D］油稅上漲。
本題屬細節(jié)題，考生需在文章中快速尋找到相關(guān)句子，第三段第二三、四句可提供相關(guān)信息，第二句首先否定了原油價格對汽油價格的影響，第三句說，稅在汽油零售價中占80%的比例，由此可以得出，油稅是決定汽油零售價漲落的主要因素，因此選［D］，第四則可以進一步排除［B］、［C］。
[A]price of crude rises.
[B]commodity prices rise.
[C]consumption rises.
[D]oil taxes rise.
53、The estimates in Economic Outlook show that in rich countries
（本題分值：2分）
【正確答案】
D
［注釋］這是一道具體信息題。題意為：在“經(jīng)濟觀察”上的預(yù)計顯示，在富裕的國家，［A］重工業(yè)變得更能源密集，［B］收入的減少主要是由于浮動的原油價格，［C］制造業(yè)已遭受沉重的負擔(dān)，［D］油價變化對GDP影響不大。
本題主要是從第三段后半部分“THE OECD ESTIMATES IN ITS LATEST ECONOMIC OUTLOOK THAT …”找答案，從這句話“IF OIL PRICES AVERAGED $22 A BARREL FOR A FULL YEAR, …THIS WOULD INCREASE THE OIL IMPORT BILL IN RICH ECONOMIES BY ONLY 025～05% OF GDP.”即可得出正確選項為［D］。而“BECOME MORE EVERGYINTENSIVE”,“BE MORE SERIOUSLY SQUEEZED.”都與“OILIMPORTING EMERGING ECONOMIES”有關(guān)，與題干“RICH COUNTRIES”無關(guān)，［C］項則根本與題無涉，故選［D］。
[A]heavy industry becomes more energyintensive.
[B]income loss mainly results from fluctuating crude oil prices.
[C]manufacturing industry has been seriously squeezed.
[D]oil price changes have no significant impact on GDP.
54、We can draw a conclusion from the text that
（本題分值：2分）
【正確答案】
A
［注釋］這是針對全文的一道結(jié)論題。題意為：從文中我們可得出這樣的結(jié)論：［A］油價帶來的沖擊比過去有所減弱，［B］通貨膨脹與油價沖擊無關(guān)，［C］保護能源可降低油價，［D］原油價格上揚導(dǎo)致重工業(yè)比重降低。文章通篇都是在論證現(xiàn)在油價上漲帶來的沖擊比過去有所減弱，這從主體部分第三、四段的主干句就可以看出，“YET THERE ARE GOOD REASONS TO EXPECT THE ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES NOW TO BE LESS SEVERE THAN IN THE 1970S.” “ONE MORE REASON NOT TO LOSE SLEEP OVER THE RISE…”，同時第四段也點明“INFLATION”與“INFLATION”與“OIL PRICE SHOCK”是有關(guān)系的，因此排除［B］。第三段第五句只提到“ENERGY CONSERVATION”降低了用油量，并沒有說可降低油價，故［C］項不正確，而文中并沒有提到原油價格與重工業(yè)比重的關(guān)系，［D］項也可排除，故正確選項為［A］。
[A]oilprice shocks are less shocking now.
[B]inflation seems irrelevant to oilprice shocks.
[C]energy conservation can keep down the oil prices.
[D]the price rise of crude leads to the shrinking of heave industry.
55、From the text we can see that the writer seems
（本題分值：2分）
【正確答案】
A
［注釋］這是一道態(tài)度題，問作者對形勢持什么態(tài)度。題意為：從文中可以看出作者的態(tài)度是：［A］樂觀的，［B］敏感的，［C］擔(dān)憂的，［D］恐懼的。參見54題分析，全篇大量分析論證都力圖說服讀者，油價上漲并不會給社會帶來如石油危機時期那樣大的沖擊，因此可推斷［A］為正確選項。
譯文 解讀 過去的經(jīng)濟衰退的悲慘日子就要回來了嗎?自從石油輸出國組織三月份決議減少供給以后，原油價格飆升至將近26美元一桶，比去年12月份高將近10美元。石油將近3倍的價格提升喚醒了人們對1973年石油危機的可怕回憶，那時候石油價格升了4倍。在1979到1980年也出現(xiàn)過石油價格翻3倍的局面。前兩次危機，都導(dǎo)致了兩位數(shù)的通貨膨脹和全球范圍的經(jīng)濟衰退。那么這一次會不會還有陰暗的災(zāi)難性的影響呢? 這是一篇議論文。
第一段提出最近石油價格大幅上漲，會不會像前兩次一樣造成經(jīng)濟衰退的問題。 這個星期，由于伊拉克推遲了石油出口，油價再一次攀升。復(fù)蘇的經(jīng)濟，以及北半球的嚴冬，都可能會導(dǎo)致短期內(nèi)油價進一步上升。 第二段進一步強化了這種擔(dān)憂。 但我們同樣有很好的理由相信，這次的經(jīng)濟后果會比20世紀70年代小得多。在大多數(shù)國家原油價格在汽油成本中的比重要比20世紀70年代低得多。在歐洲，賦稅占了石油制品成本的4／5，所以就算是原油價格大幅度上升對汽油價格的影響也會比較小。富裕國家不再像從前一樣依賴石油，于是他們對石油價格也不再那么敏感。節(jié)能措施，替代性燃料的應(yīng)用以及能源密集型重要性降低都大大削減了石油的用量。軟件產(chǎn)業(yè)、信息咨詢、移動通信，都要比鋼鐵或汽車工業(yè)消耗的原油少得多。對應(yīng)于每一個美元的GDP(以可比價格計算)所消耗的原油，富裕國家要比1973年減少了50%。OECD組織在他們最近的經(jīng)濟前景報告中估計：如果原油價格維持在22美元一桶，前后持續(xù)一年，那么于1998年的13美元一桶相比，富裕國家在原油方面的支出也只會增加國民生產(chǎn)總值的025%到0.5%。這只是1974年或1980年所造成損失的1／4弱。在另一方面，依賴于石油進口的經(jīng)濟部門，現(xiàn)在也變得更加消耗能源，所以也會因為油價的上升而更有效地被削減。 第三段至最后列舉了這次油價上漲的影響不會像以前那樣嚴重的原因，對前面的問題做了否定的回答。 另外一個不必為了油價上升而寢食難安的理由是：與20世紀70年代不同，這次油價的上升并沒有伴隨一般消費品的通貨膨脹，也沒有同時出現(xiàn)全球范圍內(nèi)的需求過剩。全世界的相當(dāng)一部分國家剛剛擺脫經(jīng)濟衰退，經(jīng)濟學(xué)家們得出的一般消費品價格指數(shù)與一年前相比沒有變化。而在1973年消費品價格指數(shù)上漲了70%，1979年上升了近30%。
[A]optimistic.
[B]sensitive.
[C]gloomy.
[D]scared.
Section ⅢReading Comprehension Part A （滿分40分） Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A] [B] [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
Passage4
The Supreme Courts decisions on physicianassisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering. Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physicianassisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect” a centuriesold moral principle holding that an action having two effects—a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen—is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect. Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient. Nancy Dubler,director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who “until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient medication to control their pain if that might hasten death.” George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. “Its like surgery,” he says. “We dont call those deaths homicides because the doctors didnt intend to kill their patients, although they risked their death. If youre a physician, you can risk your patients suicide as long as you dont intend their suicide.” On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assistedsuicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying. Just three weeks before the Courts ruling on physicianassisted suicide, the National Academy of Science (NAS) released a twovolume report,Approaching Death :Improving Care at the End of Life. It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying” as the twin problems of endoflife care. The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospitalbased care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life. Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these wellmeaning medical initiatives translate into better care. “Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering,” to the extent that it constiutes “systematic patient abuse.” He says medical licensing boards “must make it clear...that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension.”
56.From the first three paragraphs, we learn that
（本題分值：2分）
【正確答案】
B
［注釋］這是一道具體信息題，難度較大。題意為，從前三段可以看出，［A］醫(yī)生過去常增加藥劑量以控制病人的疼痛，［B］醫(yī)生加速垂死的病人結(jié)束生命，現(xiàn)在仍是違法的，［C］最高法院強烈反對“PHYSICIANASSISTED SUICIDE”，［D］依據(jù)憲法病人無權(quán)自殺。
文章前三段都是圍繞“PHYSICIANASSISTED”展開的，從第二句可以看出，“盡管最高法院作出決定，依據(jù)憲法“PHYSICIANASSISTED SUICIDE”是違法的，但事實上法院支持“雙重效果”這一醫(yī)療原則�！睆倪@句話的轉(zhuǎn)承語氣，可以得出［B］是正確的，［C］、［D］錯誤，最高法院并沒有強烈反對這種自殺，也沒有說病人的任何SUICIDE都是違法的，而從NANCY DUBLER的話中也可以看出，醫(yī)生抱怨的是不能給病人足夠的劑量止痛，從而排除［A］項。故正確選項為［B］。
[A]doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients pain.
[B]it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their lives.
[C]the Supreme Court strongly opposes physicianassisted suicide.
[D]patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide.
57、Which of the following statements is true according to the text?
（本題分值：2分）
【正確答案】
C
［注釋］這是一道是非判斷題。本題要選出正確的陳述，可用排除法。
［A］項不正確，從第一段“THE COURT SUPPORTED THE MEDICAL PRINCIPLE OF “DOUBLE EFFECT”…IS PERMISSIBLE IF THE DOCTOR INTENDS ONLY THE GOOD EFFECT.”可以看出，只有當(dāng)醫(yī)生惡意危害病人的生命時才會犯罪。
［B］項不正確。從第六段“ON ANOTHER LEVEL…”可看出，“MODERN MEDICINE HAS PROLONGED THE PHYSICAL AGONY OF DYING.” 現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)不但不能幫助一些病危者沒有痛苦地恢復(fù)，反而延長了他們臨死時的生理上的痛苦。
［D］項不正確。理由同［A］項。
[A]Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients death.
[B]Modern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery.
[C]The Court ruled that highdosage painrelieving medication can be prescribed.
[D]A doctors medication is no longer justified by his intentions.
58、According to the NASs report, one of the problems in endoflife care is
（本題分值：2分）
【正確答案】
B
［注釋］這是一道具體信息題。題意為：根據(jù)NAS的報告，在“臨終關(guān)懷”中存在的問題之一是：
考生需要快速在文中找到相應(yīng)段落，第七段“THE NAS RELEASED A REPORT …”提到考生需要快速在文中找到相應(yīng)段落，第七段“THE NAS RELEASED A REPORT …”提到“THE TWIN PROBLEMS OF ENDOFLIFE CARE”為“UNDERTREATMENT OF PAIN”和“AGGRESSIVE USE OF…PROCEDURES….”文中只提到AGGRESSIVE USE OF INEFFECTUAL AND FORCED MEDICAL PROCEDURES，故排除［A］，［B］項實際上是UNDERTREATMENT OF PAIN的另一種說法，［C］、［D］為干擾選項，均不是NAS報告中的內(nèi)容，故正確選項為［B］。
[A]prolonged medical procedures.
[B]inadequate treatment of pain.
[C]systematic drug abuse.
[D]insufficient hospital care.
59、Which of the following best defines the word “aggressive” (line 3, paragraph 7)?
（本題分值：2分）
【正確答案】
A
［注釋］這是一道詞義題，主要涉及如何利用上下文選擇詞義的問題。本題考查的是單詞詞義的理解，AGGRESSIVE “積極的，進取的，引申為過度的”，BOLD “大膽的”，HARMFUL “有害的”，CARELESS “粗心的”，DESPERATE “絕望的，嚴重”，只有［A］與AGGRESSIVE在此處的含義最貼近。
[A]Bold.
[B]Harmful.
[C]Careless.
[D]Desperate.
60、George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they
（本題分值：2分）
【正確答案】
D
［注釋］這是一道推論題。題意為，GEORGE ANNAS贊同這樣的觀點，如果醫(yī)生，他們應(yīng)受到懲罰，第五段，第八段都闡述了ANNAS的觀點，可以看出，ANNAS堅持醫(yī)生不應(yīng)毫無意義地延長病人臨終前的痛苦，否則，“PAINFUL DEATHS… SHOULD RESULT IN LICENSE SUSPENSION”(吊銷執(zhí)照)，因此［D］為正確選項，［A］、［B］與題干無關(guān)，為干擾選項，［C］項亦不如［D］項更貼切準確。
譯文 解讀 最高法院對醫(yī)生協(xié)助的自殺事件所作出的裁決會有深遠的影響，它將決定醫(yī)學(xué)界如何為患絕癥的病人減少痛苦。
雖然最高法院認為，憲法沒有規(guī)定醫(yī)生可以協(xié)助病人自殺，但法院實際上支持了醫(yī)學(xué)界“雙重影響”的標(biāo)準。這一歷史悠久的標(biāo)準規(guī)定：如果某一行為有一個好的愿望，但有可能會導(dǎo)致不好的結(jié)果，那么對于懷有良好愿望的執(zhí)行者來說，他的行為是可以被允許的。
正是出于這一原則，近年來很多醫(yī)生通過大量使用嗎啡來減少絕癥病人的痛苦。雖然大量地使用麻醉劑最終會導(dǎo)致病人死亡。 這是一個新聞體篇。
第一、二、三段指出最高法院在醫(yī)生協(xié)助病人自殺問題上的判決，而醫(yī)生則使用這個原則為他們使用大劑量藥物來減輕臨死病人的痛苦進行辯護。 蒙特費爾醫(yī)療中心的主任南�！み_勃樂認為，這一原則可以保護某些醫(yī)生，這些人“非常非常堅絕地認為，如果會導(dǎo)致死亡，就不能給病人足夠的藥物來止痛�！� 第四段指出這項裁決可以消除部分醫(yī)生的疑慮。 波士頓大學(xué)法學(xué)系主任喬治·安娜斯認為：只要醫(yī)生按照合法目的開藥，就算病人用這種藥物自殺，醫(yī)生也沒有任何責(zé)任。他認為：“這就像外科手術(shù)一樣，我們并不認為因外科手術(shù)死亡的病人是被殺的，因為醫(yī)生并沒有想殺死病人，雖然他們手術(shù)時有死亡的危險。如果你是一位醫(yī)生，你可以冒險讓你的病人有自殺的機會，只要你沒想讓他們自殺�！� 第五段引用醫(yī)學(xué)、法律和科學(xué)界的觀點來論證這種"雙重效果"原則是可行的。 在另外一方面，醫(yī)學(xué)界很多人都承認關(guān)于協(xié)助自殺問題的討論很大程度上來自于病人的絕望，現(xiàn)代醫(yī)療技術(shù)的進步看來只是延長了他們面臨死亡的痛苦。
就在最高法院對醫(yī)生協(xié)助自殺作出最終判絕之前的三個星期，美國國家科學(xué)院公告了一份兩卷的報告——面對死亡：臨終關(guān)懷的改善。報告認為，對病人傷痛的處理不力，以及沒有真正效果但可以延長病人生命因而也延長其痛苦藥品的過度使用，是臨終前護理所存在的兩大問題，后者甚至讓病人在面臨死亡時蒙羞。
醫(yī)療行業(yè)正在采取措施，要求年輕醫(yī)生接受住院護理訓(xùn)練，以檢查他們對積極止痛療法的掌握程度以樹立新的住院治療護理規(guī)范，并確認病人臨終前看護和止痛的新標(biāo)準。
安娜斯說，在堅持這種用意良好的護理新規(guī)范方面，律師可以發(fā)揮重要的作用�！昂芏噌t(yī)生看上去并不關(guān)心患者無休止的痛苦，這種情況已經(jīng)惡劣到有組織虐待的程度，法律必須作出相應(yīng)的規(guī)定，讓患者痛苦死亡會導(dǎo)致醫(yī)生被取消行醫(yī)資格�！�
[A]manage their patients incompetently.
[B]give patients more medicine than needed.
[C]reduce drug dosages for their patients.
[D]prolong the needless suffering of the patients.
Section Ⅲ Part B (每題2分，共10分) Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
Almost all our major problems involve human behavior, and they cannot be solved by physical and biological technology alone. What is needed is a technology of behavior, but we have been slow to develop the science from which such a technology might be drawn. (61) One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on. Physics and biology once followed similar practices and advanced only when they discarded them. (62) The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find. The environment is obviously important, but its role has remained obscure. It does not push or pull, it selects, and this function is difficult to discover and analyze. (63) The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied. As the interaction between organism and environment has come to be understood, however, effects once assigned to states of mind, feelings, and traits are beginning to be traced to accessible conditions, and a technology of behavior may therefore become available. It will not solve our problems, however, until it replaces traditional prescientific views, and these are strongly entrenched. Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty. (64) They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements. A scientific analysis shifts both the responsibility and the achievement to the environment. It also raises questions concerning “values”. Who will use a technology and to what ends? (65) Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.
61、
（本題分值：2分）
【正確答案】
難題之一在于所謂的行為科學(xué)幾乎全都依然從心態(tài)、情感、性格特征、人性等方面去尋找行為的根源。
62、
（本題分值：2分）
【正確答案】
行為科學(xué)之所以發(fā)展緩慢，部分原因是用來解釋行為的依據(jù)似乎往往是直接觀察到的，部分原因是其他的解釋方式一直難以找到。
63、
（本題分值：2分）
【正確答案】
自然選擇在進化中的作用僅在一百多年前才得以闡明，而環(huán)境在塑造和保護個體行為時的選擇作用則剛剛開始被認識和研究。
64、
（本題分值：2分）
【正確答案】
自由和尊嚴(它們)是傳統(tǒng)理論定義的自主人所擁有的，是要求一個人對自己的行為負責(zé)并因其業(yè)績而給予肯定的必不可少的前提。
65、
（本題分值：2分）
【正確答案】
(如果)這些問題得不到解決，研究行為的技術(shù)手段就會繼續(xù)受到排斥，解決問題的惟一方式可能也隨之繼續(xù)受到排斥。
Section IV (共20分)Writing
66、 Directions:
Study the following picture carefully and write an essay entitled “Cultures—National and International”. In the essay you should
1) describe the picture and interpret its meaning, and
2) give your comment on the phenomenon. You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)
An American girl in traditional Chinese costume(服裝)
（本題分值：20分）
【正確答案】
略
