首先,我們?yōu)榭忌榻B兩種經(jīng)典的開(kāi)頭方法: 1. 開(kāi)頭技巧一:名人名言 開(kāi)頭引用名人不僅能夠作為很好的切入點(diǎn)展開(kāi)話(huà)題,而且還能夠顯示考生深厚的英語(yǔ)功底�?赡苡械目忌鷷�(huì)疑惑:“我沒(méi)有記住名言,怎么辦?尤其是英語(yǔ)名言?”一般來(lái)說(shuō),引用名人名言不一定要記住每個(gè)單詞才行。 如果考生能夠記住大致的內(nèi)容,也可以引用。引用名人名言的經(jīng)典句型: A proverb says, “you are only young once.” (適用于已記住的名言) It goes without saying that we cannot be young forever. (適用于只記住大致意思的名言) 更多經(jīng)典句型:As everyone knows, no one can deny that… 我們?yōu)榭忌偨Y(jié)了一些考生常用的名人名言,附在本節(jié)后面,供考生記憶使用。 2. 開(kāi)頭技巧二:數(shù)字統(tǒng)計(jì) 要想使自己的論證更有說(shuō)服力,就應(yīng)該用實(shí)際的數(shù)字來(lái)說(shuō)明。原則上在議論文當(dāng)中十不應(yīng)該出現(xiàn)虛假數(shù)字的,可是在考試考生只需要記住一個(gè)大概得數(shù)據(jù)即可。所以不妨試用下面的句型: A ccording to a recent survey, about 78.9% of the college students wanted to further their study after their graduation. 更多句型: A recent statistics shows that … 除以上兩種特殊用法以外,我們?yōu)榭忌砹艘韵麻_(kāi)頭常用句型,供考生參考: 文章開(kāi)頭句型: 1. 對(duì)立法 : 先引出其他人的不同看法,然后提出自己的看法或者偏向于某一看法, 適用于有爭(zhēng)議性的主題. 例如 1) When asked about....., the vast/overwhelming majority of people say that ... But I think/view a bit differently. 2) When it comes to .... , some people believe that ....... Others argue/claim that the opposite/reverse is true . There is probably some truth in both arguments/statements , but (I tend to the proffer/latter ...) 3) Now, it is commonly/generally/widely believed/held/acknowledged that .... They claim/believe/argue that ... But I wonder/doubt whether..... 2. 現(xiàn)象法 引出要剖析的現(xiàn)象或者問(wèn)題, 然后評(píng)論 . 1) Recently the rise in problem of/(phenomenon of) ... has cause/aroused public/popular/wide/worldwide concern. 2) Recently the issue of the problem of/the phenomenon of ...has been brought into focus. ( has been brought to public attention) 3)Inflation/Corruption/Social inequality ... is yet another of the new and bitter truth we have to learn to face now/constantly. 3. 觀(guān)點(diǎn)法 ----開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山,直截了當(dāng)?shù)靥岢鲎约簩?duì)要討論的問(wèn)題的看法. 1) Never history has the change of .. been as evident as ...Nowhere in the world/China has the issue/idea of .. been more visible/popular than... 2) Now people in growing/significant numbers are beginning/coming to realize/accept/(be aware) that... 3) Now there is a growing awareness/recognition of the necessity to......Now people become increasingly aware/conscious of the importance of ...... 4) Perhaps it is time to have a fresh look at the attitude/idea that....... 4. 引用法 ----- 先引出有代表性的看法, 來(lái)引出文章要展開(kāi)論述的觀(guān)點(diǎn)! 1) "Knowledge is power." such is the remark made by Bacon. This remark has been shared by more and more people. "Education is not complete with graduation." Such is the opinion of a great American philosopher. Now more and more people share his opinion. 2)"........." How often we hear such statements/words like those/this. In our own days we are used to hearing such traditional complains as this "......". 5. 比較法 ------ 通過(guò)對(duì)過(guò)去,現(xiàn)在兩種不同的傾向,觀(guān)點(diǎn)的比較, 引出文章要討論的觀(guān)點(diǎn). 1) For years, ...had been viewed as ... But people are taking a fresh look now. With the growing ... , people ....... . 2) People used to think that ... (In the past, ....) But people now share this new. 6. 故事法 ---- 先講一個(gè)較短的故事來(lái)引發(fā)讀者的興趣, 引出文章的主題. 1) Once in (a newspaper) , I read of/learnt .... The phenomenon of... has aroused public concern. 2) I have a friend who ... Should he .... ? Such a dilemma we are often confront with in our daily life. 3) Once upon a time , there lived a man who ... This story may be (unbelievable) , but it still has a realistic significance now. 7.問(wèn)題法 ----- 先用討論或解答的設(shè)問(wèn), 引出自己觀(guān)點(diǎn), 適用于有爭(zhēng)議性的話(huà)題. Should/What ...... ? Options of ... vary greatly, some ..., others ...But in my opinion, ...... . (二)主體段落的寫(xiě)作原則 作文的主體部分是全文文字最密集的地方,也是最彰顯考生功底的地方,于是,我們總結(jié)出了關(guān)于主體段落寫(xiě)作的幾個(gè)原則,考生在平時(shí)練習(xí)時(shí),注意體會(huì)掌握。 1. 長(zhǎng)短句原則 中國(guó)考生語(yǔ)法功底普遍很好,因此,在寫(xiě)作文時(shí),很容易出現(xiàn)長(zhǎng)句堆積的現(xiàn)象。但是,這樣很容易使得文章枯燥乏味,讀起來(lái)費(fèi)解。相反,寫(xiě)一個(gè)短小精辟的句子,卻可以起到畫(huà)龍點(diǎn)睛的作用。而且,如果我們把短句放在段首或者段末,也可以揭示主題: As a creature, I eat; as a man, I read. Although one action is to meet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy the intellectual need of mind, they are in a way quite similar. 如此可見(jiàn),長(zhǎng)短句結(jié)合,抑揚(yáng)頓挫,更能夠使文章文采飛揚(yáng)。 在這里我們強(qiáng)烈建議考生:在文章第一段(開(kāi)頭)用一長(zhǎng)一短,且先長(zhǎng)后短;在文章主體部分,要先用一個(gè)短句解釋主要意思,然后在闡述幾個(gè)要點(diǎn)的時(shí)候采用先短后長(zhǎng)的句群形式,定會(huì)讓主體部分妙筆生輝。文章結(jié)尾一般用一長(zhǎng)一短就可以了。 2. 主題句原則 英文寫(xiě)作和中文寫(xiě)作的一個(gè)很大的區(qū)別在于:中文寫(xiě)作喜歡水到渠成,只有在最后才透露觀(guān)點(diǎn),然而英文寫(xiě)作往往卻開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山,在文章的段首就講明白整段的內(nèi)容。所以在這里建一靠賒概念一定要寫(xiě)一個(gè)主題句,放在文章的開(kāi)頭(保險(xiǎn)型)或者結(jié)尾,讓閱卷人一目了然,文章結(jié)構(gòu)更加清晰。 特別提示:隱藏主體句可是要冒險(xiǎn)的。 To begin with, you must work hard at your lessons and be fully prepared before the exam(主題句). Without sufficient preparation, you can hardly expect to answer all the questions correctly. 3. 一 二 三原則 領(lǐng)導(dǎo)講話(huà)總是第一部分、第一點(diǎn)、第二點(diǎn)、第三點(diǎn)、第二部分、第一點(diǎn)… 雖然羅嗦。但是畢竟條理清楚。考官們看文章也必然要通過(guò)這些關(guān)鍵性的“標(biāo)簽”來(lái)判定你的文章是否結(jié)構(gòu)清楚,條理自然。解決方法很簡(jiǎn)單,只要把下面任何一組的詞匯加入到你的幾個(gè)要點(diǎn)前就可以了。 1)first, second, third, last(不推薦,原因:俗) 2)firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally(不推薦,原因:俗) 3)the first, the second, the third, the last(不推薦,原因:俗) 4)in the first place, in the second place, in the third place, lastly(不推薦,原因:俗) 5)to begin with, then, furthermore, finally(強(qiáng)烈推薦) 6)to start with, next, in addition, finally(強(qiáng)烈推薦) 7)first and foremost, besides, last but not least(強(qiáng)烈推薦) 8)most important of all, moreover, finally 9)on the one hand, on the other hand(適用于兩點(diǎn)的情況) 10)for one thing, for another thing(適用于兩點(diǎn)的情況) 4. 短語(yǔ)優(yōu)先原則 寫(xiě)作時(shí),尤其是在考試時(shí),如果使用短語(yǔ),有兩個(gè)好處:其一、短語(yǔ)會(huì)使文章增加亮點(diǎn),如果老師們看到你的文章太簡(jiǎn)單,看不到一個(gè)自己不認(rèn)識(shí)的短語(yǔ),必然會(huì)低看你一等。相反,如果發(fā)現(xiàn)亮點(diǎn)—精彩的短語(yǔ),那么你的文章定會(huì)得高分了。其二、關(guān)鍵時(shí)刻思維短路,只有湊字?jǐn)?shù),怎么辦?用短語(yǔ)是一個(gè)辦法。比如: I cannot bear it. 可以用短語(yǔ)表達(dá):I cannot put up with it. I want it. 可以用短語(yǔ)表達(dá):I am looking forward to it. 這樣字?jǐn)?shù)明顯增加,表達(dá)也更準(zhǔn)確。 5. 多實(shí)少虛原則 原因很簡(jiǎn)單,寫(xiě)文章還是應(yīng)該寫(xiě)一些實(shí)際的東西,不要空話(huà)連篇。這就要求一定要多用實(shí)詞,少用虛詞。我這里所說(shuō)的虛詞就是指那些比較大的詞。比如我們說(shuō)一個(gè)人很好的時(shí)候,不應(yīng)該直說(shuō)nice這樣空洞的詞,應(yīng)該使用一些諸如generous, humorous, interesting, smart, gentle, warm-h(huán)earted, hospital 之類(lèi)的形象詞。再比如: 走出房間,general的詞是:walk out of the room,但是小偷走出房間應(yīng)該說(shuō):slip out of the room 小姐走出房間應(yīng)該說(shuō):sail out of the room,小孩走出房間應(yīng)該說(shuō):dance out of the room,老人走出房間應(yīng)該說(shuō):stagger out of the room,所以多用實(shí)詞,少用虛詞,文章將會(huì)大放異彩。 6.多變句式原則 �。�1)加法(串聯(lián)) 都希望寫(xiě)下很長(zhǎng)的句子,像個(gè)老外似的,可就是怕寫(xiě)錯(cuò),怎么辦,最保險(xiǎn)的寫(xiě)長(zhǎng)句的方法就是這些,可以在任何句子之間加and, 但最好是前后的句子又先后關(guān)系或者并列關(guān)系。比如說(shuō): I enjoy music and he is fond of playing guitar. 如果是二者并列的,我們可以用一個(gè)超級(jí)句式: Not only the fur coat is soft, but it is also warm. 其它的短語(yǔ)可以用:besides, furthermore, likewise, moreover �。�2)轉(zhuǎn)折(拐彎抹角) 批評(píng)某人缺點(diǎn)的時(shí)候,我們總習(xí)慣先拐彎抹角說(shuō)說(shuō)他的優(yōu)點(diǎn),然后轉(zhuǎn)入正題,再說(shuō)缺點(diǎn),這種方式還比較容易讓人接受。所以呢,我們說(shuō)話(huà)的時(shí)候,只要在要點(diǎn)之前先來(lái)點(diǎn)廢話(huà),注意二者之間用個(gè)專(zhuān)這次就夠了。 The car was quite old, yet it was in excellent condition. the coat was thin, but it was warm. 更多的短語(yǔ):despite that, still, however, nevertheless, in spite of, despite, notwithstanding �。�3)因果(so, so, so) 昨天在街上我看到了一個(gè)女孩,然后我主動(dòng)搭訕,然后我們?nèi)タХ葟d,然后我們認(rèn)識(shí)了,然后我們成為了朋友…可見(jiàn),講故事的時(shí)候我們總要追求先后順序,先什么,后什么,所以然后這個(gè)詞就變得很常見(jiàn)了。其實(shí)這個(gè)詞表示的是先后或因果關(guān)系。 The snow began to fall, so we went home. 更多短語(yǔ):then, therefore, consequently, accordingly, hence, as a result, for this reason, so that (4)失衡句(頭重腳輕,或者頭輕腳重) 有些人腦袋大,身體小,或者有些人腦袋小,身體大,雖然我們不希望長(zhǎng)成這個(gè)樣子,可如果真的是這樣了,也就必然會(huì)吸引別人的注意力。文章中如果出現(xiàn)這樣的句子,就更會(huì)讓考官看到你的句子與眾不同。其實(shí)就是主語(yǔ)從句,表語(yǔ)從句,賓語(yǔ)從句的變形。 舉例:This is what I can do. Whether he can go with us or not is not sure. 同樣主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)可以改成如下的復(fù)雜成分: When to go, why he goes away… �。�5)附加(多此一舉) 如果有了老婆,總會(huì)遇到這樣的情況,當(dāng)你再講某個(gè)人的時(shí)候,她會(huì)插一句說(shuō),我昨天見(jiàn)過(guò)他;或者說(shuō),就是某某某,如果把老婆的話(huà)插入到我們的話(huà)里面,那就是定語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句或者是插入語(yǔ)。 The man whom you met yesterday is a friend of mine. I don’t enjoy that book you are reading. Mr Liu, our oral English teacher, is easy-going. 其實(shí)很簡(jiǎn)單,同位語(yǔ)--要解釋的東西刪除后不影響整個(gè)句子的構(gòu)成;定語(yǔ)從句—借用之前的關(guān)鍵詞并且用其重新組成一個(gè)句子插入其中,但是whom or that 關(guān)鍵詞必須要緊跟在先行詞之前。 �。�6)排比(排山倒海句) 文學(xué)作品中最吸引人的地方莫過(guò)于此,如果非要讓你的文章更加精彩的話(huà),那么我希望你引用一個(gè)個(gè)的排比句,一個(gè)個(gè)的對(duì)偶句,一個(gè)個(gè)的不定式,一個(gè)個(gè)的詞,一個(gè)個(gè)的短語(yǔ),如此表達(dá)將會(huì)使文章有排山倒海之勢(shì)。 Whether your tastes are modern or traditional, sophisticated or simple, there is plenty in London for you. Nowadays, energy can be obtained through various sources such as oil, coal, natural gas, solar heat, and the wind and ocean tides. We have got to study hard, to enlarge our scope of knowledge, to realize our potentials and to pay for our life. (氣勢(shì)恢宏) 要想寫(xiě)出如此氣勢(shì)恢宏的句子非用排比不可。 |