2011單證員考試外貿(mào)英語:英文合同相關(guān)翻譯對照
來源:育路教育網(wǎng)發(fā)布時(shí)間:2010-12-01 11:00:58
有關(guān)2011年外貿(mào)單證員考試,外貿(mào)外語的輔導(dǎo)對考生的復(fù)習(xí)起到非常有效的幫助,育路教育網(wǎng)特別為您搜集整理,內(nèi)容如下:
看了之后明白了很多英文“之乎者也”所對應(yīng)的現(xiàn)代文,對合同英語的結(jié)構(gòu)和特色也有了大概的了解。
Contract 與 Agreement的有無區(qū)別
在英語中,合同一般稱為Contract,協(xié)議一般稱為Agreement.
何謂“contract”?
1999年中國《合同法》第二條對contract定義為: A contact in this Law refers to an agreement establishing, modifying and terminating the civil rights and obligations
between subjects of equal footing, that is, between natural persons, legal persons or other organizations“。根據(jù)這一定義,合同平等主體之間設(shè)立的確定民事權(quán)利和義務(wù)的協(xié)議。 ,
Steven H. Gifts編著的“Law Dictionary”中將contract 定義為“contract is a promise, or a set of promises, for breach of which the law gives remedy, or the performance of the
which the law in some way recognize as a duty.“根據(jù)這一定義,合同是一種承諾,違反承諾可以得到法律救助,某種意義上法律將履行該承諾看做是一種補(bǔ)償。
L.B Curzon 在其編撰的字典“A Dictionary of Law”給contract的定義:“Contract is a legally binding agreement”根據(jù)這一定義,合同就是有法律約束力的協(xié)議。
綜合起來,有一個(gè)相同點(diǎn),就是“Contract is an agreement”,即可將合同說成是“An agreement which binds the parties concerned”或者說合同說成是“An agreement which is enforceable by law”, 也可以說:Contracts are promises that the law will enforce.
何謂“Agreement”?
L.B “A consensus of mind, or evidence of such consensus, in spoke or written form, relating to anything done or to be done.”
根據(jù)這一定義,協(xié)議是對已經(jīng)做或準(zhǔn)備做的相關(guān)事宜,經(jīng)過談判、協(xié)商后取得一致意見,以口頭或書面形式做出的約定。
Black "Law Dictionary"有兩個(gè)定義。一個(gè)是:“A concord of understanding and intention between two or more parties with respect to the effect upon their relative rights
and duties, of certain past or future facts or performance“根據(jù)這一定義,協(xié)議即雙方或多方京某些過去或?qū)砟承┦聦?shí)的相關(guān)權(quán)利、義務(wù)或相關(guān)權(quán)利、義務(wù)的履行而達(dá)成的一致理解和愿望。
另一個(gè)是:“The consent of two or more persons concurring respecting the transmission of some property, right or benefits,
with the view of contacting an obligation, a mutual obligation.“根據(jù)這一定義,協(xié)議即兩個(gè)或多個(gè)當(dāng)事人,為了約定單方責(zé)任或相互責(zé)任,就財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)利、利益的轉(zhuǎn)移取得的一致同意。
Contract(合同)和Agreement(協(xié)議)是不是可以互換呢?
合同的成立必須具備幾個(gè)主要因素。它們(要約和承諾構(gòu)成的)協(xié)議、約因、設(shè)立法律關(guān)系的愿望和締約能力四大部分組成。
L.B Curzon編著的“A Diction of Law”提到:“Contract generally involves”
1. offer and absolute and unqualified acceptance (要約和絕對接受)
2. consensus ad idem (意思表示一致, 也叫meeting of minds)
3. intention to create legal relations (建立合同關(guān)系的意愿)
4. genuineness of consent (同意的真實(shí)性)
5. contractual capacity of the parties (合同當(dāng)事人的締約能力)
6. legality of object(標(biāo)的物的合法性)
7. possibility of performance (履行的可能性)
8. certainty of terms(條款的確定性)
9. valuable consideration(等價(jià)有償)
Black ‘Law Dictionary" 中解釋道:Although often used as synonyms with "contract", agreement is a broader term, e.g. an agreement might lack an essential element of a contact."
即“協(xié)議”和“合同”經(jīng)常用作同義詞,但“協(xié)議”這一術(shù)語含義更廣,例如協(xié)議可能缺乏合同的必備條款(essential clauses/provisions)。
實(shí)際使用當(dāng)中,協(xié)議可不受必備條款的限制,而稱為合同的文體肯定少不了必備條款,有的合同將其單列,稱為一般條款(General provisions)。 ,
1999中國《合同法》第十二條規(guī)定了八項(xiàng)一般條款,分別是:
1. title or name and domicile of the parities(當(dāng)事人的名稱或姓名和住址)
2. contract object(標(biāo)的)
3. quantity(數(shù)量)
4. quality(質(zhì)量)
5. price or remuneration(價(jià)款或者報(bào)酬)
6. time limit, place and method of performance (履行期限、地點(diǎn)和方式)
7. liability for breach of contract(違約責(zé)任)
8. methods to settle disputes (解決爭議的方法)
上述解釋說明,contract(合同)和agreement(協(xié)議)的概念雖然接近,但使用范圍不同,不能互換使用。合同是協(xié)議的重要組成部分,所有合同一定是協(xié)議,而協(xié)議不見得都是合同。可以說具備合同成立要求的具有強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行力的協(xié)議才是合同。
結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)
合同類法律文件用以規(guī)定當(dāng)事人的權(quán)利與義務(wù),是預(yù)防與解決爭議的依據(jù)。合同英語行文慎密而準(zhǔn)確,歷史悠久,深含法律文化底蘊(yùn)。
中文的合同開頭一般先羅列當(dāng)事人的名稱、姓名、住所或營業(yè)場所,然后是合同正文,結(jié)尾是當(dāng)事人印章、授權(quán)代表簽字、職務(wù)及簽字日期。而英語合同一般以下面這類句式為開頭:
This agreement/contract is made and entered in to this ____ day of _____(month), _______ (year) by and between Party A (hereinafter called " Party A ")and Party B(hereinafter called " Party B ")
然后是開始陳述:
WHEREAS…THEREFORE
… It is hereby agreed as follows:
或以:
WITNESSETH, WHEREAS…
NOW THEREFORE, for and in consideration of the mutual covenants and agreements contained herein, the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows:
接著是正文,最后是證明部分:
IN WITNESS WHEREOF,the parties hereto have hereunto set their hands the day and years first above written.
隨后還包括當(dāng)事人和見證人的簽字。簽字日期一般在英文合同最搬弄是非是找不到的。
下面列出新加坡、美國、香港和日本的合同格式。
A. 新加坡
Agreement
THIS AGREEMENT is made the 9th day of August, 2001 between LUCKY INTERNATIONAL LTD, a company incorporated in
Singapore and having its registered office at Telek Blongar Rise, Singapore 19569 (hereinfater called "The Company")
of the part and JACK Wong (NRIC No._________ /A) of 108 Orchar Road, Singapore 01688 (hereinafter called "The Mangager") of the other part.
WHEREAS:
1. The company is engaged in IT business and requires a person with the necessary qualifications and experience to manage its business.
2. …。
NOW IT IS HEREBY AGREED as follows:
1. The company shall employ the Manager and the Manager shall serve the Company as manager of the Company‘s IT business for a period of two years commencing on 1st day of September
2. …。
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have set their hand the day and year first above written.
THE SCHEDULE ABOVE REFERRED TO
C. 香港
CONTRACT
CONTACT NO.
SIGNING DATE/PLACE
THE BUYER: Name
Legal Address
Contact
THE SELLER: Name
Legal Address
Contact
This contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller.
Whereby the Buyer agrees o buy and the Seller agrees to sell the under-mentioned commodity according to the terms and conditions.
1. NAME OF COMMODITY AND SCOPE OF THE CONTRACT
2. PRICE
3. PAYMENT譯
4. PACKING
5.
IN WITHNESS WHEREOF, this contract has been executed effective as of the date first above written.
THE BUYER THE SELLER
___________ ___________
By:__________ By:__________
Date:——_________ Date:——_________
THE END USER
___________
By: __________
Date: ——____-_________
比起前兩個(gè)合同,該買賣合同的不同之處于在于,合同開頭出現(xiàn)了合同編號和簽署日期,當(dāng)事人名稱或姓名采用簡單列舉式。證明部分用完成時(shí)被動(dòng)態(tài),最后落款處SIGNED BY項(xiàng)目,但增加了最終用戶一項(xiàng)。
D. 日本
SERVICE AGREEMENT
This agreement is made and entered into on March 1st ,2001, by and between______ LTD (hereinafter referred to as "PARTY A"), and ________CO., LTD. ((hereinafter referred to as "PARTY B")
WITNESSTH:
WHEREAS, PARTY B has requested by PARTY A to dispatch its personal for the purpose of _______ to PARTY b; and
WHEREAS, (PARTY A is willing to dispatch its personnel t PARTY B in response to such PARTY B''s request)
NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the mutual promises and covenants herein contained , the parties hereto agree as follows:
1.
2.
3.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be executed by their respective duly authorized officers as of the date first herinabove written.
______ Ltd. ________ Co., Ltd.
(signature) (signature)
MANAGING DIRECTOR MANAGING DIRECTOR
該合同也由四大部分構(gòu)成,與上述合同最大的不同在于,在敘述部分上端加了一個(gè)WITNESSETH(鑒于),最后落款處也沒有SIGNED BY 項(xiàng)目,但授權(quán)簽字代表的職位真接打出來,放在簽字的下一行。別外,當(dāng)事人的簡稱部分用的都是大寫。
相比之下,英文合同除個(gè)別地方外,整個(gè)合同的段落排列,句式和用詞大同小異。在草擬英文合同時(shí),只要仿用上述任何一個(gè),都算是地道的英文表達(dá)。
用詞特點(diǎn)(formal term)
合同英語的用詞極其考究,具有特定性。要求選詞專業(yè)化(professional)、正式(formal)、準(zhǔn)確(accurate)。具體體現(xiàn)在下列方面:
1. May, shall, must ,may not (或shall not) 的使用 ,May, shall , must ,may not (或shall not)對學(xué)過英語的人再熟悉不過,但在合同中用這些詞時(shí)要極其謹(jǐn)慎。權(quán)利義務(wù)的約見定部分構(gòu)成了合同的主體。這幾個(gè)詞如選用不當(dāng),可能會引起糾紛。
may 旨在約定當(dāng)事人的權(quán)利(可以做什么),Shall約定當(dāng)事人的義務(wù)(應(yīng)當(dāng)做什么時(shí)候), must 用于強(qiáng)制性義務(wù)(必須做什么),may not (或shall not)用于禁止性義務(wù)(不得做什么)。May do 不能說成can do, shall do, 不能說成should do 或ought to do, may not do 在美國一些法律文件可以用shall not,但絕不能用can not do或must not ) 例如,在約定解決爭議的途徑時(shí)的,可以說
The parties hereto shall, first of all, settle any dispute arising from or in connection with the contract by friendly negotiations.
Should such negotiations fail, such dispute may be referred to the People''s Court having jurisdiction on such dispute for settlement in the absence of any arbitration clause in the disputed contract or in default of agreement reached after such dispute occurs
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