第六部分 寫作B部分命題的特點(diǎn)和規(guī)律

　　在研究生英語入學(xué)考試中，英語寫作歷來是考生的一個(gè)難點(diǎn)。英語寫作主要考查考生運(yùn)用英語的綜合能力，其中包括用英語組織篇章段落的能力、英語的語句表達(dá)能力以及語法的綜合運(yùn)用能力。要做好寫作部分的試題，要求考生不僅具有較扎實(shí)的語言基礎(chǔ)，而且還要掌握一些寫作的基本技能，如：信息的分析和綜合能力以及豐富的想像力。英文寫作是一個(gè)最能體現(xiàn)考生書面英語水平和技能的測(cè)試項(xiàng)目。

　　一、寫作B部分命題的基本指導(dǎo)思想

　　考試大綱對(duì)寫作的評(píng)價(jià)目標(biāo)

　　根據(jù)《大綱》規(guī)定：考生應(yīng)根據(jù)題目以及寫作提綱或規(guī)定的情境、圖表、圖畫等寫出大約200個(gè)詞的短文。具體要求概括如下：

　　(1)內(nèi)容切題，包含提綱或圖畫的全部要點(diǎn)和信息。所謂內(nèi)容切題是指所寫的短文切合題意，即正確理解題目的意思。誤解題目或曲解題意，寫出來的短文答非所問就是跑題。另外，也要注意不漏掉提綱或圖畫中的要點(diǎn)和信息，如果提綱中給出了三個(gè)要點(diǎn)，考生卻只寫了兩個(gè)要點(diǎn)，顯然從內(nèi)容上就不切題了。因此，審題是短文寫作成敗的關(guān)鍵�？忌�一定要認(rèn)真閱讀寫作要求，仔細(xì)琢磨題意，弄清題目以及寫作提綱或規(guī)定情境、圖表的內(nèi)容范圍，依此表達(dá)題目限定的中心思想，做到內(nèi)容切題。

　　(2)表達(dá)清楚，意思連貫。表達(dá)清楚是指清楚地表達(dá)思想，而不是含糊其辭，使人不得要領(lǐng)。在寫作過程中，考生應(yīng)思路清晰，運(yùn)用恰當(dāng)?shù)恼Z句表達(dá)意思。此外，還要根據(jù)題目要求，圍繞中心提出論點(diǎn)，擺出論據(jù)，使短文層次分明，合乎邏輯。意思連貫是指句子與句子、段落與段落之間銜接自然，整體性強(qiáng)。考生應(yīng)熟練運(yùn)用連接詞語來正確表達(dá)一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)與另一觀點(diǎn)之間的關(guān)系。

　　(3)用詞正確，句式有變化，語言比較規(guī)范。語言比較規(guī)范是指在遣詞造句中應(yīng)符合英語語法和習(xí)慣用法。首先在詞語運(yùn)用上能夠選用恰當(dāng)?shù)�、能夠�?zhǔn)確表達(dá)意義的詞，并能顯示出一定的詞匯量(用詞面較寬);其次，寫出的句子符合語法規(guī)范，沒有重大語法錯(cuò)誤，句式上多變，不要只用簡單句或陳述句，應(yīng)適當(dāng)增加句子形式的多樣性，不僅有短句，也有長句，不僅有簡單句，也有并列句、復(fù)合句等等。

　　(4)文章的長度符合要求。長度是指短文的字?jǐn)?shù)。符合要求的字?jǐn)?shù)應(yīng)是160至200個(gè)詞左右。

　　現(xiàn)將大綱對(duì)寫作部分的評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)摘錄如下：

　　(1)20～17分。內(nèi)容切題，包括題中所列三個(gè)方面的內(nèi)容;清楚表達(dá)其內(nèi)涵，文字連貫;句式有變化，句子結(jié)構(gòu)和用詞正確。文章長度符合要求。

　　(2)16～13分。內(nèi)容切題，包括題中所列三個(gè)方面的內(nèi)容;比較清楚地表達(dá)其內(nèi)涵，文字基本連貫;句式有一定變化，句子結(jié)構(gòu)和用詞無重大錯(cuò)誤;文章長度符合要求。

　　(3)12～9分。內(nèi)容切題，基本包含題中所列三個(gè)方面的內(nèi)容;基本清楚地表達(dá)其內(nèi)涵，句子結(jié)構(gòu)和用詞無重大錯(cuò)誤。文章長度符合要求。

　　(4)8～5分。內(nèi)容基本切題，基本包含題中所列三個(gè)方面的內(nèi)容;語句可以理解，但有較多的句子結(jié)構(gòu)和用詞錯(cuò)誤。文章長度基本符合要求。

　　(5)4～1分。基本按照要求寫作，但只有少數(shù)句子可以理解。

　　(6)0分。文不切題，語句混亂，無法理解。

　　二、寫作B部分材料的選擇

　　(一)選擇材料的特點(diǎn)

　　縱觀歷年試卷，寫作的題目多集中在社會(huì)倫理、人生哲理、學(xué)校教育、人際關(guān)系交往、娛樂方式、健康和生活方式等方面。最近幾年的命題多與當(dāng)前的社會(huì)現(xiàn)實(shí)和熱點(diǎn)問題有關(guān)，要求考生對(duì)社會(huì)現(xiàn)象和社會(huì)的經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化生活有所關(guān)注和思考，并形成自己的見解。

　　從命題內(nèi)容來看，其材料特點(diǎn)有：

　　1. 普遍性：發(fā)生在身邊的事情，各種考生都有一定的體驗(yàn)，可以有感而發(fā)。比如2003年的溫室里的花和2002年的中國與國際的交流。不管你身處何處，這些現(xiàn)象和變化都是中國人共同體驗(yàn)的�？碱}不會(huì)考查一部分考生熟悉，而另一部分考生不了解的內(nèi)容。對(duì)于社會(huì)生活中的敏感問題，一般不會(huì)涉及。

　　2. 教育性：論題有警示作用的，可讓考生作深層思考。比如，有關(guān)人生哲理的2008年 “合作的重要性”，2007年的“樂觀心態(tài)是成功的關(guān)鍵”，2004年的“終點(diǎn)又是新的起點(diǎn)”。

　　3. 社會(huì)性：社會(huì)關(guān)心的、典型的事。如2009年的題目是網(wǎng)絡(luò)的“近”與“遠(yuǎn)”，2006年的題目是偶像崇拜，2005年則對(duì)贍養(yǎng)老人問題展開討論，2003年的試題既可以討論加入世界貿(mào)易組織后的中國經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的現(xiàn)實(shí)問題，也可以談孩子的教育問題，2002年的題目是中外文化交流問題。因此考生平時(shí)應(yīng)關(guān)注社會(huì)性的問題，加深思考深度，并且閱讀英文報(bào)紙，積累相關(guān)詞匯。在近10年的考題中三分之一是正面現(xiàn)象的分析論證，如2004年的終點(diǎn)又是起點(diǎn)，2002年的“國際化交流”，2001年的“希望工程或愛心工程”。而其余的考題關(guān)注的是社會(huì)中存在的一些問題，也就是說三分之二的題目是有關(guān)負(fù)面問題的分析解決。

　　(二)作文的體裁

　　從體裁上看，近10年的作文都為論說文。論說文的特點(diǎn)是說議結(jié)合，一部分為對(duì)論題的說明，一部分為議論，或者夾敘夾議。這種寫作的難點(diǎn)在于將說明或描寫與議論有機(jī)地結(jié)合起來，形成一個(gè)銜接自然的文章。

　　下表為近十年考題特點(diǎn)的小結(jié)。

　　三、寫作B部分題型透

　　(一)圖畫式作文

　　從2000到2009年這十年間B部分寫作考的都是圖畫式作文。從命題者的角度來說，這是為了更好地考查考生的寫作能力，如：理解、推斷和書面組織。由于它只允許考生在規(guī)定的范圍內(nèi)進(jìn)行描述、分析，這就避免考試時(shí)套用考試前背好的范文的現(xiàn)象的發(fā)生。圖畫常以漫畫或照片的形式出現(xiàn)，有的圖畫還有題目和提示性文字，這是為了幫助考生理解圖畫的內(nèi)容。從應(yīng)試的角度看，審題、謀篇、語言是寫好作文的三要素。命題，圖畫及題中的文字說明是用于審題的;而“寫作要求”往往是針對(duì)布局謀篇的，同時(shí)寫作要求也影響語言的分配。

　　1. 圖畫式作文的審題

　　第一，仔細(xì)研讀作文指令，從題目中找出中心詞，分析修飾詞，從而準(zhǔn)確地抓住題目的中心�？忌�首先要搞清楚作文的要求，如：是否有��(biāo)題?標(biāo)題是什么?是否有提綱?文章字?jǐn)?shù)是多少等。然后，從作文的題目中理解命題者命題的主要意圖。如2002年考題，題目為“Culture—National and International”。首先，中心詞為“文化”，觀察圖片發(fā)現(xiàn)是一個(gè)身著中國民族服裝的西方女孩的照片。從女孩那燦爛的笑容上我們不難看出她的心里是多么的欣喜，而這種欣喜來自于對(duì)中國文化的感受。而后再看修飾詞“本國的，國際的”，這進(jìn)一步縮小寫作范圍為文化的交流，而這種交流反映了兩方面的情況：一方面是中國文化對(duì)世界文化的滲透;另一方面是世界對(duì)中國文化的了解與接受。

　　第二，考生要注意題目中的文字說明，看文字說明要做到看清主、謂、賓。比如，2001年考題是“愛心是一盞燈，在越黑暗的地方越明亮”。很多考生寫到了愛心的比較上，哪里要多給一些愛心，哪里要少給一些愛心，這就是偏題。之所以偏題的原因就是沒有抓住句子主語。這一句的主語是什么?自然是“愛心”。再看其謂語、賓語，可以看出本題是提倡在需要的地方獻(xiàn)愛心。

　　第三，要認(rèn)真解讀圖畫，因?yàn)閳D畫是作文的信息基礎(chǔ)。如果說題目與文字提供了中心的骨，那么圖畫就提供了中心的肉。圖畫作文的中心思想通常體現(xiàn)在圖中人物的動(dòng)作、表情或畫龍點(diǎn)睛的一句或幾句話中�？忌�可以在抓住題目與說明文字的基礎(chǔ)上，對(duì)圖畫進(jìn)行抽象，點(diǎn)出圖畫的寓意。如2009年考題，我們看到了網(wǎng)絡(luò)既拉近了人們的距離也在人們之間豎起了隔膜。2006年考題，我們看到了對(duì)明星盲目的崇拜。2002年考題，我們可以看到欣喜——了解中國文化的欣喜。

　　2. 圖畫式作文的謀篇

　　作文的題干中會(huì)提出兩到三項(xiàng)寫作要求，考生在謀篇時(shí)要抓住這些要求。雖然圖畫式作文的寫作要求看似變化莫測(cè)，但實(shí)際上只涉及5個(gè)方面：描述圖畫、指明寓意、分析原因、聯(lián)系實(shí)際、給出建議。不僅歷年的考查內(nèi)容有限，考查內(nèi)容的個(gè)數(shù)也很相似，一般來說是考查3個(gè)考點(diǎn)。即使只有兩條要求，實(shí)際上它常包含一個(gè)隱性條件，所以考生也要涉及3點(diǎn)才能把文章寫透徹。比如2009年的考題要求：1) describe the drawing briefly 2)explain its intended meaning 3) give your comments。由于這些寫作要求類似于提綱，圖畫式作文也可以當(dāng)做三段式的提綱作文。第一段用來描述圖畫并揭示出其寓意(寓意用一句話來概括即可)，第二段分析原因，最后一段發(fā)表評(píng)論或提出建議。篇幅的比例分配，第二、三段應(yīng)是文章的重點(diǎn)，應(yīng)占2/3。

　　3. 圖畫式作文的語言組織

　　作文的語言應(yīng)長短句兼顧，句式變化多樣，當(dāng)然語法的正確性是必需的。如果實(shí)在掌握或控制不好語言，可以采用長短句按1∶3的比例或反之。句子寫完后，也可自問一下是否用了分詞結(jié)構(gòu)，不定式，感嘆句等多種句式。如沒有，可適當(dāng)調(diào)整句式。在組織語言中要特別注意連貫性，連貫性不僅從連詞、語句的使用中體現(xiàn)出來，更重要的是語意的相互照應(yīng)�？忌�要注意自己的作文中心是否與主題句緊密連接，例子是否直接支持主題，號(hào)召是否呼應(yīng)了主題和例子，等等。

　　4. 圖畫式作文的描寫

　　描寫是再現(xiàn)客觀事物，其目的是使人感受到具體的情況。考研作文中的描寫應(yīng)注意的問題：第一，圍繞主題，描寫最突出的特征和能夠支持主旨的細(xì)節(jié);第二，描寫要按照一定的邏輯順序進(jìn)行(如時(shí)間、空間等);第三，描寫力求生動(dòng)、形象、準(zhǔn)確。如：

　　Waller，Texas，is a small town for all other forms of civilization. There is no movie theater，no bowling alley，and certainly no mall. This place doesn�餿 even have a Wal�睲art. Residents of Waller have all heard the saying： “There are only two things for kids to do in Waller，and one of them is drinking.” This may seem humorous at first，but，unfortunately，there is some truth to it.

　　描述是為一定中心服務(wù)的。本段通過描述Waller精神生活的缺乏引出文章中心：娛樂活動(dòng)缺乏帶來酗酒等社會(huì)問題。

　　(二)圖表式作文

　　圖表作文是通過提供的一組或幾組數(shù)據(jù)來反映某個(gè)趨勢(shì)或某一問題、現(xiàn)象。要求考生對(duì)圖表中的相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行描述、分析和評(píng)論，并得出合乎邏輯的結(jié)論。它是將數(shù)據(jù)、形象信息轉(zhuǎn)換為文字信息的過程。

　　圖表作文要求的不是對(duì)圖表的簡單敘述，而是抓住圖表所反映的主要問題。因?yàn)閳D表式作文所要討論的現(xiàn)象和問題都隱含在數(shù)據(jù)里，所以考生常會(huì)感到比較難寫。因此要想抓住主旨，就要分析圖表中那些最有代表性、規(guī)律性的數(shù)字，或變化大的數(shù)字。它的寫作誤區(qū)是報(bào)流水賬，對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)面面俱到，卻不能指出圖表所反映的中心，也不能利用數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行有力的論證。

　　常見的圖表類型有：①表格，它表示多種事物的相互關(guān)系;②曲線，它常表示事物的變化趨勢(shì);③柱狀，它用來表示幾種事物的變化情況及相互關(guān)系;④餅狀，表示各事物在總體中所占的比例及相互關(guān)系。

　　表格和曲線作文的審題與其他類型的作文相比難度較大，主要表現(xiàn)在考生不易準(zhǔn)確、全面地把握?qǐng)D表顯示的信息。這類作文提供了大量數(shù)據(jù)，但題目往往要求少用所給數(shù)據(jù)，避免簡單羅列數(shù)據(jù)。一般用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，如果圖表提供了時(shí)間參數(shù)，則應(yīng)采用相應(yīng)的時(shí)態(tài)。

　　圖表作文的寫作步驟：①分析圖表及說明性文字;②分析數(shù)字所反映的主旨，得出中心論點(diǎn);③列提綱;④寫作。

　　關(guān)于圖表式作文的描述方法：

　　第一種情況：橫向?qū)Ρ取Ｃ枋鲞@種圖表需要對(duì)比各數(shù)據(jù)間的差別，主要以數(shù)值、倍數(shù)、排列等方式來描述。

　　常用句型：

　�、貯 department has the lowest sales figure in the three departments，followed by the B department and C department.

　�、赥he figure of A is about twice as much as that of B.

　�、跿he income from sales is 10 million，making the company the highest one in sales.

　�、躎he A’s income reaches 20 million，which is in the middle of the list.

　　第二種情況：縱向說明。只要指出不同單位之間的比較，描述如何增減，增減幅度如何，反映出什么問題，就可以了。描述這樣的圖表時(shí)，可用以下詞匯和句型:

　　①The rise lasted for two weeks and then began to level off in June.

　�、赥he trend/increase slowed down in May.

　　③The trend of increasing working hours began to gain momentum in January. (開始走強(qiáng))

　�、躊rices went up by 50%， but the number of smokers maintained.

　�、軮t picked up speed at the end of this year.

　　常用詞匯及表達(dá)法：increase，decrease，rise，fall，slow down，level off，pick up speed，maintain，drop，the trend reverses，decline，gain/lose momentum, a steady/ substantial(實(shí)質(zhì)性的)increase，a minor/slight/dramatic drop。

　　第三種情況：縱向、橫向均有的說明。這種圖表不僅要注意同一事物的變化趨勢(shì)，也要注意不同事物之間的差距及變化。

　　表示百分比常用句型：

　　①It accounts for 30% of the total population.

　�、赥here are 4 members with master’s degrees，making up nearly a quarter of the workforce.

　�、跠octors make up 40% of the staff in the hospital.

　　表示增長率的常用句型：

　�、賂he figure of income increased by about 200% as compared with ten years ago.

　�、赥he number of students has reached 200，indicating a rise of 4%，compared to last year.

　　Example：

　　The two bar charts indicate the annual emissions of CO2 per capita and populations of seven countries. Industrialized countries certainly contribute more to the CO2 levels in the atmosphere，with the US at the top —3.93 tons per capita per year. It is followed by Japan and the UK，with emissions of 3.32 tons and 2.15 tons respectively. Though these countries usually don’t have large populations，they consume disproportionately large quantities of natural resources and therefore are more blamed for global warming. Developing countries，on the other hand，usually have lower levels of emissions. China，for example，has the largest population in the list. Yet its emission of CO2 per capita is only 980 kg，being about a quarter of the emission level of the US. Another good example is Korea. Its population is the smallest in the list，so is its per capita emission of CO2��

　　The charts show no correlation between emission levels of CO2 and the sizes of population.

　　本文比較了7個(gè)國家二氧化碳排放的變化幅度，及相互對(duì)比關(guān)系。

　　其它圖表式作文的常用句型：

　�、賂he curves show__in a certain year.

　�、贗t can be seen that__(sth)fluctuates quite substantially in this year.

　　③It just increases slightly.

　�、躎he pie charts show the changes__in some place in 1999��

　�、軮t can be seen from the chart that the proportions of A and B are going down, though the falling level of the latter is a lot higher/lower than that of the former.

　�、轙he expansion is more noticeable during the second half of the 8--year period.

　　⑦It falls from 30% of the staff in 1990 to 20% in 1998 and then the trend reverses， finishing at 34% in 2000.

　　⑧And A is higher than B except for the months June to September.__drops dramatically from about__in January to__in June.

　�、酺he falling trend levels off from__to__，__(sth) goes all the way up to__and then it begins to drop to.

　　(三)提綱式命題作文

　　提綱式作文既有論說文，也有議論文。它主要考查的內(nèi)容為：說明主題，分析原因或解釋做法。例如：1995年的試題“希望工程”中提綱的要求是：(1) Present situation. (2) Necessity of the project. (3)My suggestion.它要求考生解釋說明“希望工程”，分析開展希望工程的意義和原因，聯(lián)系考生自己提出一些建議或具體的做法。從提綱的要求上看，提綱式命題作文對(duì)聯(lián)系社會(huì)的要求不是很多，寫作難度也相對(duì)較小。它要求考生在正確理解題意的基礎(chǔ)上，根據(jù)提綱去選擇素材。提綱提供了每段的段落大意，在開展論述時(shí)不能偏離提綱或改變內(nèi)容。提綱一般為三部分，考生應(yīng)針對(duì)提綱采用三段的結(jié)構(gòu)來開展文章。如：

　　Nowadays，China’s economy is fast developing. People’s living standard has improved a lot. In some areas，however，there are still many people living below the poverty line. They have difficulties for the very basics like food and clothes，let alone getting good education. What can we do to help these less developed areas in our country? I think we can do the following things.

　　First of all，the government and our society must pay more attention to these less developed areas. The government should spend more money on the basic construction projects in these areas instead of spending it on cultural and artistic projects in cities. It should also encourage some private enterprises and companies to donate to these poor areas.

　　Secondly，transportation is very important in less developed areas. We should help them build more railways and more roads so that the local people can benefit from the convenient transportation. It can also promote their communication with developed areas.

　　Finally，technology is necessary in developing economy in these areas. Poor farmers should be taught technology and new skills and should have easier access to money in the bank，such as getting loans to start businesses.

　　All in all，so long as we continue our efforts to help these less developed areas，these areas will shake off poverty sooner or later.

　　再如：

　　Directions：

　　Write an article to an English newspaper discussing laid-off workers and re-employment in China. In your article you should

　　(1) describe briefly the present situation of unemployment，

　　(2) analyze the causes of it，

　　(3) give advice for re-employment.

　　You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.

　　范文：

　　There is an increasing number of workers，not only the middle-aged but also the young who are laid off from their jobs. Some laid-offs thus become poverty-stricken and can hardly support their children to continue their studies. And those employed are also worried a great deal that someday they may lose their jobs. This phenomenon has caught great attention in society. In order to maintain social stability，many re-employment service centers are being set up to give the laid-offs a helping hand.

　　The increasing number of laid-off workers is caused mainly by the industrial restructuring and economic development across the country. In market economy，the enterprises have to reduce workforce or the redundant. Another reason is that some enterprises claim bankruptcy owing to their poor management and backward product structure，which made millions of workers jobless. Laborers from the countryside are also contributing to the increasing numbers of the laid-offs.

　　Off-job doesn’t mean no job. There are plenty of opportunities for the laid-off workers to be re-employed. Take Shanghai for example，the city is developing into an international economic center，shifting its old labor intensive industries out of the city and replacing them with new enterprises. But there is a fundamental requirement for the laid-offs if they want to be enrolled in these new posts. They must have certain skills. To many laid-off workers，they have to get job training to make themselves qualified and competitive in the human resources market.

　　四、寫作B部分的主要寫作方法

　　(一)主題句的寫法

　　1.主題句的特點(diǎn)

　　主題句是全段的核心。它由中心詞和限定詞兩部分組成。中心詞說明討論的主題(topic)是什么，限定詞是把主題具體化，它限定討論的內(nèi)容，范圍和展開方式等。例如：

　　The first key factor to success is diligence， (what) which simply means no waste of time.

　　主題 限定詞 限定詞

　　I think you will make the decision according to the following factors.(how)

　　主題 限定詞

　　考生可通過回答How?Why? Where? What?等問題來把主題具體化，選定限定詞。主題句的展開通常會(huì)出現(xiàn)如下問題：

　　(1)過于空洞。只給出主題，未指出寫作內(nèi)容和展開方式。如：

　　The relationship is not good.此句可以通過回答what kind of relationships，to what extent等問題將之具體化。可改為：The relationship between family members is not as close as before.這樣主題句限定了關(guān)系的范圍，文章后面的開展方式——側(cè)重于現(xiàn)在關(guān)系的不好，又可以用對(duì)比的方式展開。再如：

　　Clothes play a part in our life.此句沒有限定寫作的大體內(nèi)容或方式，(是衣服的時(shí)尚性，還是實(shí)用性)，讀者不能預(yù)測(cè)下文的展開方向。通過回答“how”這樣的問題，我們可將主題句具體化。改為：Clothes play a critical part in the conclusions we reach by providing clues to who people are。修改后的句子點(diǎn)出了文章的寫作內(nèi)容——根據(jù)服裝，可以判斷人。

　　(2)過于具體。太具體的主題句使段落后面沒有展開的余地。如：

　　He thought highly of her and helped her to find jobs of teaching at several institutions.

　　這種敘述性的句子，對(duì)事實(shí)的陳述過于詳盡，不適合做主題句。

　　2.主題句的位置

　　(1)位于段首，也就是開門見山。把主旨放在段首，使讀者對(duì)文章內(nèi)容、結(jié)構(gòu)等有個(gè)把握。在應(yīng)試中，這是十分行之有效的方法。如：

　　From the health point of view we are living in a marvelous age. We are immunized from birth against many of the dangerous diseases. A large number of once fatal illnesses can now be cured by modern drugs and surgery. It is almost certain that one day remedies will be found for the most stubborn remaining diseases. The expectation of life has increased enormously.

　　段首主題句清晰地點(diǎn)出本段的中心思想，后面從對(duì)疾病的免疫、治療，及對(duì)疾病的攻克三個(gè)方面說明健康醫(yī)療狀況良好。讀者只看段首就可抓住段落主旨。

　　(2)位于段中。主題句出現(xiàn)在中間，起到承上啟下的作用，上文引出背景，下文可以用于分析。如：

　　Before China’s entry into the WTO，the common people were optimistic about what access would mean，believing that if joining were not beneficial，the government would not have spent 15 years negotiating for its entry. They were perhaps thinking that when the day came，the price of phone calls would be lower，and also house rents and that insurance services would be better. But they neglect the prospect of unemployment and other domestic crisis.Since China joined the WTO，some people，owing to advanced age and limited experience，may find it difficult to keep their work.

　　文章開始鋪墊了一個(gè)對(duì)待入世的積極的期待，而中間的主題句將文風(fēng)一轉(zhuǎn)，引出主旨：入世帶來的消極方面。然后文章從失業(yè)開始進(jìn)一步展開論證。

　　(3)位于段末。主題句位于段末，既可以點(diǎn)題，也可以總結(jié)上文，給讀者留下深刻的印象。如：

　　Ms. Yang，aged 50，works as a cleaner in an office building，and her annual income is about 20 000 yuan.She has signed up for an English language training course，the cost of which is much more than her annual income. Why English? English-based success stories have indicated to the Chinese that English means opportunities，wealth，and prospects.

　　本文先舉了楊女士花錢學(xué)英語的例子，然后引出問題：為什么要花如此高價(jià)學(xué)習(xí)英語。段末給出結(jié)論，點(diǎn)出學(xué)習(xí)英語的重要性。結(jié)尾點(diǎn)題，給人以深刻的印象。

　　(二)段落的拓展

　　1.段落的作用

　　首先，好的段落要求每段只能有一個(gè)主題，圍繞一個(gè)中心思想展開。與中心不同的觀點(diǎn)或無關(guān)的內(nèi)容都應(yīng)刪去。其次，結(jié)構(gòu)連貫：適當(dāng)?shù)剡\(yùn)用過渡詞指明文章內(nèi)部的邏輯關(guān)系。

　　Example 1

　　Reforming and opening up have helped the villagers to live a comfortable life. (主題句) Before 1983 the village practiced a collective ownership system，whereby the villagers picked and baked tea leaves together.Life was hard and their income meager，so they had no incentive to work hard.“We got rich after the fields were parceled out to households in 1983，” says Sun Jinrong.Since then，the villagers have tilled their own plots.Having learned to follow the laws of the market economy and competition，their living standards have greatly improved.

　　段首提出中心論點(diǎn)：改革開放使茶農(nóng)過上了好日子。后按時(shí)間順序，先描寫1983年以前吃大鍋飯的情形，又說改革開放后生活水平的提高。前后形成對(duì)比，充分說明論點(diǎn)。

　　Example 2

　　I hold the view that children can play computer games in their spare time，and the reasons are explored as follows. First， computer games should be played moderately，with the control of parents. It can help children to relax and improve their efficiency in their studies. Second，playing computer games moderately can offer children chances to develop their creativity，which is essential for their success in study. Third， playing computer games can broaden children’s knowledge. It is well-known that a machine will break down if it keeps running without a stop. Similarly， if a child keeps studying without relaxation，he will be tired out. And if a child spends all this time studying，he will become a dull boy in the ivory tower.

　　本段開頭點(diǎn)出中心，然后用過渡詞指出三個(gè)原因。最后加以總結(jié)。文章結(jié)構(gòu)一目了然。

　　2.關(guān)于段落的寫作方法

　　(1)定義法

　　當(dāng)考生提出的概念或觀點(diǎn)很抽象，涉及面廣時(shí)，考生需要對(duì)概念進(jìn)行解釋，限定內(nèi)容，從而縮小討論的焦點(diǎn)。如：

　　Ambition is like choler (膽汁)，which is a humour，that makes men active，earnest，full of alacrity，and stirring，if it be not stopped. But if it be stopped，and cannot have its way，it becomes angry，and malign. So ambitious men，if they find the way open for their rising，and still get forward，they’re rather busy than dangerous; but if they be checked in their desires，they become secretly discontent，and look upon men and matters，with an evil eye.

　　本文是對(duì)抱負(fù)/雄心的分析。而這個(gè)題目本身范圍太廣，因此作者先給它下了個(gè)定義，確定討論的方向：抱負(fù)/雄心在不同條件下表現(xiàn)出來的不同特性。這樣就縮小了討論范圍，確定了討論的方向。

　　當(dāng)然作者也可通過從句來對(duì)事物進(jìn)行定義和解釋，如：

　　Hemophilia is called the bleeder’s disease because the afflicted person’s blood is unable to clot.

　　(2)時(shí)間、空間順序法

　　以事情發(fā)展的順序，或時(shí)間的先后安排材料。在描寫、分析社會(huì)變化的文章中常用順序進(jìn)行寫作，同時(shí)也可以起到新舊對(duì)比論證的作用。如：

　　Before a stop sign was put up， there were one hundred and twenty accidents there in a year. After a stop sign was put up，there were only forty accidents in a year. Having the stop sign there decreased the number of accidents immediately.

　　文章用時(shí)間上的對(duì)比來論證了豎標(biāo)牌的作用。通過時(shí)間順序安排材料，結(jié)構(gòu)清晰，論證了標(biāo)牌的作用。

　　當(dāng)圖畫比較復(fù)雜，而且方位較強(qiáng)時(shí)，考生可按照空間順序進(jìn)行描述。這樣，考生既可以對(duì)描寫思路有所了解，又可使文章結(jié)構(gòu)清晰。如：

　　The kitchen was in a mess. Along the left wall were the counter and sink covered with dirty dishes and garbage. On the far wall the washing machine groaned under a load of filthy clothes. Right next to the door where I was standing，on my right，I saw a table cluttered with old newspapers，an overturned catsup bottle. At the far end of the right wall the refrigerator stood with door ajar. It was the messiest kitchen I had ever seen.

　　(3)因果分析法

　　這種方法是一種分析法，在闡釋觀點(diǎn)中常用。按因果關(guān)系的不同，可以分為一因一果、一因多果、一果多因。單一的因果關(guān)系往往用來分析簡單的問題。而對(duì)于文章主要論點(diǎn)的分析，應(yīng)采用一因多果、一果多因的方法，這樣可以全方位多個(gè)角度透徹地分析問題。如：

　　The Beijing subway is to adopt international signs.(主題句)The Chinese characters originally used for east，west，south and north are to be replaced by the letters A，B，C and D. The subway operator explained that the four Chinese characters indicating directions no longer meet the needs of passengers，given the diversity of subway stations and increases in the number of entrances and exits.(因)Therefore，universal signs used worldwide will be adopted.(果)

　　文章分析了北京地鐵采用國際化標(biāo)志的原因，為一因一果的形式。再如：

　　The main reason why professors should give frequent exams (果) is that when they do and when they provide feedback to students on how well they’re doing，students learn more in the course and perform better on major exams (原因1).Moreover，If students had frequent exams in all their courses，they would have to schedule study time each week and gradually would develop a habit of frequent study (原因2).

　　作者采用一果多因的方法分析了教授應(yīng)經(jīng)常測(cè)試學(xué)生的原因。

　　(4)例證法

　　考生可以用他人的例子，自己的經(jīng)歷或名人的故事作為實(shí)例，來把論點(diǎn)具體化。從考生的作文中，我們可以看出，貼切、具有社會(huì)深度的例子可以有效地深化主題。為了能在考試中很好地舉例，平時(shí)應(yīng)對(duì)有社會(huì)意義的例子多加積累、分類。如：

　　It is very difficult to evaluate another person’s performance objectively. For example，Jane recently wrote irresponsible remarks about her instructor because she was failing the course. Her friend Sam wrote a great description of the same instructor because he was receiving an A in the course. Both Jane and Sam were not fairly evaluating the instructor. They were influenced by the grades they were earning and were biased in their judgement.

　　本段通過兩個(gè)例子的對(duì)比，論證了很難客觀地評(píng)價(jià)一個(gè)人。

　　(5)分類法

　　分類法是根據(jù)不同的類別來討論，這可以使很復(fù)雜的內(nèi)容變得層次清晰，論述更全面。如：

　　“The wolf has come!” No one knows who gave the first warning，but it made a large impact on two main groups： the common people and entrepreneurs. The common people hoped that it would mean more inexpensive commodities，while entrepreneurs worried about encirclement by transnational companies.

　　本段通過兩種不同類型的人對(duì)同一問題的不同看法，表明不同的中國人對(duì)入世的不同期待和看法。

　　(6)對(duì)比和對(duì)照法

　　對(duì)比法比較的是事物的相同點(diǎn);對(duì)照法比較的是事物的不同點(diǎn)。通過對(duì)比或?qū)φ帐煜ず筒皇煜さ氖挛�，考生可以了解不熟悉的事�?通過對(duì)比或?qū)φ障嗤�點(diǎn)或不同點(diǎn)，考生可以更準(zhǔn)確地評(píng)價(jià)事物。

　　如：

　　As a creature，I eat; as a man，I read. Although one action is to meet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy the intellectual need of my mind，they are in a way quite similar.

　　To keep ourselves alive，we need all kinds of nutrition. 1) Eating is the most important way by which we can get starch，protein，vitamin，sugar，fat，and some trace elements. 2) On the other hand，we eat not only because we have to do so，but also because we enjoy doing so. Having satisfied our hunger，eating can then be a kind of enjoyment. The color，the smell，and the taste of the food are considered as important as its nutritive value. Very often we eat some food not because it is nourishing but simply because welike it.

　　Similarly，to enrich our minds，we need information and knowledge，which can be obtained through reading.1) Reading is one of the most important ways of learning. Without reading our minds will become empty like that of an animal. 2) Sometimes，we take reading as a pastime，and we relax and learn at the same time. Since recreation is involved，we will naturally have a partiality for some particular kinds of books，just as we do for certain kind of food.

　　Besides，there are other similarities between eating and reading. 1)We should not eat too much without digesting and assimilating，nor should we read too much without understanding and remembering. 2) While we are eating， we should leave out the rotten part of the food which will do harm to our health; and while we are reading，we should be able to reject the poisonous content in a book，for it will poison our minds.

　　So，eat sensibly and read sensibly to give yourself a strong body and a healthy mind.

　　本文比較了吃飯與讀書的異同。第二、三段采用的是主題法比較它們的相同之處，第四段是通過要點(diǎn)式來進(jìn)行比較的。

　(三)文章開頭與結(jié)尾的寫作方法

　　1.文章開頭的寫法

　　(1)引言法

　　在文章開頭引用具有代表性的名人名言，既可吸引讀者，又可以點(diǎn)題。如：

　　“Be the first to be concerned with the world’s troubles and the last to enjoy worldly happiness.”Fan Zhongyan，a scholar of the Song Dynasty，expresses eloquently the lofty spirit of Chinese intellectuals in his maxim. On realizing that the cause of China’s lack of development was its backwardness in science and technology，many modern scholars accordingly went to Western countries to study.

　　本段以“先天下之憂而憂，后天下之樂而樂”引出主旨，給人以深刻的印象。

　　(2)提問法

　　如： Why are foreigners so glad that barriers have been dismantled? China has a population of 1.2 billion，and US $1 000 billion of GDP. It is a country with one of the fastest economic growth rates in the world. China’s entry into the WTO will therefore enable all economic entities in the world to expand trade and investment，bringing benefits to enterprises，consumers and workers in these countries.

　　(3)數(shù)據(jù)引用

　　引用恰當(dāng)?shù)臄?shù)據(jù)，使文章開頭簡潔、有力。對(duì)于表格式作文，常從描述、分析表格入手。如：

　　It is reported that from 1995 to 1998，the number of cars in Shanghai rose at the rate of 20%，but the average speed of cars dropped at the rate of 30%. It should be noticed that 43% of added cars during the period of 1995～1998 is private cars. Therefore some people point out that the most effective way to solve the traffic problem is to ban private cars. But I think they have gone extremely far away.

　　本段通過引用數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)私車增多及車速下降這一現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)的描述。通過分析，作者自然地引出觀點(diǎn)：完全禁止私車是偏激的做法。

　　(4)概要法

　　開門見山，首先提出文章的主要觀點(diǎn)，然后通過舉例或邏輯推理等方法加以詳述。如：

　　This report is divided into three main sections： what equipment you need，how to use equipment，and how to maintain equipment.

　　2.文章結(jié)尾的寫法

　　(1)總結(jié)法

　　總結(jié)式結(jié)尾的作用在于回顧全文、突出中心，使讀者對(duì)文章形成一個(gè)整體的把握。要想寫好總結(jié)式結(jié)尾，就要求文章內(nèi)容本身重點(diǎn)突出、中心明確，這樣回顧起來才有點(diǎn)可抓。在寫總結(jié)式結(jié)尾時(shí)，對(duì)于論證中提到的要點(diǎn)應(yīng)該點(diǎn)到為止，而重在重申論點(diǎn)。如：

　　On the whole，life in China has become better after 30 years，Ordinary people now enjoy a more colorful life than before. Though some problems have arisen in the progress，we still can’t deny this positive trend.

　　(2)建議法

　　針對(duì)文章前面的分析，提出相對(duì)應(yīng)的號(hào)召或解決方案，表示對(duì)將來的期待或鼓動(dòng)大家采取相應(yīng)的行動(dòng)。如：

　　It is essential that effective measures should be taken to redress such inequality.

　　It is high time that we should urge an immediate end to this phenomenon.

　　(3)反問法

　　在末尾加上反問，可使文章引人思考。如：

　　Psychological health of the youth should be concerned by our society. On being advised by his school that he should leave after failing several exams，a Beijing university student decided to commit suicide，but first killed his father and grandmother so as to spare their grief at his own death. A 13-year-old Sichuan Province girl ran away from home recently in pursuit of her favorite movie star，and has not been seen since. Isn’t there anything wrong with psychological health of the youth?

　　用反問句加深主題：年輕人的心理健康有些問題，應(yīng)該得到更多關(guān)注。

　　(4)引語法

　　用引語歸結(jié)全文，有畫龍點(diǎn)睛的作用，使文章既生動(dòng)，又有說服力。如：

　　All of us wish for a bright future and hope to master a useful career. Those who persist in remaining idle will never fulfill their ambitions， “No pains，no gains” is a motto with much meaning. Meditate and live by it.

　　以“不勞不得”做總結(jié)，很好地歸納了上文，給人以警示。

　　(5)首尾呼應(yīng)法

　　在首尾兩處點(diǎn)題，可以使段落的中心突出。如：

　　China’s reforms have brought China a lot of benefits and have changed Chinese people’s life a great deal. A lively atmosphere has prevailed in all walks of fields throughout the country. The national economy has been thriving and national defense has ever been consolidated. In science and technology，quite a lot of achievements have been made. Certainly，the progress made in all fields has led to the raise of living standard for Chinese people.

　　首尾均強(qiáng)調(diào)了一系列有利于社會(huì)進(jìn)步的改革給中國人的生活帶來的改變，重點(diǎn)突出。

　　(四)短文寫作中常用的關(guān)聯(lián)詞

　　1.表示列舉和舉例

　　first of all，for one thing，for another，to begin with，first，second，next，in the first (second) place，furthermore，moreover，beyond that，also，besides，in addition，what is more，such as，finally; for example，for instance等。

　　2.表示原因

　　since，because (of)，as，for，owing to，result from，due to，on account of，on the ground of，as a result of等。

　　3.表示時(shí)間順序

　　at the same time，as soon as，so far，since，then，until，when，meanwhile，shortly，later，lately，after a while，at that time，before，earlier，presently，in the meantime，formerly等。

　　4.表示空間順序

　　close to，close at hand(近在身旁)，next to，down，far，beyond，against(對(duì)著)，on the opposite side(相對(duì)的)，opposite to，above，across，across from，around，at the bottom，before，behind，below，beneath，between，in the middle of，in the distance，in the center of，farther，on the left/right等。

　　5.表示重復(fù)

　　in other words，again，as has been pointed out，to repeat，as I have said above，once again，after all，indeed，in fact，truly，of course，chiefly，especially，certainly，actually，particularly，to be sure，above all，surely，most important of all，even worse，no doubt，needless to say等。

　　6.表示結(jié)果

　　so，then，therefore，thus，hence，consequently，as a result，accordingly，for this reason，as a consequence，on that account，it follows that等。

　　7.表示總結(jié)

　　to sum up，in summary，to summarize，in short，in brief，to be brief，in other words，on the whole，in conclusion，to conclude等。

　　8.表示對(duì)比和對(duì)照

　　(1)對(duì)照：but，however，yet，or，nevertheless，still，nonetheless，conversely，nor，rather，whereas，thought，on the one hand，on the other hand，on the contrary，by contrast with/to，in contrast (with/to)，even though，instead，unlike，different from，instead (of)，the opposite (of)，unlike，although，while，but等。

　　(2)對(duì)比：similarly，likewise，like，as，at the same time，in fact，too，in the same way，in a like manner，both，each，also，compared with等。

　(五)短文寫作中的經(jīng)典語義過渡的模式以及必備句型

　　考研英語寫作的題材多數(shù)同我們?nèi)粘Ｉ�活相關(guān)，通常涉及事物間的比較，要求說明其相似性、相異性和事物之間的因果關(guān)系;有時(shí)要求考生分析事實(shí)，找出原因或解決問題的方法，或?qū)σ粋�(gè)問題提出個(gè)人看法等。所以考生在復(fù)習(xí)寫作時(shí)，要盡可能熟悉和掌握表達(dá)這些關(guān)系的常用句型，這將對(duì)提高寫作能力有較大幫助。

　　1.表示相似性的句型

　�、費(fèi)oral corruption(A)is to the State(B)as physical disease(C)is to an individual body(D).(A之于B猶如C之于D)

　�、贘ust as woods are indispensable to birds，so is the earth to human beings.(正如…，…也如此)

　　③As far as personality is concerned，Tom (A) and Peter (B) have almost everything in common.(A和B有共同之處)

　　④My hobby (A) is similar to his (B) in that we both like collecting records，foreign and domestic. (A與B相似)

　　⑤As the economies of all countries are closely interrelated no country can develop in self-seclusion. The same is true of China. (The same is true of. The same can be said of... 也是如此)

　　2.表示相異性的句型

　�、貰eijing (A) is populous and crowded，while Canberra (B) is just the opposite.(A與B正相反)

　�、贑hina’s condition (A) differs from ours (B) in that China has the largest population in the world. (A不同于B在于)

　�、踂hile it may be true that basketball and volleyball share certain features，the excitement each arouses in the spectators is not the same.(…是不相同的)

　　3.表示權(quán)衡性的句型

　　①It seems safe to say that the advantages of marriage outweigh the disadvantages of divorce.(利大于弊)

　�、赑erhaps nothing can rival the pleasure from reading. (…是無與倫比的)

　�、跿here could be no doubt that job-hopping has its drawbacks as well as merits.(既有優(yōu)點(diǎn)也有缺點(diǎn))

　　④Men (A)may be superior to women(B) in physical affairs. Yet，there is no difference in intelligence.(A優(yōu)于B)

　�、軵eople’s attitude towards drugs varies from person to person.(…是因人而異的)

　　4.表示過渡性的句型(承上啟下，使新觀點(diǎn)不至于顯得突兀、武斷)

　　①Some people argue as if it is a general truth that ，I cannot agree with them for the following reasons.. But to be frank

　　②According to/As can be seen in figures/statistics /the findings/data released/provided by the government/an institute， .

　�、跿here are several/many causes/reasons for this dramatic/significant growth/change/decline/increase in .

　�、躎here are no less than three advantages in as rendered below.

　�、軹he reasons are chiefly as follows .

　�、轆nother reason why I advocate the attitude of is that.

　　⑦Last but not least， .

　�、郬hat is more， .

　　5.表示倍數(shù)與比例關(guān)系的句型

　　近年來圖表作文經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)，考生需要熟悉和掌握一些常用的句型來解釋圖表、分析和表達(dá)數(shù)據(jù)間的倍數(shù)和比例關(guān)系：

　　①Asia ranks first both in area and in population among the seven Continents.Europe is second to Asia in population，but in area it is the last but one.

　�、赪e all hope that a country’s population should be in proportion to its area, unfortunately the reality often goes against our will.

　�、跘 is a far larger university，being over three times as big as B.

　　6.引用圖表內(nèi)容時(shí)的過渡句型

　　圖表式作文經(jīng)常使用as從句做解釋性描述的過渡，它的運(yùn)用，可以使短文由圖畫的說明解釋，陡然一轉(zhuǎn)，由客觀說到主觀，由一般說到個(gè)體，過渡自然。

　�、賂his picture shows ， ，as we can see in the upper half of the picture. However，the lower half of the picture shows that .. At the beginning

　�、贏s is revealed in the graph .

　�、跘s the survey results show .

　�、蹵s we could find out later in this unit，his plan was not quite as he had expected.

　�、軹his table provides several important points of comparison between the two universities.As can be indicated in the table，the housing space for the staff of A in 1995 was 34 500 square meters，which nearly doubled the B’s corresponding figure.

　　7.描述圖表常用的概括性句型

　　這種句子通常用于開篇和結(jié)尾。

　�、賂his table provides，several important points of comparison between the two key universities.

　　②The two graphs depict the same thing seen in two different ways. The first diagram simply records . The second graph throws a new light on .

　�、跿he key findings taken from the surveys are as follows： .

　�、躀f drivers continue to drive more carefully and further strengthen their sense of safety，the rate of accidents can be expected to decline even more dramatically in the year 1998.

　　8.引論或得出結(jié)論的句型

　　①As the proverb goes，“ ”. It is quite understandable that .

　�、贏long with the development of society more and more problems are brought to our attention，one of which is that .

　　③Admittedly，there are merits to both sides of the argument.

　　④Contrary to widely held belief，I believe that .

　�、軳ow，it is commonly believed /some people think that ，but I wonder whether .

　　9.表示轉(zhuǎn)折的句型

　�、貽n the surface of it，this may seem to be a good solution，but if thinking again，we would point out some drawbacks.

　　②At first thought，it may seem to be an attractive idea，but it does not bear closer analysis when we find .

　�、跾uperficially，it seems to be a sound solution，but when carefully weighing in the mind，we find that .

　�、蹵 close inspection of these arguments would reveal how flimsy they are.

　　⑤The undeniable deficiency in this remark is that it is negligent of the bare fact that .

　�、轍owever，we also cannot deny that .

　　10.表示解釋、分析、引申的句型

　�、貽ne very strong argument for is that .

　　②It is an obvious fact that .

　�、跲ne of the most important things about is that .

　�、蹵 particularly notable case of this matter is .

　�、軼e may look into every possible reason，however，foremost reason for is .

　�、辤s mainly/ partly/ also responsible for the rise/increase/ decrease in .

　�、遅e may cite/quote/mention a single/common example of .

　　⑧A recent/nationwide study/survey/poll conducted/ taken at a university/ by scientists indicates/reveals/ suggests that .

　�、酧f course，this will have some negative effects on .

　�、� is a case in point.

　　11.表示得出結(jié)論的句型

　　①From what has been discussed above，we may safely draw the conclusion that .

　�、赥aking into account all these factors，we may safely reach the conclusion that .

　　③Judging from all evidence offered，we may safely come to the conclusion that .

　�、蹵ll the evidence/analysis supports a (an) sound/ unshakable/just conclusion/ view that .

　　12.表示建議、采取行動(dòng)的句型

　�、買t is necessary/ essential that effective actions/ quick steps/ proper measures should be taken to prevent the situation/ correct tendency / end phenomenon.

　�、赥here is little doubt that serious/ considerable/ special attention must be called /paid /devoted to the problem /shortage of .

　　③It is high time that we placed/put great/special/considerable emphasis on theimprovement/ development /increase of .