【從句】
　　一、定語從句
　　定語從句分為限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句。引導定語從句的關系代詞有that，which，who，whom，whose(of which)，but(who/that…not)，as等，關系副詞有when，where，why，how等。大多數(shù)定語從句都對所修飾的名詞或代詞加以限制，去掉該從句后先行詞將意義不全或失去意義。而非限制性定語從句的作用在于補充，翻譯時常常另起一個句子，與主句構成并列句。
　　 (一)關系代詞引導的定語從句
　　 1。關系代詞that引導的定語從句，that指人或指物，在從句中可以作主語、賓語。多數(shù)情況下，可與which互換。
　　【真題例句】In a significant tightening of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, theLord Chancellor, will introduce a draft bill that will propose making payments to witnessesillegal and will strictly control the amount of publicity that can be given to a case before a trial begins。(2001完形)
　　【結構分析】本句主干為Lord Irvine will introduce a draft bill…;其中bill由that引導的定語從句that will propose making payments to witnesses illegal and will strictly control the amount of publicity…修飾，在從句中，that指代先行詞bill作主語。觀察連詞and，可確定此從句中并列兩個謂語will propose和will control。其中control的賓語the amount of publicity后又跟一個that引導的定語從句that can be given to a case before a trial begins，使用了被動語態(tài)，that指代先行詞publicity作主語。句首的介詞短語In a significant tightening of legal controls over the press作全句的狀語。
　　【參考譯文】為了有效地加強對新聞界的法律監(jiān)控，大法官歐文勛爵將引入一項草案。這項草案將提出付款給證人是非法的，并且要嚴格控制審判前對案件的曝光。
　　【真題例句】The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journalsharder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction ofrefereeing, first by national journals in the 19th century and then by several local geological journals in the 20th century. (2001閱讀1)
　　【結構分析】本句的主干是一個完成時的主系表結構The overall result has been… for amateurs，表語由不定式短語to make…h(huán)arder(使……更難)充當。名詞短語a result that…是主干中主語result的同位語，作用是對其進行補充說明。在此名詞短語中，關系代詞that引導定語從句that has been reinforced by…修飾先行詞result，that在從句中代替result作主語，從句的謂語使用了被動語態(tài)。
　　【參考譯文】總體結果是，業(yè)余人員在專業(yè)地質學刊物上發(fā)表論文更難了，這種結果又由于審稿的廣泛引入而變得更糟——19世紀由國家級雜志評審， 20世紀由一些地方地質學雜志評審。
　　【真題例句】There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend. (2001-71)
　　【結構分析】本句為there be句型。主干為There will be television chat shows…，and cars…其中shows后由過去分詞結構hosted by robots(作定語)修飾，cars后的介賓短語with pollution monitors作后置定語，該定語中monitors后跟一個that引導的定語從句that will disable them…，關系代詞that指代monitors在從句中作主語。句末的when they offend作從句中的時間狀語。
　　【參考譯文】未來將出現(xiàn)機器人主持的談話節(jié)目以及裝有污染監(jiān)控器的汽車，當汽車污染超標時，監(jiān)控器就會讓其停止。
　　【真題例句】And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro mechanics,there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with sub millimeter accuracy—far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone. (2002閱讀2)

　　【結構分析】本句與上句同，主干there be句型there are already robot systems…中，systems由that引導的定語從句that can perform…(直到句末)修飾，關系代詞that指代先行詞systems在從句中作主語。破折號之后的部分far greater precision than…是submillimeter accuracy的同位語，起補充說明作用，這里使用了比較級。句首的And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro mechanics作全句的狀語。
　　【參考譯文】由于電子技術的不斷微型化和微型機械學的發(fā)展，已經出現(xiàn)了能夠完成某些腦部和骨科手術的機器人系統(tǒng)，其精確程度已達到亞毫米級，這一精確程度大大超出了技術嫻熟的醫(yī)生光憑雙手所能達到的水平。
　　【真題例句】For example, changes in the economy that lead to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment in general make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain。(2004完形)
　　【結構分析】本句主干的結構為“主+謂+賓+賓補”，即changes make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain。主語changes后有兩個修飾語，其一是介詞短語in the economy作的后置定語，其二是that引導的定語從句that lead to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment in general。該定語從句中，關系代詞指代先行詞changes作主語，謂語lead to有兩個賓語，分別為job opportunities 和 unemployment，由and并列。
　　【參考譯文】舉例來說，經濟改革導致了年輕人就業(yè)機會的減少和普遍上升的失業(yè)率，這些都使得有酬工作越來越難找。
　　注意：只能用that作為定語從句的關系代詞的情況：
　　 (1)在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which;
　　 (2)不定代詞如anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行詞時，只用that，不用which;
　　 (3) 先行詞有the only, the very修飾時，只用that;
　　 (4) 先行詞為序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級時，只用that;
　　 (5) 先行詞既有人，又有物時。
　　【真題例句】To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke, “all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is
　　 that good people do nothing�！�(2003閱讀2)
　　【結構分析】本句的直接引語中，主干為一個主系表結構all is that…，其中主語all由that引導的定語從句that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause修飾，關系代詞that指代先行詞all在從句中作主語。表語由that引導的名詞性從句that good people do nothing充當。
　　【參考譯文】用18世紀政治家埃德蒙·柏克的話說：“一個被誤導的事業(yè)如果能成功，它唯一需要的就是好人無所作為”。
　　 2。關系代詞which引導的定語從句，which指物，在從句中可以作主語、賓語等。多數(shù)情況下，可與that互換。
　　【真題例句】用If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it’ll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman’s notorious bad taste in ties。(2002閱讀1)
　　【結構分析】本句包含兩個并列分句，由and連接。第一個分句為you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you，這里包含一個定語從句，由which引導，關系代詞which指代先行詞the experiences and problems，在從句中作主語。第二個分句為it’ll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman’s notorious bad taste in ties，其中使用了it作形式主語，真正的主語為不定式to make a passing remark about…。句首的if引導條件狀語從句，其中group由which引導的定語從句which you are addressing修飾，which在從句中指代先行詞groups，作address的賓語。
　　【參考譯文】如果你是你談話聽眾中的一員，你就能夠了解你們所共有的經歷和問題，而且你也可對餐廳極難吃的食物或者領導在選擇領帶方面差勁的品味進行評頭論足。

　　【真題例句】Thus, the anthropological concept of “culture”， like the concept of “set”in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding. (2003-65)
　　【結構分析】本句的主干是一個主系表結構，主語和系動詞被介賓短語like the concept of “set” in mathematics所作的狀語分隔，連接后為the anthropological concept of “culture” is an abstract concept…，其中表語abstract concept由which引導的定語從句which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding修飾，在從句中，which代替concept作主語。
　　【參考譯文】因此，就像數(shù)學中“集合”的概念一樣，人類學中“文化”的概念是一個抽象概念。它使大量的具體研究和認識成為可能。
　　【真題例句】He adds humbly that perhaps he was “superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully。” (2008-49)
　　【結構分析】本句為復合句。主句為He adds humbly that…，其中adds的賓語部分由that引導的賓語從句充當。在此賓語從句中，兩個介賓短語in noticing things 和 in observing them carefully都作狀語，關系代詞which引導的定語從句which easily escape attention修飾先行詞things，which在從句指代things作主語。
　　【參考譯文】他謙卑地補充道，或許他“和普通人比起來，更能夠注意到那些別人不容易注意到的細節(jié)，并對此加以詳細地觀察”。
　　 3。關系代詞與介詞一起用，介詞提前時，只用which。
　　 (1)從句中謂語部分成分提前
　　【真題例句】With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be—even admitting that the theory on
　　 which it is based may be right—it can hardly be classed as Literature。(2000閱讀3)
　　【結構分析】本句包含兩個并列分句。前一分句為the case is rather difficult，后一分句whatever Futurist poetry may be…(直到句末)由for連接，表示原因。在此分句中，whatever引導讓步狀語從句，兩個破折號之間的插入部分，為分詞結構所作的讓步狀語。admitting后的賓語由從句that the theory…may be right充當，該賓語從句的主語theory由which引導的定語從句修飾，which指代先行詞theory在從句中作謂語部分be based on(以……為基礎，根據)的賓語，表現(xiàn)為介詞on提前。句首的介賓短語With regard to Futurist poetry作全句的狀語。
　　【參考譯文】但是，就未來派詩歌而言，情況卻相當不同了，因為無論未來派詩歌為何物——即使承認其理論根據可能是正確的，也很難稱其為文學作品。
　　【真題例句】Most journalists learn to see the world through a set of standard templates (patterns) into which they plug each day’s events。(2001閱讀3)
　　【結構分析】本句為主從復合句，主句為Most journalists learn to see the world through a set of standard templates (patterns)。關系代詞which引導定語從句into which they plug each day’s events修飾先行詞a set of standard templates，which在定語從句中指代先行詞作into的賓語(into提前)，我們可將其還原為plug each day’s events into(a set of standard templates)。
　　【參考譯文】多數(shù)新聞記者都學著用一套標準的模式去看待世界，并把每天發(fā)生的事件納入這種模式。
　　【真題例句】What is needed is a technology of behavior, but we have been slow to develop the science from which such a technology might be drawn。(2002英譯漢)

　　【結構分析】本句包含由but連接的兩個并列分句。前一分句是一個主系表結構，其中主語由what引導的主語從句充當。后一分句中包含which引導的定語從句which such a technology might be drawn修飾先行詞science，關系代詞which指代science在從句中作be drawn from的賓語，本句表現(xiàn)為from提前，我們可還原從句部分為such a technology might be drawn from (science)。
　　【參考譯文】我們需要的是一種行為技術，但是目前產生這種技術的科學進展緩慢。
　　【真題例句】It’s theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail。(2003閱讀3)
　　【結構分析】本句與上句也同，也包含兩個并列分句，由but連接，體現(xiàn)轉折關系。前一分句的表語theory由關系代詞which引導的定語從句to which many economists subscribe修飾。在該定語從句中，which作subscribe to的賓語，本句體現(xiàn)為介詞to提前的形式，我們可還原其為many economists subscribe to (the theory)。后一分句中，determining的賓語由兩個which引導的名詞性從句充當，分別為which companies will flourish 和which will fail。
　　【參考譯文】這種理論是多數(shù)經濟學家都贊同的，但在實際操作中，它常常使鐵路公司獲得了決定哪家公司興盛哪家公司倒閉的權力。
　　 (2)代替先行詞與介詞構成介賓結構在從句中作狀語
　　【真題例句】They are the possessions of the autonomous (selfgoverning) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for this conduct and given credit for his achievements。(2002-64)
　　【結構分析】本句包含兩個并列分句。在and后的并列分句中，practices由一個which引導的定語從句in which a person is held responsible for this conduct and given credit for his achievements修飾。關系代詞which在從句中指代practices與in構成介賓結構，翻譯為“在個人行為中”作整個從句的狀語。
　　【參考譯文】自由和尊嚴(參見原題)是傳統(tǒng)理論中自主人所擁有的，并且是個人行為中必不可少的——人要對自己的這種品行負責并且因其成就被給予獎勵。
　　【真題例句】Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed—and perhaps never before has it served so much so connect
different peoples and nations as the recent events in Europe. (200546)
　　【結構分析】本句與上句同，也包含and連接的兩個并列分句。前一分句中，表語部分means由定語從句by which these feelings are created and conveyed修飾。關系which指代means與介詞by相連，翻譯為“通過這種方式”，在從句中作狀語。后一分句提前了never構成倒裝(參見倒裝章節(jié))，并使用了so much…as的比較結構(參見比較章節(jié))。
　　【參考譯文】電視是產生和表達這些感受的手段之一——在歐洲近來發(fā)生的事件中，它把不同的民族和國家連到一起，其作用之大，前所未有。
　　 4。非限制性定語從句只用which，并多譯為并列句結構。
　　【真題例句】The more foreign capital you have helping you build your Third Wave infrastructure, which today is an electronic infrastructure, the better off you’re going to be。(2001閱讀2)
　　【結構分析】本句主干是the more…the more…(越來越)結構。關系代詞which引導的非限制性定語從句作分隔結構，其中，關系代詞which指代先行詞infrastructure作從句中的主語。

　　【參考譯文】你擁有的去建造第三次浪潮基礎設施(今天主要指電子基礎設施)的外國資金越多，那么你的情況就越好。
　　【真題例句】Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses’ convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. (2002閱讀1)
　　【結構分析】本句的主干為提前here的倒裝Here is an example。 which引導的非限制性定語從句which I heard at a nurses’ convention修飾先行詞example，在整個句子中起分隔的作用。關系代詞which在從句中指代先行詞作heard的賓語。介詞of a story…也修飾example，作定語。story后又有一個which定語從句，關系代詞which在從句中作主語。在此從句中，還包含一個because引導的原因狀語從句。
　　【參考譯文】下面是一個例子，是我在一次護士會議上聽到的，這個故事很不錯因為聽眾對醫(yī)生都有相同的看法。
　　【真題例句】These days the Net, which has already remade pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovan’s vocation as well。(2003閱讀1)
　　【結構分析】本句的主干是一個主系表結構These days the Net is reshaping Donovan’s vocation as well，兩個逗號之間的非限制性定語從句which has already remade pastimes as buying books and sending mail作分隔結構，關系代詞 which在從句中代替net作主語。
　　【參考譯文】如今，互聯(lián)網已經改變了諸如買書、發(fā)郵件這樣的日常消遣，同時它也正在重塑著多諾汶所從事的這個職業(yè)。
　　【真題例句】Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future management efforts must take into account。(2006閱讀3)
　　【結構分析】本句的主干在逗號前Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm argue that…，其中argue的賓語由that引導的賓語從句充當。在該賓語從句中，包含關系代詞which引導的非限制性定語從句修飾先行詞a correct baseline。 在此定語從句中，which代替先行詞baseline作從句中謂語take into account的賓語。
　　【參考譯文】麥爾斯博士和沃姆博士指出，他們的工作確定了一個準確的(捕撈數(shù)量)底線，未來的(海洋)管理必須將其考慮進去。
　　 5。指代上文一整句話時，只用which。
　　【真題例句】The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be。(2004-61)
　　【結構分析】本句主句為The Greeks assumed that…，其中assumed的賓語由that引導的名詞性從句充當。在該賓語從句中，關系代詞which引導非限制性定語從句which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be翻譯為“早在人們認識到各種語言的千差萬別之前，(which)就已經扎根于歐洲”，不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，which只有指代前文整個句子，即這種觀點，句子才是完整無誤地表達。
　　【參考譯文】希臘人認為語言結構同思維過程之間存在著某種關系。早在人們認識到各種語言的千差萬別之前，這種看法就已經扎根于歐洲。

　　【真題例句】But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well。(2005閱讀1)
　　【結構分析】本句主句為主謂賓結構But a study suggests that…，其中suggest的賓語部分為that引導的名詞性從句that it is all too monkey, as well充當。兩個逗號間為which引導的非限制性定語從句which has just been published in Nature譯為“(which)剛剛發(fā)表在《自然》期刊上”，在本句中起分隔作用。關系代詞which在從句中作主語，通過分析全句，不難看出which同時指代上文完整的主句內容。
　　【參考譯文】但是由佐治亞州亞特蘭大埃默里大學的薩拉·布魯斯南和弗蘭斯·德瓦爾進行的一項研究表明，猴子也有類似的情緒表達，這項研究成果剛剛發(fā)表在《自然》期刊上。
　　【真題例句】He asserted, also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics。(2008-47)
　　【結構分析】本句是復合句。主句為He asserted that…，其中assert的賓語為that引導的名詞性從句充當，其中主語power后由不定式結構to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought作后置定語。 句末是非限制性定語從句for which reason he felt certain that…，關系代詞which修飾reason指代前面整句的內容his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited，與for連接使用，在從句中表示原因。注意he felt certain that…是主系表結構中的一類特殊分支：主+系+adj.+that從句。
　　【參考譯文】達爾文同時聲稱，對于冗長而且純抽象的思想，自己的理解能力并不強。因為這個原因，他相信自己在數(shù)學方面根本不會成功。
　　 6。關系代詞如果在限制性定語從句中作賓語可以被省略。
　　【真題例句】Nothing could persuade me to return to the kind of life Kelsey used to advocate and I once enjoyed: 12 hour working days, pressured deadlines, the fearful strain of office politics and the limitations of being a parent on “quality time”。(2001閱讀5)
　　【結構分析】本句主干在句首，Nothing could persuade me to return to the kind of life…，life由兩個定語從句修飾，分別為Kelsey used to advocate和I once enjoyed。由于在從句中，關系代詞指代先行詞the kind of life分別作兩個從句中各自謂語used to advocate和enjoyed的賓語，因此關系代詞被省略。冒號后為the kind of life 的具體內容，是由四個并列短語構成的。
　　【參考譯文】沒有什么能說服我回到那種凱爾茜曾倡導、我也曾鐘愛的生活中去：每天12小時的工作日，壓得人喘不過氣來的最后期限，可怕而緊張的辦公室權力斗爭，為人父母的“最佳時間”的限制。
　　【真題例句】Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering, to the extent that it constitutes “systematic patient abuse”。(2002閱讀4)
　　【結構分析】本句主干為Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain，其中pain后的定語從句“their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering”中省略了關系代詞“that/which”(該關系代詞指代先行詞pain，在從句中作be suffering 的賓語)。句末的不定式to the extent that…作目的狀語，其中that引導同位語從句(參見同位語從句)，解釋說明extent。

　　【參考譯文】不少醫(yī)生似乎對病人所遭受的毫無必要的、可預見的痛苦無動于衷，甚至達到了“蓄意虐待病人”的程度。
　　【真題例句】Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and had promise in return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated. (2007完形)
　　【結構分析】本句的兩個謂語had received aid…和had promise in return to…由and并列。在第二個謂語中，地點狀語 in the areas…后跟省略了關系代詞that/which的定語從句he liberated，關系代詞在從句中指代areas作liberated的賓語。
　　【參考譯文】玻利瓦爾得到海地的援助，作為回報，他承諾在自己解放的地區(qū)廢除奴隸制�？荚嚧笞４蠹液眠\！
　　【真題例句】Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they’ve apparently learned is when to stop。(2009完形)
　　【結構分析】本句包含and并列的兩個分句。在第二個分句中，主干為one of the things is when to stop。主語things由省略了關系代詞that/which的定語從句they’ve apparently learned所修飾，關系代詞指代things在從句中作learn的賓語。注意is后的表語使用了when+to+do形式。
　　【參考譯文】許多其他的物種也有學習能力，很顯然他們學到的東西之一就是知道何時停止。
　　【真題例句】Instead of casting a wistful glance backward at all the species we’ve left in the dust I.Q.wise, it implicitly asks what the real costs of our own intelligence might be。(2009完形)
　　【結構分析】本句主干在逗號后，為it implicitly asks what the real costs of our own intelligence might be，其中賓語部分由what引導的名詞性從句充當，what在從句中作表語。句首部分是介賓短語所作的狀語，其中包含省略了關系代詞that/which的定語從句we’ve left in the dust I.Q.�瞱ise，修飾先行詞species，關系代詞指代先行詞在從句中作left的賓語。
　　【參考譯文】這個試驗不是去回顧那些被我們劃為低智商的物種，而是含蓄在問我們自己智力的真正代價是什么。
　　 7.who/whom和whose引導的定語從句
　　 (1)關系代詞who引導的定語從句，該關系代詞指人，可以在定語從句中作主語、賓語等。
　　【真題例句】Hofstader says our country’s educational system is in the grips of people who “joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise�！�(2004閱讀4)
　　【結構分析】本句主干為Hofstader says…，其中says后的賓語由省略了that的賓語從句our country’s educational system is in the grips of people…充當，這是一個主系表結構，其中表語中people后跟一個who引導的定語從句who joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children…，關系代詞who指代先行詞people，在從句中作主語。這里我們注意到此從句的謂語動詞proclaim后的賓語由and并列，分別為their hostility to intellect和 their eagerness to identify with children。前一個to為介詞，與名詞intellect構成介詞短語后置作定語，后一個to是不定式短語，對eagerness進行修飾，也是后置作定語，句末的定語從句who show the least intellectual promise 修飾先行詞children，在從句中，關系代詞who指代children在從句中作主語。

　　【參考譯文】霍夫斯塔說我們國家的教育體系控制在這樣一些人手中——他們“得意并挑釁地宣稱他們對智商的敵視，以及他們認同那些在智商方面最沒有希望的孩子們�！�
　　【真題例句】I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic(蘇格拉底) way about moral problems。(2006-46)
　　【結構分析】本句是復合句。主句為I shall define him as an individual…。定語從句who has elected as…(直到句末)用來修飾先行詞individual，關系代詞who在從句中指代先行詞作主語。在該定語從句中，我們注意到構成“elect…as…”的結構，在此句中翻譯為“選擇……作為……”。
　　【參考譯文】我將他(知識分子)定義為這種個體：用蘇格拉底式的方式思考道德問題，并將此作為自己人生的首要責任和樂趣。
　　【真題例句】His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision. (2006-47)
　　【結構分析】本句是復合句。主干為一個系表結構His function is analogous to that of a judge，逗號后who引導的非限制性定語從句who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning…修飾先行詞judge。在此從句中，賓語obligation后的定語由介賓結構of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning…充當。此介賓短語比較復雜，正常語序應為revealing the course of reasoning in a manner as obvious as possible，這里as obvious as possible作狀語，在原句中以分隔結構出現(xiàn)。句末reasoning 由which引導的定語從句which led him to his decision修飾，which在從句中指代reasoning作主語。
　　【參考譯文】知識分子(參見前文)的作用與法官相似，他必須盡義務用盡可能清楚的方式解釋自己作出結論的推理過程。
　　【真題例句】Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will。(2008閱讀4)
　　【結構分析】本句主干為Washington overcame the strong opposition…。兩個逗號間為who引導的非限制性定語從句，以分隔結構出現(xiàn)，修飾主語Washington。該從句中，believe的賓語由名詞性從句that all men were created equal after…充當，句末的不定式結構 to grant his slaves their freedom in his will作整個句子的狀語。
　　【參考譯文】在看到獨立戰(zhàn)爭中黑人士兵的英勇表現(xiàn)并開始相信人人生而平等后，華盛頓克服了親屬的強烈反對，按照自己的意愿，讓他的奴隸們獲得了自由。
　　 (2)關系代詞指人并構成介詞短語，介詞提前時，只用whom。
　　【真題例句】On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted�瞫uicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying。(2002閱讀4)
　　【結構分析】去掉句首介賓，本句主干為many acknowledge that…，其中acknowledge的賓語由賓語從句that the assisted�瞫uicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients充當。在此賓語從句中，定語從句for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying修飾先行詞patients，由于介詞for提前，關系代詞使用賓格whom，指代patients與for連接使用作從句中的狀語，翻譯為“對……而言”。
　　【參考譯文】在另一層面，很多醫(yī)學界的人承認，協(xié)助自殺爭議部分是由于病人極度絕望引起的，對他們而言，現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學延長了他們死亡前的肉體痛苦。

　　(3)關系代詞whose引導的定語從句，該關系代詞在從句中表示“某人(先行詞)的”。
　　【真題例句】As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor。(2002閱讀2)
　　【結構分析】本句主干是一個被動語態(tài)the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos，以but連接的兩個由whose引導的限制性定語從句，都修飾先行詞gizmos。在第一個定語從句whose presence we barely notice中，whose指代先行詞gizmos作presence的定語，二者連用作barely notice的賓語;第二個定語從句whose universal existence has removed much human labor中，whose指代先行詞gizmos作universal existence的定語，二者連用作從句的主語。句首的as a result為介詞短語作狀語。
　　【參考譯文】結果是，現(xiàn)代世界充滿了越來越智能化的小玩意，這些小玩意的出現(xiàn)是我們幾乎注意不到的，但它們的普遍存在卻節(jié)省了很多勞動力。
　　【真題例句】Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care。(2003閱讀2)
　　【結構分析】該句子中，主干為Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates。關系代詞whose引導非限制性定語從句whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care修飾先行詞scientists，關系代詞whose作arguments的定語，指代先行詞scientists。從句中的謂語使用了現(xiàn)在進行時，由and并列，分別為are confusing和(are)threatening。
　　【參考譯文】科學家需要對動物權利的倡導者作出有力的反擊，因為他們的觀點正在迷惑公眾，阻礙了健康醫(yī)療的發(fā)展。
　　【真題例句】This entails reducing our dependence on the North American market, whose programs relate to experiences and cultural traditions which are different from our own。(2005英譯漢)
　　【結構分析】本句主干清晰，是一個主謂賓結構This entails reducing our dependence…，其中介詞短語on the North American作dependence的后置定語。逗號后whose引導非限制性定語從句whose programs relate to experiences and cultural traditions，修飾先行詞North American market，whose作programs的定語，同時指代先行詞“North American market”。在該定語中，relate to的賓語experiences and cultural traditions由定語從句which are different from our own修飾，關系代詞which在從句中指代先行詞experiences and cultural traditions作主語。
　　【參考譯文】這就意味著要減少對北美市場的依賴，因為他們的節(jié)目里包含不同于我們的經歷和文化傳統(tǒng)。
　　 8。關系代詞as引導的定語從句，譯為“像……那樣”。
　　【真題例句】Meanwhile, many settles had slighter religious commitments than Dane’s, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion. (2009閱讀4)
　　【結構分析】本句主干在兩個逗號之間，為一個比較結構many settles had slighter religious commitments than Dane’s。as引導非限制性定語從句as one clergyman learned…as在從句中作learned的賓語，后又包含一個who引導的定語從句who mocked that…修飾clergyman，關系代詞who在從句中作主語，謂語動詞mocked后的賓語從句由that引導的從句充當。
　　【參考譯文】與此同時，與戴恩相比，許多定居者并沒有那么虔誠，就像一位牧師在遇到海邊的人時聽到的那樣，那些人嘲弄說他們不是為了宗教來到新大陸的。

　　9。長難句中經常同時包含多個定語從句
　　【真題例句】Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena. (2003-62)
　　【結構分析】我們先注意到第一個that，只是branch前的修飾語，不引導從句。得到主干，一個主系表結構——Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry。關系代詞which引導定語從句which seeks to study humans and their endeavors…，which指代先行詞enquiry在從句中作主語。介詞短語in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that…作方式狀語，其中定語從句that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena修飾先行詞manner，關系代詞that在從句中指代先行詞作use的賓語。在翻譯時，為避免定語部分過長，我們將which從句轉譯為并列結構，將that從句轉譯為狀語。
　　 (2)關系代詞指人并構成介詞短語，介詞提前時，只用whom。
　　【真題例句】On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted�瞫uicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying。(2002閱讀4)
　　【結構分析】去掉句首介賓，本句主干為many acknowledge that…，其中acknowledge的賓語由賓語從句that the assisted�瞫uicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients充當。在此賓語從句中，定語從句for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying修飾先行詞patients，由于介詞for提前，關系代詞使用賓格whom，指代patients與for連接使用作從句中的狀語，翻譯為“對……而言”。
　　【參考譯文】在另一層面，很多醫(yī)學界的人承認，協(xié)助自殺爭議部分是由于病人極度絕望引起的，對他們而言，現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學延長了他們死亡前的肉體痛苦。
　　 (3)關系代詞whose引導的定語從句，該關系代詞在從句中表示“某人(先行詞)的”。
　　【真題例句】As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor。(2002閱讀2)
　　【結構分析】本句主干是一個被動語態(tài)the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos，以but連接的兩個由whose引導的限制性定語從句，都修飾先行詞gizmos。在第一個定語從句whose presence we barely notice中，whose指代先行詞gizmos作presence的定語，二者連用作barely notice的賓語;第二個定語從句whose universal existence has removed much human labor中，whose指代先行詞gizmos作universal existence的定語，二者連用作從句的主語。句首的as a result為介詞短語作狀語。
　　【參考譯文】結果是，現(xiàn)代世界充滿了越來越智能化的小玩意，這些小玩意的出現(xiàn)是我們幾乎注意不到的，但它們的普遍存在卻節(jié)省了很多勞動力。
　　【真題例句】Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care。(2003閱讀2)
　　【結構分析】該句子中，主干為Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates。關系代詞whose引導非限制性定語從句whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care修飾先行詞scientists，關系代詞whose作arguments的定語，指代先行詞scientists。從句中的謂語使用了現(xiàn)在進行時，由and并列，分別為are confusing和(are)threatening。

　　【參考譯文】科學家需要對動物權利的倡導者作出有力的反擊，因為他們的觀點正在迷惑公眾，阻礙了健康醫(yī)療的發(fā)展。
　　【真題例句】This entails reducing our dependence on the North American market, whose programs relate to experiences and cultural traditions which are different from our own。(2005英譯漢)
　　【結構分析】本句主干清晰，是一個主謂賓結構This entails reducing our dependence…，其中介詞短語on the North American作dependence的后置定語。逗號后whose引導非限制性定語從句whose programs relate to experiences and cultural traditions，修飾先行詞North American market，whose作programs的定語，同時指代先行詞“North American market”。在該定語中，relate to的賓語experiences and cultural traditions由定語從句which are different from our own修飾，關系代詞which在從句中指代先行詞experiences and cultural traditions作主語。
　　【參考譯文】這就意味著要減少對北美市場的依賴，因為他們的節(jié)目里包含不同于我們的經歷和文化傳統(tǒng)。
　　 8。關系代詞as引導的定語從句，譯為“像……那樣”。
　　【真題例句】Meanwhile, many settles had slighter religious commitments than Dane’s, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion. (2009閱讀4)
　　【結構分析】本句主干在兩個逗號之間，為一個比較結構many settles had slighter religious commitments than Dane’s。as引導非限制性定語從句as one clergyman learned…as在從句中作learned的賓語，后又包含一個who引導的定語從句who mocked that…修飾clergyman，關系代詞who在從句中作主語，謂語動詞mocked后的賓語從句由that引導的從句充當。
　　【參考譯文】與此同時，與戴恩相比，許多定居者并沒有那么虔誠，就像一位牧師在遇到海邊的人時聽到的那樣，那些人嘲弄說他們不是為了宗教來到新大陸的。
　　 9。長難句中經常同時包含多個定語從句
　　【真題例句】Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena. (2003-62)
　　【結構分析】我們先注意到第一個that，只是branch前的修飾語，不引導從句。得到主干，一個主系表結構——Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry。關系代詞which引導定語從句which seeks to study humans and their endeavors…，which指代先行詞enquiry在從句中作主語。介詞短語in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that…作方式狀語，其中定語從句that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena修飾先行詞manner，關系代詞that在從句中指代先行詞作use的賓語。在翻譯時，為避免定語部分過長，我們將which從句轉譯為并列結構，將that從句轉譯為狀語。
　　【參考譯文】斯特福德公司的簡報不同于華盛頓通常的反反復復——政府各部門借這種反反復復來避免作出激動人心的聲明，因為他們這些聲明可能會出錯。
　　【真題例句】The definition also excludes the majority of teachers, despite the fact that teaching has traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living。(2006英譯漢)
　　【結構分析】本句的主干在句首，為The definition also excludes the majority of teachers，逗號后為介詞despite構成的短語作狀語。其中that引導同位語從句that teaching has traditionally been the method…解釋說明fact的具體內容。在此同位語從句中，whereby引導定語從句whereby many intellectuals earn their living，相當于by + 先行詞method，在從句中作方式狀語，我們理解為“借此手段”。
　　【參考譯文】這一定義也把大多數(shù)教師排除在外，盡管事實是——按傳統(tǒng)看來，教學一直是許多知識分子謀生的手段。

　　二、名詞性從句
　　在句子中起名詞作用的句子叫名詞性從句。名詞性從句的功能相當于名詞詞組， 它在復合句中可能擔任主語、賓語(包括介詞賓語)、表語、同位語等，根據它在句中不同的語法功能，名詞從句可分為主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。引導名詞性從句的連接詞包括連詞如that，whether/ if，as if /as though等;連接代詞如what, who, whom, whose, which等;連接副詞如when, where, how, why等。
　　 (一)名詞性that從句
　　由that引導，在從句中可充當主語、賓語、表語、同位語和形容詞賓語等，that在從句中不作成分，翻譯時不譯出來。
　　 1.that引導主語從句，經常用it作形式主語。
　　【真題例句】Further more，it is obvious that the strength of a country’s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. (2000-72)
　　【結構分析】本句主干在第一個逗號后，it is obvious that…，其中it是形式主語，真正的主語為and連接的兩個that引導的名詞性從句that the strength of a country’s economy is…和that this in turn rests…。第一個主語從句中，代詞its指代 country’s;第二個主語從句中，this指代 efficiency of its agriculture and industry。
　　【參考譯文】再者，顯而易見的是一個國家的經濟實力與其工業(yè)生產效率密切相關，而效率的提高又有賴于各種科技人員的努力。
　　【真題例句】But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions。(2005閱讀2)
　　【結構分析】以逗號and為切入點，本句為兩個并列分句，其中第一個分句中does表示強調;第二個分句it為形式主語，critical后面的that引導的名詞性從句that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments…為真正的主語，在此主語分句中，又包含一個that引導的定語從句修飾judgments，關系代詞that在從句中作provide的賓語，分詞結構concerning the future consequences of present actions為后置定語修飾judgments。
　　【參考譯文】但是科學確實為我們的未來提供了最好的指導，關鍵是我們的國家和其他各國在作重要決策時，應該以科學能夠提供給我們的對于人類現(xiàn)在的行為對未來影響的最好的判斷為依據。
　　 2.that引導表語從句
　　【真題例句】One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind，feelings，traits of character，human nature，and so on. (2002英譯漢)
　　【結構分析】本句的主干是一個主系表結構One difficulty is that…，其中表語由that引導的表語從句充當。在此表語從句中，主語部分all of what is called behavioral science包含what引導的名詞性從句，what在從句中作主語。
　　【參考譯文】困難之一在于幾乎所有所謂的行為科學仍從心態(tài)、情感、性格特征、人性等方面尋找行為的依據。
　　【真題例句】（考試大）If good people do nothing, there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress. (2003閱讀2)
　　【結構分析】本句是復合句。逗號前為if引導的條件狀語從句，主句由there be句型充當。possibility后that引導同位語從句that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress，說明possibility的具體內容。
　　【參考譯文】如果好人袖手旁觀，有可能真讓無知的人們撲滅醫(yī)學進步中珍貴的火種。
　　【真題例句】The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that the brain finds it inefficient to keep all smell receptors working all the time but can create new receptors if necessary。(2005完形)

　【結構分析】本句的主干為主系表結構The explanation…seems to be…，表語部分由that引導的表語從句充當。在此從句中，使用了find it +adj.+to do 結構，it是形式賓語，真正的賓語由不定式短語充當。but并列了the brain后的兩個謂語finds it inefficient to keep…和 can create new receptors if necessary。
　　【參考譯文】對氣味的不敏感似乎可以這樣解釋，大腦發(fā)現(xiàn)讓所有的氣味感覺器官一直工作效率會很低，但在需要的時候仍可以創(chuàng)造新的感覺器官。
　　【真題例句】The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past。(2006閱讀3)
　　【結構分析】本句的主干為主系表結構The notion is that…，其中be動詞后的表語由that引導的名詞性從句充當。在此從句中，賓語部分changes后面是which引導的限制性定語從句which have happened…，which在從句中指代changes作主語，在此從句中，又包含一個because引導的原因狀語從句。
　　【參考譯文】這一觀點指出人們沒有察覺發(fā)生在海洋中的巨大變化是因為他們在審視與現(xiàn)在作對比的過去時，用來衡量這個變化的時間段相對較短。
　　【真題例句】Part of the problem is that many homeless adults are addicted to alcohol or drugs. (2006完形)
　　【結構分析】本句主干為主系表結構Part of the problem is that…，表語部分由that引導的名詞性從句that many homeless adults are addicted to alcohol or drugs充當，注意be addicted to…翻譯為“對……成癮”。
　　【參考譯文】部分問題在于許多無家可歸的成年人都是酒鬼或者是癮君子。
　　 3.that引導賓語從句
　　【真題例句】This does not mean that ambition is at an end, that people no longer feel its stirrings and promptings, but only that, no longer openly honored, it is less openly professed。(2000閱讀4)
　　【結構分析】本句主干為This does not mean that…，that…，but only that…這三個that引導的名詞性從句都作mean的賓語，第三個that引導的賓語從句中，分詞no longer openly honored作原因狀語。
　　【參考譯文】但這并不意味著雄心抱負已經走到了盡頭，也不意味著人們不再感覺到它的鼓舞和激勵了，而是指由于人們不再以有雄心抱負為榮，所以也很少公開了。
　　【真題例句】Replies show that compared with other Americans, journalists are more likely to live in upscale neighborhoods, have maids, own Mercedeses, and trade stocks, and they’re less likely to go to church, do volunteer work, or put down roots in a community。(2001閱讀3)
　　【結構分析】本句主干在逗號前，Replies show that…，賓語部分是that引導的賓語從句。在此從句中，compared with other Americans為分詞所作的狀語，主要部分為and并列的兩個分句journalists are more likely to live…和they’re less likely to go to…。
　　【參考譯文】對問題的回答表明，與其他美國人相比，記者往往住高檔社區(qū)、雇有傭人、擁有奔馳車、做股票交易、較少上教堂、做志愿者工作或在一個社區(qū)扎根。
　　【真題例句】The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25—0.5% of GDP. (2002閱讀3)

　　【結構分析】本句主干為The OECD estimates that…，介詞短語in its latest Economic Outlook作分隔結構。在that引導的賓語從句中，包含一個if引導的與現(xiàn)在相反的虛擬條件狀語從句。
　　【參考譯文】OECD在其最近的《經濟瞭望》中估計，如果石油價格與1998年的每桶13美元相比在一年中平均為每桶22美元，這也只會給富裕的經濟體的石油進口賬單上增加GDP的0.25%到0.5%。
　　【真題例句】He reasoned that because it is easier to formulate certain concepts and not others in a given language, the speakers of that language think along one track and not along another。(200464)
　　【結構分析】本句主干很清晰，是一個主謂賓結構。賓語從句由that引導的賓語從句充當。在賓語從句中，包含一個because引導的原因狀語從句，在此原因狀語從句中，我們注意到it是形式主語，真正的主語是不定式結構to formulate…，and后面的not others 與it is easier to formulate相連，翻譯成漢語時，我們轉譯為“闡述其他概念就比較難”，逗號后是reasoned that賓語從句的主要部分he speakers of that language think along one track and not along another。
　　【參考譯文】他推斷，因為在某種特定的語言環(huán)境下闡述某些概念比較容易，而闡述其他就比較難，因此，那種語言的使用者們就沿著一種思路思考而不是另一種思路。
　　【真題例句】Just as on smoking，voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it’s OK to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure。(2005閱讀2)
　　【結構分析】本句的主干在逗號之間，voices now come from…，現(xiàn)在分詞短語insisting…作voice的后置定語，這里面包含兩個that引導的名詞性從句，分別為that the science about global warming is incomplete和that it’s OK to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure，第二個that從句中，it是形式主語，真正的主語由不定式短語充當，until we know for sure為時間狀語從句。
　　【參考譯文】就像吸煙問題一樣，來自不同領域的聲音堅持認為有關全球氣候變暖的科學資料還不完整。在我們證實這件事之前可以向大氣中不斷地排放氣體。
　　【真題例句】And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better。(2005閱讀3)
　　【結構分析】根據時態(tài)變形的says直接定位主干在句首：一名學術權威說……，后面均為says后的賓語。在賓語從句中，轉折連詞not only…but連接兩個并列harnessed 和 brought 與前面be 構成被動的小謂語，介賓作聯(lián)系緊密的be brought的狀語，不定式to由逗號隔開，作整個從句的目的狀語。
　　【參考譯文】一名學術權威說，這些強烈緊張的精神活動不僅能被駕馭，實際上也能被有意識地控制，以幫助我們睡得更好，并感覺更好。
　　【真題例句】As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non�瞫tandard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive—there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas。(2005閱讀4)　
　　【結構分析】本句的主干是he acknowledges that…，其中that引導名詞性從句作賓語。在此從句中，去掉插入語including non�瞫tandard ones like Black English，得到主干為all varieties of human language can be powerfully expressive，破折號后是前句的同位語成分，進行遞進說明，表現(xiàn)為一個there提前的全部倒裝。在此部分中，that引導定語從句that cannot convey complex ideas修飾language or dialect。
　　【參考譯文】作為語言學家，他聲稱所有類型的人類語言其中包括黑人英語這樣的非標準語言都有強大的表現(xiàn)力，在世界上不存在任何不能夠表達復雜思想的語言或方言。
　　【真題例句】This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in，a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks no less than 50% took a loss in 1989. (2005-48)

　　【結構分析】本句的主干在句首，This alone demonstrates that…，that引導賓語從句the television business is not an easy world to survive in，不定式短語to survive in 為后置定語修飾world。逗號后a fact為賓語從句的同位語，過去分詞underlined by statistics作fact的后置定語。在此部分中，statistics的修飾語由that引導的定語從句that show…，關系代詞that在從句中作主語。在此定語從句中，show的賓語由從句that out of eighty European television networks no less than 50% took a loss in 1989充當。
　　【參考譯文】這一點就足以表明，要在電視行業(yè)里生存下來并非易事。統(tǒng)計數(shù)字尤其說明了這一事實。數(shù)據表明，在80多個歐洲電視網中，多達一半在1989年遭受虧損。
　　【真題例句】He believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations。(2008-46)
　　【結構分析】本句是復合句。He believes that…是主句部分。名詞性從句that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage…作believes的賓語。其中of連接的介賓短語作advantage的后置定語，賓語的部分由動名詞短語forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence與and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations充當。
　　【參考譯文】他認為，正是這個困難起了彌補能力欠缺的作用，迫使他長時間專注地考慮每一個句子，從而在推理和自己的觀察中發(fā)現(xiàn)錯誤。
　　【真題例句】Darvin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character。(2008-50)
　　【結構分析】本句主干是Darvin was convinced that…。其中賓語部分由that引導的名詞性從句充當，從句的結構是the loss of these tastes was not only…, but…be injurious to…, and more probably to…，是一個主系表結構，表語部分由三個并列平行結構充當。
　　【參考譯文】達爾文認為，對(音樂和繪畫方面)興趣的喪失，失去的不僅僅是一種樂趣，而且可能會傷害到智力，更有甚者還可能傷害到道德。
　　【真題例句】This suggests that dimmer bulbs burn longer, that there is an advantage in not being too terrifically bright。(2009完形)
　　【結構分析】本句主干為This suggests…，后跟兩個that引導的名詞性從句that dimmer bulbs burn longer, that there is an advantage in not being too terrifically bright作賓語。注意suggest翻譯為“表明”。
　　【參考譯文】這表明暗淡的燈泡使用時間更長，也表明暗淡是燈泡的一個優(yōu)勢。
　　【真題例句】We believe that if animals ran the labs, they would test us to determine the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain。(2009完形)
　　【結構分析】本句中We believe that…是句子的主干部分，其中believe的賓語由that引導的名詞性從句充當。在從句中，包含if引導的條件狀語從句。注意使用了與現(xiàn)在相反的虛擬語氣。
　　【參考譯文】我們認為如果動物也能進行試驗的話，他們會測定我們的忍耐度、忠誠度以及對地形的記憶力。
　　注意：賓語從句成分完整時，that有時可以省略。
　　【真題例句】Straifford president George Friedman says he sees the online world as a kind of mutually reinforcing tool for both information collection and distribution, a spymaster’s dream。(2003閱讀1)
　　【結構分析】本句主干為Straifford president George Friedman says…，其中says后是省略了that的賓語從句，詞組see…as…譯為“把……看成……”，逗號后面a spymaster’s dream是同位語，對賓語從句進行補充說明。
　　【參考譯文】斯特福德公司的總裁喬治·弗萊德曼說，網絡世界是一個收集情報和發(fā)送情報的工具，兩者之間還能相互強化，是間諜頭子夢寐以求的場所。

　　【真題例句】Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children: “We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing。”(2004閱讀4)
　　【結構分析】本句主干為Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought…，thought后為省略了that的賓語從句，(that)schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children。分號內為直接引語。
　　【參考譯文】拉爾夫·瓦爾多·愛默生以及其他一些超驗主義哲學家認為，學校教育和僵化的書本學習會抑制孩子們的天性：“我們被關入學校和大學的背書室里10到15年，出來時滿腹經綸卻什么也不懂�！�
　　 4.that引導同位語從句，說明先行名詞的內容。
　　【真題例句】Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community。(2000英譯漢)
　　【結構分析】本句主干Governments throughout the world act on the assumption…，that引導同位語從句that the welfare of their people depends largely on…，對assumption 的內容進行具體說明。that在從句中不作成分，不翻譯出來。
　　【參考譯文】各國政府行使其職能都基于這樣一個前提，即人民的福利很大程度上取決于本國的經濟實力和社會財富。
　　【真題例句】Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering, to the extent that it constitutes “systematic patient abuse”。(2002閱讀4)
　　【結構分析】逗號前為本句主干，Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain…，其中pain后為省略了關系代詞that的定語從句，(關系代詞在從句中作suffering的賓語)，逗號后介詞短語為本句的狀語，包含that引導的同位語從句，說明extent的具體內容。
　　【參考譯文】許多醫(yī)生似乎對病人們正在遭受的并且不必要的痛苦無動于衷，甚至達到了構成“系統(tǒng)地虐待病人”的程度。
　　【真題例句】If good people do nothing, there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress. (2003閱讀2)
　　【結構分析】逗號后為本句主干，一個there be句型。其中possibility后面為that引導的同位語從句，解釋說明possibility的具體內容。句首部分為if引導的條件狀語從句。
　　【參考譯文】如果好人無所作為，一群不明真相的公眾真的有可能撲滅醫(yī)學進步的珍貴火種。
　　【真題例句】Therefore, it is important to study humans in all their richness and diversity in a calm and systematic manner, with the hope that the knowledge resulting from such studies can lead humans to a more harmonious way of living with themselves and with all other life forms on this planet Earth。(2003英譯漢)
　　【結構分析】本句為it作形式主語，不定式短語作真正主語的主系表結構。逗號后with所作伴隨狀語，其中包含一個同位語從句that the knowledge resulting from such studies can lead humans to…說明hope的具體內容。
　　【參考譯文】因此，冷靜而系統(tǒng)地研究人類的豐富性和多樣性是十分重要的，其目的是希望通過這些研究的成果使人類自身，也與其他的生命形式，在地球上更和諧地生存。
　　【真題例句】One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research。(2003閱讀2)

　　【結構分析】該句子中，介賓because of…所作的狀語部分包含that引導的同位語從句，補充說明先行詞“the theory”的內容。
　　【參考譯文】現(xiàn)在就有這樣一場正在尋求終止生物醫(yī)學研究的運動，他們的理論基礎是動物有權拒絕被用于實驗。
　　【真題例句】These leaders are living proof that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age。(2003閱讀4)
　　【結構分析】本句主干的表語proof后接由and并列兩個that引導的同位語從句，補充說明先行詞“l(fā)iving proof”的內容prevention works“預防是可行的”和we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age“人們能處理隨年齡增長而產生的健康問題”。
　　【參考譯文】這些領導人就是活生生的證據，證明預防是可行的，同時表明人們能處理隨年齡增長而產生的健康問題。
　　【真題例句】Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society。(200464)
　　【結構分析】本句的主干在逗號后，Whorf developed the idea…，that引導的同位語從句that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society解釋說明idea的具體內容。句首部分being interested…作全句的狀語。
　　【參考譯文】處于對語言和思維關系的興趣，沃夫形成一種思想——語言結構決定一個社會習慣思維模式。
　　【真題例句】Such behavior is regarded as “all too human”， with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. (2005閱讀1)
　　【結構分析】逗號前為主干。伴隨狀語with the underlying assumption…中包含一個同位語從句that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance，解釋前面的名詞assumption。
　　【參考譯文】這種表現(xiàn)被認為是“再符合人性不過了”，也就是假定其他動物沒有這樣高度發(fā)達的不滿意識。
　　【真題例句】Generally there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a common set of laws(2007完形)
　　【結構分析】本句的主干由there be句型充當。belief后為that引導的同位語從句，說明其具體內容。逗號后的large enough to…和integrated 分別均為states的后置定語。
　　【參考譯文】一般來說，都認為新建立的國家必須是主權獨立國家，面積夠大可以維持經濟上的獨立生存，并且由一套共同的法律連接為一體。
　　【真題例句】Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the population was unprepared for self�瞨ule and democracy. (2007完形)
　　【結構分析】本句主句為Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered…，介賓by fears…作為狀語表示原因，fears后的that引導的名詞性從句用作同位語，表示擔心的具體內容。

　　【參考譯文】平等主義的情緒因為擔心大眾沒有準備好自治和民主經常得到緩和。
　　【真題例句】But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the new media. (2007-48)
　　【結構分析】本句的主干為But the idea that…rests on…，idea后面接that引導的同位語從句that the journalist must understand…，說明idea的具體內容。在此同位語從句中，我們注意到使用了比較結構。
　　【參考譯文】新聞記者必須比普通公民更深刻地理解法律，這種觀點基于他們對新聞媒體已確立的規(guī)約和特殊責任的理解。
　　【真題例句】The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. (2008完形)
　　【結構分析】本句的主干為一個主系表結構充當The idea…is…主語idea后跟一個that引導的同位語從句，說明其具體內容。句末hypotheses后的that引導定語從句that dare not speak its name，that在從句中作主語指代先行詞hypotheses。
　　【參考譯文】一群人可能比其他人更聰明這一看法，是眾多不敢公開名稱的假設之一。
　　【真題例句】He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not previously thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested。(2008完形)
　　【結構分析】句首部分為本句的主干He helped popularize the idea，同位語從句that some diseases not previously thought to…說明idea的具體內容。從句中的主干為some diseases were actually infections，過去分詞結構not previously thought to have a bacterial cause為后置定語，修飾diseases，逗號后為which引導的非限制性定語從句，修飾限定前面的idea，關系代詞which在從句中作主語。在此定語從句中，又包含一個when引導的時間狀語從句，代詞it也指代前文的idea。
　　【參考譯文】他幫助普及了一個概念：過去認為不是由細菌造成的一些疾病實際上是傳染病。這種看法在最初提出時引起了很大爭議。
　　 (二)名詞性wh-從句
　　由wh-詞引導，包括who, whom, whose, whoever, what, whatever, which, whichever等連接代詞和where, when, how, why等連接副詞。Wh-從句的語法功能除了和that從句一樣外，還可充當介詞賓語、賓語補語和間接賓語等。
　　 1.Wh-引導主語從句
　　【真題例句】What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar. (2000閱讀5)
　　【結構分析】本句逗號前為既包含主語從句，又包含表語從句的主句。其中主語部分由what引導的名詞性從句充當，表語部分由that引導的名詞性從句充當。中間插入的部分as easily and openly as once they could使用了比較結構作狀語，修飾前面的動詞短語confess fully to their dreams。句末的lest引導了一個虛擬的從句，構成形式是should+do，should被省略。此從句中使用了被動語態(tài)be thought，并列的三個形容詞pushing, acquisitive and vulgar作補語。
　　【參考譯文】事實上，人們不能像從前那么輕松公開地坦承自己的夢想，以免被人看作是愛出風頭、貪婪和庸俗。
　　【真題例句】What is odd is that they have perhaps most benefited from ambition if not always their own then that of their parents and grandparents。(2000閱讀5)
　　【結構分析】本句是一個主系表結構。what引導主語從句What is odd，在主語從句中充當主語，that they have perhaps most benefited from ambition if not always their own then that of their parents and grandparents是表語從句，注意從句中代詞that指代ambition。　

　　【參考譯文】奇怪的是也許已經從雄心壯志中獲益最多的正是他們——如果不是他們自己的雄心，那么就是他們父母的和祖父母的。
　　【真題例句】What was less visible then, however, were the new, positive forces that work against the digital divide。(2001閱讀2)
　　【結構分析】該句子中，what引導主語從句What was less visible then，并在主語從句中充當主語。主干表語部分包含由that引導的定語從句that work against the digital divide修飾forces，關系代詞that指代forces在從句中作主語。
　　【參考譯文】然而，一些新的可以防止這種信息差距出現(xiàn)的積極因素在當時并不如現(xiàn)在這樣明顯。
　　【真題例句】What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain’s roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented—and human perception far more complicated—than previously imagined。(2002閱讀2)
　　【結構分析】本句的主干What they found is that…被分隔結構in attempting to model thought所作的狀語隔開。主語為what引導的名詞性從句充當，what在從句中充當賓語。表語為that引導的名詞性從句充當，在此從句中，使用了比較結構，破折號之間的部分為對前文he human brain’s roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented的補充說明。
　　【參考譯文】在試圖模仿人類思維的過程中，研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)人類大腦的約一千億個神經細胞比以前想象得要聰明的多，人類的知覺活動也比以前想象得復雜。
　　【真題例句】What we forget—what our economy depends on us forgetting—is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain。(2006閱讀4)
　　【結構分析】本句子主干為what…—what…—is that…兩個what引導主語從句，在主語從句中分別充當賓語，that引導的表語從句happiness is more than…中包含一個比較結構。
　　【參考譯文】但是我們所忘記的——我們的經濟指望我們忘卻的——是幸福而不僅僅是沒有痛苦的快樂。
　　 2.Wh-引導賓語從句
　　【真題例句】Ten years ago young people were hardworking and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being, but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs, and young people don’t know where they should go next。(2000閱讀4)
　　【結構分析】本句為由but并列的轉折關系兩個分句。but后是由and并列的兩個分句，在第二個分句中，know的賓語部分由where引導的從句充當。
　　【參考譯文】10年前，日本人工作勤奮，將工作視為他們存在的主要理由，但現(xiàn)在日本大體上已經滿足了其經濟需求，年輕人卻不知道他們下一步的目標在哪里。
　　【真題例句】When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal。(2000閱讀5)
　　【結構分析】本句句首為when引導的時間狀語從句，主句為it is advisable to find out…，其中it是形式主語，后面的不定式結構是真正的主語。在不定式結構中，find out的賓語由what引導的名詞性從句充當，what在從句中作be aiming at的賓語。for直到句末表示原因，包含一個however引導的讓步狀語從句，however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today，真正的主句是it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal，仍然是it作形式主語，真正的主語為that引導的名詞性從句。
　　【參考譯文】當一種新的藝術運動開始流行時，一種明智的做法是弄清楚它的倡議者們的真正意圖。因為，無論他們的創(chuàng)作原則在今天看來是多么牽強和荒謬，在未來這些理論很可能被認為是正常的東西。
　　【真題例句】However，there are still no forecasts for when faster-that-light travel will be available，or when human cloning will be perfected，or when time travel will be possible。(2001英譯漢)
　　【結構分析】本句主干是一個there be 句型there are still no forecasts for…，for連接的介賓短語后置作forecasts的定語。其中賓語的部分由三個when引導的名詞性從句充當，when在從句中作狀語，這三個從句由連詞or并列。
　　【參考譯文】然而，對于何時能夠進行超光速旅行，何時人類克隆技術得到完善，何時時間旅行成為可能，仍未作出預測。

　　【真題例句】It’s theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail。(2003閱讀3)
　　【結構分析】本句是個復合句，由but連接兩個并列分句。句首部分包含which引導的定語從句修飾theory，從句中動詞短語subscribe to 部分提前，造成to which形式，which指代theory作從句subscribe to的賓語，逗號后兩個which都引導賓語從句作determining的賓語，在從句中修飾“companies”，翻譯為“哪家公司興盛哪家公司倒閉。”
　　【參考譯文】這種理論得到了多數(shù)經濟學家的贊同，但在實際操作中，它使鐵路公司獲得了決定哪家公司興盛哪家公司倒閉的權力。
　　【真題例句】“By linking directly to our nervous system, computers could pick up what we feel and, hopefully, simulate feeling too so that we can start to develop full sensory environments, rather like the holidays in Total Recall or the Star Trek holodeck”， he says. (2001英譯漢)
　　【結構分析】句首部分為介賓所作的方式狀語，去掉主句中的分隔結構hopefully，得到computers could pick up…and simulate feeling too so that…，其中第一個動詞短語pick up的賓語由what引導的名詞性從句充當。so that引導的目的狀語從句中，rather like the holidays in Total Recall or the Star Trek holodeck,可以理解為一種特殊比較，翻譯為“就像……一樣”。
　　【參考譯文】他說：“通過直接與我們的神經系統(tǒng)的連接，計算機可以捕捉到我們的感受，并且，我們希望，它還可以模擬我們的感受。那樣我們就能夠開發(fā)全方位的虛擬環(huán)境，就像電影《完全回憶》中的虛擬假期或《星際旅行》中的全息甲板一樣。”
　　【真題例句】It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific behavior. (2009閱讀2)
　　【結構分析】去掉中間的分隔部分，得到主干為It signals a change in what has been a key element of scientific behavior。介詞結構in…作前面change的后置定語。在此結構中，介賓的賓語部分由what引導的名詞性從句充當，what在從句中作主語。
　　【參考譯文】這表明了到目前為止科學行為中的一個很重要因素的變化。
　　【真題例句】Yet there are limits to what a society can spend in this pursuit。(2003閱讀4)
　　【結構分析】本句為復合句，主干there are limits后介詞to的賓語由what引導的名詞性從句充當，介詞結構充當limits的后置定語。What在其引導的從句中充當動詞spend的賓語。
　　【參考譯文】然而對于這樣的追求，一個社會能夠承擔的費用是有限的。
　　【真題例句】This may also explain why we are not usually sensitive to our own smells—we simply do not need to be. (2005完形)
　　【結構分析】本句是復合句。主干This may also explain…的賓語部分為why引導的名詞性從句充當，why在從句中作狀語，破折號后為原因的具體內容，be后省略了sensitive to our own smells。
　　【參考譯文】這也可以解釋為什么我們通常對自身的各種氣味不敏感——只不過我們不需要這樣做。
　　【真題例句】They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really for, not merely how much of it there is. (2009完形)
　　【結構分析】本句使用了一個虛擬would do(參見原題前文)decide后有兩個賓語，第一個由what引導的名詞性從句充當，what在從句中作for的賓語，第二個賓語為how much引導的賓語從句，是what從句的并列部分。
　　【參考譯文】他們也將嘗試去決定人類智慧的作用，而不是僅限于存在著多少智慧。
　　【真題例句】Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would perform on humans if they had the chance。(2009完形)
　　【結構分析】本句是主謂賓結構。主語research后由介賓短語后置作定語，謂語部分使用了make sb. do的形式，wonder后面的賓語由what引導的名詞性從句充當，what在從句中作賓語，其中，又包含了if引導的條件狀語從句。注意，本句使用了與現(xiàn)在相反的虛擬語氣。
　　【參考譯文】對動物智力的研究也讓我想知道，如果動物有機會的話，他們會對人類做什么樣的實驗。

　3.Wh-引導表語從句
　　【真題例句】This, in brief, is what the futurist says: for a century, past conditions of life have been conditionally speeding up, till now we live in a world of noise and violence and speed。(2000閱讀3)
　　【結構分析】本句主干This is what…，介詞短語in brief作插入語。表語部分為what引導的名詞性從句，what在從句中作賓語。冒號后為復合句，具體說明(話的)內容。
　　【參考譯文】下面簡單介紹一下未來主義詩人的觀點：一個世紀以來，人類的生活狀況一直在有條件地加速，到了現(xiàn)在，我們已經生活在一個喧囂、暴力和快速的時代。
　　【真題例句】Open-source spying does have its risks, of course, since it can be difficult to tell good information from bad. That’s where Straitford earns its keep。(2003閱讀1)
　　【結構分析】該句子為主從復合句，主句在逗號前，since引導原因狀語從句，由it充當形式主語，真正主語在不定式后to tell good information from bad，翻譯為“因為很難區(qū)分信息的真?zhèn)巍薄４�詞that指前，where引導表語從句，在從句中作狀語，理解為“在這種情況下”。
　　【參考譯文】當然這種公開渠道的諜報活動也有其風險，因為很難區(qū)分信息的真?zhèn)�。而這正是斯特福德公司謀生之所在。
　　【真題例句】Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical education—not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge。(2004閱讀4)
　　【結構分析】該句子中，where引導表語從句，并且在從句中充當?shù)攸c狀語，破折號后not to pursue knowledge與前面的to get a practical education為并列平行結構，均作目的狀語。介詞for連接的介賓短語作原因狀語。注意for the sake of為�？荚~組，譯為“為了……”。
　　【參考譯文】甚至學校也成了讓孩子接受實用教育的場所，而不是為了知識而追求知識。
　　【真題例句】And that is why America’s Second Wave infrastructure—including roads, harbors, highways, ports and so on were built with foreign investment。(2001閱讀2)
　　【結構分析】該句子中，why引導表語從句why America’s…were built…，并且在從句中充當原因狀語。從句中謂語動詞由被動語態(tài)be built充當。
　　【參考譯文】因此美國的第二次浪潮基礎設施—包括公路、港口、高速公路、港口城市等等——都是用國外資金建造的。
　　 (三)if, whether引導的名詞性從句
　　 if(…or )， whether(…or not)引導的名詞從句是由一般疑問句或選擇疑問句轉化而來的，其功能和wh�矎木涞墓δ芟嗤�。翻譯時，譯為“是否”，采用順譯法，如：
　　【真題例句】However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question。(2005閱讀1)
　　【結構分析】該句子為主系表結構。whether引導由or并列的兩個主語從句whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans和whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago,譯為“是……，還是……”
　　【參考譯文】但是這種公平感是在卷尾猴和人類身上各自獨立演化而成，還是來自于三千五百萬年前他們共同的祖先，這還是一個懸而未決的問題。
　　【真題例句】Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or not we are forming the powers which will secure this ability。(2009-49)
　　【結構分析】本句句首部分為since引導的原因狀語從句，主句部分為we cannot help直到末尾，其中謂語部分help considering賓語部分由whether or not引導的名詞性從句whether or not we are forming the powers which will secure this ability充當，其中又包含一個限制性定語從句which will secure this ability修飾先行詞powers。

　【參考譯文】既然我們的主要任務在于使年輕人參與共同生活，我們禁不住考慮我們是否在形成獲得這種能力的力量。
　　注意：whether與if 均為“是否”的意思。 但在下列情況下，whether 不能被if 取代：
　　 1. whether引導主語從句并在句首;
　　 2. 引導表語從句;
　　 3. whether從句作介詞賓語;
　　 4. 從句后有“or not”。
　　 (四)how引導的名詞性從句
　　 1.how引導主語從句
　　【真題例句】It’s not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers。(2007閱讀2)
　　【結構分析】本句中It為形式主語，真正主語是其后how引導的主語從句，how the capacity suits one to answer questions，兩個不定式結構to…作capacity的后置定語， questions后面的that引導定語從句，關系代詞that在從句中作主語。
　　【參考譯文】人們非常不清楚的是：(智商考試)這種在心里想象物體的形狀或數(shù)字模式的能力，怎么能回答一些已經困惑了最優(yōu)秀的詩人和哲學家多年的問題呢?
　　 2.how引導賓語從句
　　【真題例句】The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse language could be. (2004-61)
　　【結構分析】逗號前為本句主干The Greeks assumed that…，賓語部分由that引導的賓語從句充當。that在從句中不作成分，翻譯時不譯出來。逗號后的which引導的定語從句修飾限定前文的thought，關系代詞which在從句中作主語。在此定語從句中，又包含一個before引導的時間狀語從句。在這個從句中，賓語部分由how引導的從句充當，how+adj。在從句中作表語。
　　【參考譯文】希臘人認為，語言的結構與思維的過程之間有某種聯(lián)系。這一觀點在人們尚未認識到語言的千差萬別以前就早已在歐洲扎下了根。
　　【真題例句】In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories。(2007-49)
　　【結構分析】本句的主干為it is difficult to see…，it用作形式主語，不定式結構為真正的主語。在不定式中，how引導的從句(直到句末)作see的賓語。how在這里用作連詞，譯為“如何”。在此從句中，主語journalists的修飾語用一個who引導的限制性定語從句充當，關系代詞who在從句中作主語。
　　【參考譯文】事實上，要想明白那些沒有清晰領會加拿大憲法的基本特征的新聞記者如何能夠勝任政治新聞報道工作非常困難。
　　【真題例句】In other words，whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize，those differences are swamped by how well each person “encodes” the information。(2007閱讀1)
　　【結構分析】本句為主從復合句。whatever引導一個讓步狀語從句，逗號后為主句，是一個被動語態(tài)，其中by構成的介賓為how引導的從句充當，how+adv。在從句中作狀語。
　　【參考譯文】換句話說，無論兩個人所表現(xiàn)出的記憶力有什么先天差別，這些差別都會被每個人給信息進行編碼的能力強弱所掩蓋。
　　【真題例句】Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are。(2009完形)

　　【結構分析】本句是復合句。主語Research 后跟介詞短語on animal intelligence作的后置定語，謂語部分 makes me wonder的賓語由how引導的名詞性從句Just how smart humans are充當，翻譯為“人類到底有多聰明”。
　　【參考譯文】對動物智力的研究總是讓我們思考人類到底有多聰明。
　　 (五)其他名詞性從句
　　 1.as if，as though引導表語從句
　　【真題例句】For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty. (2000閱讀1)
　　【結構分析】本句主干為For a while it looked…，其中l(wèi)ook是系動詞用法，譯為“看起來……”，表語部分由as though引導的從句as though the making of semiconductors was going to be the next casualty。充當。在此從句中，主語the making of semiconductors后有兩個which引導的定語從句，修飾先行詞the making of semiconductors。在第一個從句中，關系代詞which作賓語，在第二個從句中，關系代詞which 作主語。
　　【參考譯文】一段時間內，半導體制造業(yè)——美國是半導體的發(fā)明者，而且半導體又處于新的電腦時代的核心位置——看起來像要成為下一個受害者。
　　【真題例句】But it’s not as if earlier times didn’t know perpetual war, disaster and the massacre of innocents。(2006閱讀4)
　　【結構分析】本句主干是主系表結構But it’s not…其中表語部分由as if 引導的從句充當，譯為“好像……”。
　　【參考譯文】但這不是說以前的時代沒有經歷過連續(xù)不斷的戰(zhàn)爭、災難和濫殺無辜。
　　 2.because引導表語從句
　　【真題例句】This may be because some people do not have the genes necessary to generate particular smell receptors in the nose. (2005完形)
　　【結構分析】本句主干是主系表結構This may be…，其中表語部分由because引導的名詞性從句充當。
　　【參考譯文】這可能是因為有些人缺少某種基因，這種基因正好用于產生鼻子里對某種味道的感受器。
　　三、狀語從句
　　狀語從句指句子用作狀語時，起副詞作用的句子。它可以修飾謂語、非謂語動詞、定語、狀語或整個句子。根據其作用可分為時間、地點、原因、條件、目的、結果、讓步、方式和比較等從句。狀語從句一般由連詞(從屬連詞)引導，也可以由詞組引起。從句位于句首或句中時通常用逗號與主句隔開，位于句尾時可以不用逗號隔開。
　　 (一)時間狀語從句
　　由while, when, as, before, after, until以及表示“一……就……”的結構hardly/scarcely…when/before, no sooner…than　和as soon as等引導(如果hardly, scarcely 或no sooner置于句首，句子要用倒裝，請參見倒裝章節(jié))，如：
　　【真題例句】When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal。(2000閱讀3)
　　【結構分析】本句句首部分為when引導的時間狀語從句，譯為“當……的”時候。(后半部分分析請參照what引導的賓語從句部分)
　　【參考譯文】當藝術上的一項新運動達到一定流行程度時，最好先弄清倡導者的目的，因為，無論他們的創(chuàng)作原則在今天看來多么牽強和不切實際，在未來這些理論有可能會被視為正常的東西。
　　【真題例句】Publication of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a storm of media protest when he said the interpretation of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges rather than to Parliament. (2001完形)

　　【結構分析】本句是復合句。句首部分為主干Publication of the letter came，two days…為時間狀語，其中after引導了一個時間狀語從句after Lord Irvine caused a storm of media protest…。在此從句中，又包含了一個when引導的時間狀語從句when he said…，修飾前面的Lord Irvine caused a storm of media protest。在when從句中，said后為一個省略了關系代詞that的賓語從句the interpretation of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to…，分詞結構contained in European legislation為后置定語。注意rather than的使用，譯為“而不是”。
　　【參考譯文】歐文勛爵說對于歐洲立法中包含的隱私控制的解釋權將交給法官而不是議會時，引起了媒體的一片抗議。兩天后，這封信便發(fā)表了。
　　【真題例句】Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their worst accounting and compliance troubles， and improved their feeble corporation governance，a new problem threatens to earn them—especially in America—the sort of nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite：data insecurity。(2007閱讀4)
　　【結構分析】本句的句首部分，即為as引導的時間狀語從句as bosses and boards have finally sorted out…and improved…，as在這里翻譯成“正當……”，主語部分在第二個逗號后，a new problem threatens to earn them。第一個破折號后為插入語作地點狀語，第二個破折號與前面相連，構成a new problem threatens to earn them the sort of nasty headlines…譯為“一個新的問題可能讓他們登上討厭的報紙頭條”。Headlines后是that引導的限制性定語從句，修飾先行詞headlines。關系代詞that在從句中作主語。最后一個冒號之后為強調，概括總結new problem的內容。
　　【參考譯文】當老板和董事會剛剛解決了最糟糕的財務和規(guī)章問題，加強了薄弱的公司機制之后，新的問題正威脅著他們，讓他們特別是在美國成為報紙惡毒的頭版頭條，就導致執(zhí)行官們的換任。這個新的問題就是——數(shù)據不安全。
　　【真題例句】Alvarez’s experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function. (2008閱讀1)
　　【結構分析】本句是主從復合句，連詞before引導時間狀語從句，譯為“在……之前”。it指代前文的diffuse stress。句末的function是動詞用法，是不定式短語后置作ability的定語，譯為“工作和生活的能力”。
　　【參考譯文】愛爾沃瑞茨的經歷表明，要在壓力威脅到你的健康和工作生活的能力之前找到方法疏導它，這一點很重要。
　　【真題例句】Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems。(2002-65)
　　【結構分析】本句為主從復合句。句首until引導時間狀語從句，使用了被動語態(tài)。主句中，逗號后and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems采用了省略(省略了謂語will continue to be rejected)。
　　【參考譯文】在這些問題得到解決之前，研究行為的技術手段將繼續(xù)受到排斥，而解決問題的唯一方式可能也隨之繼續(xù)受到排斥。
　　【真題例句】But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height。(2008閱讀3)
　　【結構分析】句首as引導伴隨情況狀語從句，譯為“隨著……”，介詞短語on average作分隔結構，分離了主句的主語和謂語，連接后為children and adolescents have increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years…，句末的名詞短語a pattern known as the secular trend in height作前文an inch and a half every 20 years的同位語，其中known as the secular trend in height為分詞結構所作的后置定語，修飾pattern。
　　【參考譯文】但是隨著飲食和健康狀況提高，兒童及青少年每20年就普遍增高差不多1.5英寸，這已成了眾所周知的身高增長上的一個長期趨勢。

　　(二)地點狀語從句
　　由where引導，如you can put it where children can’t reach it。但在考研英語中，where多指處境，如：
　　【真題例句】The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles; its public defenders are few and unimpressive, where they are not extremely unattractive. (2000閱讀5)
　　【結構分析】以分號為切入點，前一部分and并列了兩個分句，后一部分為主系表結構，逗號后where引導的狀語從句，指在前面的主語its public defenders are few and unimpressive出現(xiàn)的情況下。
　　【參考譯文】對雄心的批評比比皆是，而且來自于不同角度。它的捍衛(wèi)者雖然很少，也毫無吸引力，在這種處境下，他們并未給人們留下多深的印象。
　　 (三)讓步狀語從句
　　由though, although，even as，even if, even though，while，whereas，whether…or…，“no matter +疑問詞” 或“疑問詞+后綴ever” 引導，如：
　　【真題例句】A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress prompted me to abandon my relatively high profile career although, in the manner of a disgraced government minister, I covered my exit by claiming “I wanted to spend more time with my family”。(2001閱讀5)
　　【結構分析】本句主語為A lateral move(一次平級調動，move作名詞)，that引導限制性定語從句that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress修飾先行詞move。謂語部分從prompted開始直到最后。其中包含了although引導的讓步狀語從句，并被方式狀語in the manner of a disgraced government minister分隔。句末的by claiming “I wanted to spend more time with my family”也作covered的狀語，說明covered的方式。
　　【參考譯文】一次平級的人事調動傷了我的自尊心，并阻斷了我的事業(yè)發(fā)展，這促使我放棄自己相對高調的職業(yè)，當然，就像出丑的政府部長那樣，我借口“我想有更多的時間與家人待在一起”來掩飾我的離職。
　　【真題例句】Although the figure may vary, analysts do agree on another matter: that the number of the homeless is increasing。(2006完形)
　　【結構分析】本句主干在逗號后，analysts do agree on another matter，冒號后為具體的解釋說明。句首部分為although引導的讓步狀語從句。
　　【參考譯文】盡管人們估計的數(shù)字可能各不相同，分析家們對另外一個問題的意見卻是一致的：無家可歸者的人數(shù)正在增長。
　　【真題例句】Consumers seem only concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economy’s long-term prospects, even as they do some modest belt tightening。(2004閱讀3)
　　【結構分析】該句為并列句。審題時，迅速注意到and前后都有主語出現(xiàn)，為兩個并列分句，抓住主干“消費者似乎只是有些擔心，而不是恐慌;而且許多人說……”，再觀察say后的賓語從句，包含一個由even as 引導的讓步狀語從句。翻譯此從句時，我們仍然可以由小到大，“許多人表示盡管他們在縮減開支，但對于經濟的長期前景，仍然是樂觀的�！边�原全句，翻譯如下：
　　【參考譯文】消費者似乎只是稍微有些擔心，而不是恐慌;而且許多人表示盡管他們在縮減開支，但對于經濟的長期前景，仍然是樂觀的。
　　【真題例句】The world’s three top central bankers (Greenspan, Duisenberg and Hayami) are all close to the top of the alphabet, even if one of them really uses Japanese characters。(2004閱讀2)
　　【結構分析】該句子為主從復合句，主句為主系表結構The world’s three top central bankers…are all close to the top of the alphabet，逗號后even if引導讓步狀語從句，them指代the three top central bankers。翻譯為“即使其中一位用的是日本名字。”
　　【參考譯文】世界三大央行行長(格林斯潘、杜伊森伯格、速水優(yōu))的名字都排列靠近字母順序的前列，即使其中一位用的是日本名字。
　　【真題例句】In fact，though，we are extremely sensitive to smells，even if we do not generally realize it。(2005完形)

　　【結構分析】本句是復合句。去掉句首的介賓in fact所作的狀語，再去掉副詞though(譯為“然而”)，得到主句we are extremely sensitive to smells…，包含一個even if引導的讓步狀語從句。
　　【參考譯文】然而，事實上，我們對氣味極其敏感，雖然我們通常并未意識到這一點。
　　【真題例句】In other words，whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize，those differences are swamped by how well each person “encodes” the information。(2007閱讀1)
　　【結構分析】本句為主從復合句。whatever引導一個讓步狀語從句，逗號后those differences are swamped…為主句，由一個被動語態(tài)構成。其中by后的賓語是一個how+adj。引導的從句。
　　【參考譯文】換句話說，無論兩個人所表現(xiàn)出的記憶力有什么先天差別，這些差別都會被每個人給信息進行編碼的能力強弱所掩蓋。
　　【真題例句】Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test—taking skill also matters, whether it’s knowing when to guess or what questions to skip. (2007閱讀2)
　　【結構分析】本句的主干為Anyone…will testify that…。主語anyone后為who引導的定語從句，謂語動詞testify后的賓語由that引導的賓語從句充當。在此從句中，包含一個whether…or…引導的讓步狀語從句whether it’s knowing…or…，其中賓語部分分別由關系副詞“when+不定式”及關系代詞“which+不定式充當”。
　　【參考譯文】任何為SAT苦戰(zhàn)過的人都能作證：無論是知道何時去猜還是知道要跳過什么問題，應試技巧都是起作用的。
　　【真題例句】I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems。(2006-48)
　　【結構分析】本句的主干在句首，I have excluded him…，后面的because引導一個原因狀語從句，在此從句中，又包含一個while引導的讓步狀語從句while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems。
　　【參考譯文】我將一般科學家排除在外是因為，雖然他的成就也許有助于道德問題的解決，但卻僅僅限于這些問題的事實方面。
　　【真題例句】While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments。(2007-50)
　　【結構分析】本句是復合句。句首部分是while引導的讓步狀語從句，與主句it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments構成讓步關系。在主句中，it作形式主語，真正主語部分為后面的不定式to rely on…。
　　【參考譯文】盡管律師提供的評論和反饋可能會增加報道的深度，但記者最好還是依靠自己的理解，并作出自己的判斷。
　　【真題例句】While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults。(2009-48)
　　【結構分析】本句是復合句。While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition是讓步狀語從句，其中it作形式主語，真正的主語是不定式to ignore…，ignore的賓語部分，由狀語in our contact with them分隔，連接后應為to ignore the effect of our acts upon their disposition，主句部分在逗號后，包含了一個比較結構。
　　【參考譯文】在和他們接觸的時候，雖然容易忽略我們的行動對他們的性格的影響，但是也不像與成年人打交道那么簡單。
　　【真題例句】For example, in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization—with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed—was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so。(2000-74)
　　【結構分析】本句的主干是the process of industrialization…was spread over nearly a century。前面是地點狀語in the early industrialized countries of Europe，第一個破折號后是介詞結構表伴隨，其中that followed是定語從句修飾先行詞changes，第二個破折號后為被動語態(tài)構成的謂語，句末部分whereas引導了一個表示對比關系的從句，whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so，在這里譯為“然而”，相當與while。

　　【參考譯文】在先期實現(xiàn)工業(yè)化的歐洲國家里，其工業(yè)化進程以及隨之而來的各種深刻的社會結構變革持續(xù)了大約一個世紀，而如今一個發(fā)展中國家在十年左右的時間內就可以完成同樣的過程。
　　【真題例句】A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way。(2001閱讀1)
　　【結構分析】逗號前是本句的主句A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists…，現(xiàn)在分詞結構coming together nationally within one or two specific societies作professional geologists的后置定語。whereas引導讓步狀語從句，翻譯為“然而”。
　　【參考譯文】類似的分化過程也導致專業(yè)地質學家聚集起來，形成一兩個全國性的團體，而業(yè)余地質學家則要么留在地方性團體中，要么以不同方式組成全國性的團體。
　　 (四)原因狀語從句
　　由because, since, as引導，如：
　　【真題例句】Because they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges, teenagers are especially self-conscious and need the confidence that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments are admired by others。(2003完形)
　　【結構分析】句首即是一個because引導的原因狀語從句Because they are adjusting to…，主句部分主語為teenagers，and并列主系表和主謂賓結構。在賓語中，confidence后是that引導的定語從句，關系代詞that在從句中作主語，謂語部分comes from achieving success and knowing…后是一個that引導的賓語從句，由一個被動語態(tài)構成。
　　【參考譯文】因為這些青少年正在適應他們變化的身體和大量新的智力和情感方面的挑戰(zhàn)，他們的自我意識特別強烈，他們需要自信，這種自信來自于取得成動，來自知道自己的成績受人羨慕。
　　【真題例句】Open-source spying does have its risks, of course, since it can be difficult to tell good information from bad。(That’s where Straitford earns its keep。)(2003閱讀1)
　　【結構分析】該句子為主從復合句，主句在逗號前，since引導原因狀語從句，由it充當形式主語，真正主語在不定式后to tell good information from bad，翻譯為“因為很難區(qū)分信息的真?zhèn)巍薄?
　　【參考譯文】當然這種公開渠道的諜報活動也有其風險，因為很難區(qū)分信息的真?zhèn)巍?而這正是斯特福德公司謀生之所在。)
　　【真題例句】The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find。(2002-62)
　　【結構分析】本句的主語在句首The behavioral sciences have been slow to change，后面由and并列的兩個because均引起原因狀語從句。第一個從句中，使用了被動語態(tài)be directly observed。
　　【參考譯文】行為科學之所以發(fā)展緩慢，部分原因是用來解釋行為的依據似乎往往是直接觀察到的，部分原因是其他的解釋方式一直難以找到。
　　【真題例句】We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages. (2004英譯漢)
　　【結構分析】該句是復合句。 逗號前為主要成分，包含一個由because引導的原因狀語從句;as后為次主要成分，也引導一個狀語從句，補充說明some of these languages have since vanished 的原因。who 引導定語從句who spoke them修飾peoples，them直接指代these languages。在as從句中，謂語became assimilated和die out由or并列。在翻譯時，我們只需注意在漢語中，說話重心一般后置的原則，從小到大依次排列，將此句譯為：
　　【參考譯文】由于使用這些語言的民族已經消亡或被同化，失去了他們自己的母語，因此這些語言也就不復存在了，而這也正是我們要感謝兩位先驅(請參考原題Two anthropologist—linguists, Franz Boas Edward Sapir)的原因。

　　【真題例句】Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or not we are forming the powers which will secure this ability。(2009-49)
　　【結構分析】本句句首部分即為Since引導的原因狀語從句，since our chief business with them is to…，其中表語部分由不定式短語充當。主句部分為we cannot help considering…，consider的賓語部分由whether or not引導的名詞性從句充當，其中又包含一個which引導的限制性定語從句which will secure this ability修飾先行詞powers。
　　【參考譯文】既然我們的主要任務在于使年輕人參與共同生活，我們禁不住考慮我們是否在形成獲得這種能力的力量。
　　注意：for作為連詞，后面的句子為并列分句，不是從句。在其前面經常出現(xiàn)逗號，對上文的情況加以解釋(參見并列平行結構章節(jié))。
　　 (五)條件狀語從句
　　該類從句連接詞主要有 if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that 等。
　　 1.if引導真實條件句
　　【真題例句】And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber。(2005閱讀1)
　　【結構分析】此句為復合句。逗號前為if引導的條件狀語從句，主句中第二個or并列兩個謂語refused to accept 和 tossed 構成的主干the other either tossed her own token, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber。
　　【參考譯文】如果一只猴子完全不需要用她的代幣交換就可以得到葡萄的話，那么另一只猴子就會將代幣扔向研究人員或扔出房間外，或者拒絕接受黃瓜片。
　　 2.if引導非真實條件句
　　【真題例句】If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class。(2001閱讀3)
　　【結構分析】if引導非真實條件句，從句采用if+did，與現(xiàn)在相反，主句為would do形式。其中now focused narrowly on race and gender我們可以理解為分詞后置作定語，全句主干部分為it would open up its diversity program…and look for reporters…，其中reporters后又跟who引導的定語從句，修飾先行詞reporter，關系代詞who在從句中作主語。
　　【參考譯文】假如新聞界注意到了這一問題(參見前文)，就應該開辦多樣化項目——現(xiàn)在項目狹隘地局限于種族和性別，并且尋找世界觀、價值觀、教育程度和社會階層大不相同的各類記者。
　　【真題例句】If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line。(2003閱讀3)
　　【結構分析】if引導非真實條件句，從句采用if+did，與現(xiàn)在相反，主句為would do形式。they argue為插入語，分隔了從句與主句。主句中，主語shippers后又who引導的定語從句，關系代詞who在從句中作主語。句子末尾leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line為分詞結構所作的伴隨狀語。
　　【參考譯文】他們辯稱，如果鐵路公司向所有客戶收取同樣的均價，一些即可以選擇通過卡車又可以選擇其他運輸方式的人就會選擇卡車或其他的運輸方式運貨，而由剩余的客戶來承擔鐵路正常運作的開銷。
　　【真題例句】In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say “United we stand, divided we fall”—and if I had to choose a slogan it would be “Unity in our diversity”。(2005-50)
　　【結構分析】句首部分為介賓所作的狀語，主句為it作形式主語，不定式作真正主語的it is no exaggeration to say “United we stand, divided we fall”。破折號后if引導非真實條件句，從句采用if+did，與現(xiàn)在相反，主句為would do形式，對前部分補充說明。

　　【參考譯文】在迎接這樣一種規(guī)模的挑戰(zhàn)時，這樣說毫不夸張：“團結則生存，分裂則滅亡”——假如我們必須選擇一句表語的話，那將是“在個性中保持共性”。
　　【真題例句】If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006’s World Cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months。(2007英譯漢)
　　【結構分析】冒號前為本句主要部分，句首為if引導的非真實條件句，從句采用if + were to，與將來相反，主句為would do形式。冒號后為解釋說明，使用了比較結構。
　　【參考譯文】假如你審查2006年世界杯錦標賽每位足球運動員的出生證明，很可能發(fā)現(xiàn)一個引人注目的奇怪現(xiàn)象：優(yōu)秀足球運動員更有可能生在上半年，而不是下半年。
　　 3.lest引導虛擬結果
　　【真題例句】They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth。(2003閱讀2)
　　【結構分析】本句是復合句。逗號前為主句，后面是lest引導的狀語從句，多采用虛擬語氣，lest+should do(should可省略)。
　　【參考譯文】他們應該對報刊的讀者來信及時作出反應，以免動物權利的誤導言論在毫無質疑的情況下橫行，從而獲得一副虛假的真理的外衣。
　　【真題例句】What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar。(2000閱讀5)
　　【結構分析】本句是復合句。逗號前為主句，由what引導的名詞性從句作主語，由that引導的名詞性從句作表語。兩個逗號之間為插入語，是比較結構的一種特殊用法。句末是lest引導的狀語從句，省略了should。
　　【參考譯文】現(xiàn)在的情況是人們不能像以前那樣輕易地、公開地坦陳自己的夢想和雄心，唯恐別人認為自己愛出風頭、貪婪和庸俗不堪。
　　 (六)目的狀語從句
　　由that, so that, in order that等詞引導，如：
　　【真題例句】“By linking directly to our nervous system, computers could pick up what we feel and, hopefully, simulate feeling too so that we can start to develop full sensory environments, rather like the holidays in Total Recall or the Star Trek holodeck,” he says。(2001英譯漢)
　　【結構分析】本句是一個直接引語，句首部分為介賓作的方式狀語，主句為computers could pick up what we feel…and stimulate feeling too…,其中so that引導結果狀語從句。
　　【參考譯文】他說：“通過直接與我們的神經系統(tǒng)的連接，計算機可以捕捉到我們的感受，并且，我們希望，它還可以模擬我們的感受。那樣我們就能夠開發(fā)全方位的虛擬環(huán)境，就像電影《完全回憶》中的虛擬假期或《星際旅行》中的全息甲板一樣。
　　【真題例句】A variety of activities should be organized so that participants can remain active as long as they want and then go on to something else without feeling guilty and without letting the other participants down. (2003完形)
　　【結構分析】本句的主干使用了被動語態(tài)，A variety of activities should be organized…，so that引導目的狀語從句，包含兩部分participants can remain active是主句，as long as they want…是條件狀語從句，句末的兩個分詞結構without feeling guilty and without letting the other participants down都作前面go on to something else的伴隨狀語。
　　【參考譯文】相反，成年人通過策劃創(chuàng)造一些適合他們能力、適合他們注意力持續(xù)時間的角色，并且制定一些明確的規(guī)則，可以幫助學生獲得一種責任感。
　　【真題例句】However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behavior became markedly different(2005閱讀1)
　　【結構分析】本句是一個復合句，開始是when引導的時間狀語從句，其中包含so that引導的結果狀語從句，在此結果狀語從句中，賓語部分由what引導的名詞性從句充當，what在從句中作賓語。主干部分在句末，their behavior became markedly different。
　　【參考譯文】然而，當兩只猴子被放置于隔開但是相鄰的房間時，它們可以互相觀察對方用巖石能換到什么東西，這樣它們的行為就變得明顯不同了。

　　(七)結果狀語從句
　　由so，so….that等引導，如：
　　【真題例句】In Europe, taxes account for up to four�瞗ifths of the retail price, so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past。(2002閱讀3)
　　【結構分析】該句子中，主句在兩個逗號之間taxes account for up to four�瞗ifths of the retail price。so引導結果狀語從句翻譯為“因此……”從句中包含比較結構more…than，考試大。
　　【參考譯文】在歐洲，稅金在汽油零售價中所占的比例高達4/5，因此，即使原油價格發(fā)生很大的波動，汽油價格所受的影響也不會像過去那么顯著。
　　【真題例句】The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data。(200463)
　　【結構分析】本句是復合句。主句為The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia，以that引導的從句為結果狀語從句。
　　【參考譯文】新近被描述的語言在許多方面極其不同于人們深入研究的歐洲語言和東南亞語言，因為有些學者甚至指責博厄斯和薩皮爾，說他們的資料是編造的。
　　【真題例句】And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder—kitchen rage。(200175)
　　【結構分析】本句使用so…that…結構引導目的狀語從句，譯為“如此……以至于……”，考試大。
　　【參考譯文】家用電器將會變得如此智能化，以至于控制和操作它們會引發(fā)一種新的心理疾病——廚房狂躁癥。
　　【真題例句】Native American languages are indeed different, so much so in fact that Navajo could be used by the US military as a code during World War II to send secret messages。(2004—英譯漢)
　　【結構分析】本句主句在前，Native American languages are indeed different,。第二個so指代前文different 與第一個so構成so…that結構引導結果狀語從句。
　　【參考譯文】美國的土著語言的確很奇異，正因為如此，在二戰(zhàn)中Navajo才能被美軍用作密碼發(fā)送秘密電報。
　　【真題例句】It’s just that they’re dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner。(2008閱讀1)
　　【結構分析】本句的主干是一個主系表結構，表語部分由that引導的從句(直至末尾)充當。此表語從句也為復合句，包含一個so…that引導的結果狀語從句，短語become worn out from譯為“因……而疲倦”。句子末尾使用了副詞的比較級。
　　【參考譯文】只是她們要應付的事情特別多，以致她們的疲倦表現(xiàn)得更明顯，出現(xiàn)得更早，考試大。
　　 (八)方式狀語從句
　　由as, (just) as…so…, as if, as though引導，如：
　　【真題例句】During most of his walking life he will take his code for granted, as the businessman takes his ethics。(2006英譯漢)
　　【結構分析】本句主句在逗號前，as引導方式狀語從句，譯為“用像……一樣的方式”。
　　【參考譯文】科學家在一生的大部分時間里都會認為他的職業(yè)準則是理所當然的，這和商人一樣。
　　【真題例句】On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news. (2007-47)
　　【結構分析】本句主句it links these concepts to everyday realities…，介詞短語in a manner 作方式狀語，后面which引導的定語從句修飾manner。關系代詞which在從句中作主語。在此從句中，又包含as引導的方式狀語從句as they cover and comment on the news。
　　【參考譯文】另一方面，這一學科把這些概念結合到日常生活中，這與新聞記者每天報道和評論新聞時的做法是相同的。
　　【真題例句】“But we are taught instead to ‘decide,’ just as our president calls himself ‘the Decider.’ ” She adds。(2009閱讀1)

　　【結構分析】本句主句部分在句首，由被動語態(tài)充當。逗號后為方式狀語從句，由連詞as引導。
　　【參考譯文】她接著說“但是我們被教導去作‘決定’，就像我們的總裁稱呼自己為‘決策者’那樣�！�
　　 (九)比較狀語從句
　　引導詞為than，as等，如：
　　【真題例句】What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar。(2000閱讀5)
　　【結構分析】本句主句在逗號前。主語由what引導的主語從句充當，表語為that引導的名詞性從句充當。逗號后為比較結構的一種，由as…as…引導，譯為“像……一樣……”，其中被比較對象由從句once they could充當。句末為lest引導的狀語從句，采用虛擬語氣，省略了should。
　　【參考譯文】現(xiàn)在的情況是人們不能像以前那樣輕易地、公開地坦陳自己的夢想和雄心，唯恐別人認為自己愛出風頭、貪婪、庸俗不堪。
　　【真題例句】But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business。(2006-49)
　　【結構分析】我們去掉非限制性定語從句which governs his activity 獲得主要部分his primary task is not to think about the moral code any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business，注意not…more than 結構指“正如……一樣”，than后的被比較對象由從句a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business充當。
　　【參考譯文】但是，他的主要任務并非思考指導其行為的道德規(guī)范，正如我們并不指望商人把經歷投入到商業(yè)行為準則的探索一樣�！　�