Part B 觀點與例證

Directions:
You are going to read a text about the advantages of drinking water, followed by a list of choices. Choose the most suitable one from the list A～F for each numbered subheading (1～5). There is one extra choice which you do not need to use.

Water is a fundamental part of our lives. It is easy to forget how completely we depend on it. Human survival is dependent on water-water has been ranked by experts as second only to oxygen as essential for life. The average adult body is 55 to 75% water. 2/3 of your body weight is water (40 to 50 quarts). A human embryo is more than 80% water. A newborn baby is 74% water. Everyday your body must replace 2 1/2 quarts of water. The Water you drink literally becomes you! Since such a large percentage of our bodies is water, water must obviously figure heavily in how our bodies function. We need lots of fresh water to stay healthy. Aside from aiding in digestion and absorption of food, water regulates body temperature and blood circulation, carries nutrients and oxygen to cells, and removes toxins and other wastes. This "body water" also cushions joints and protects tissues and organs, including the spinal cord, from shock and damage. Conversely, lack of water (dehydration) can be the cause of many ailments. In his book, Your Body's Many Cries for Water, Dr. Fereydoon Batmanghelidj noted that chronic dehydration may cause certain problems for the body, including hypertension, asthma, allergies, and migraine headaches.

Every process in our body occurs in a water medium. We can exist without food for 2 months or more, but we can only survive for a few days without water.

(1)Water is better than other beverages.

There is a difference between drinking pure water & beverages that contain water. Fruit juice, soft drinks, coffee, etc., may contain substances that are not healthy, & actually contradict some of the positive effects of the added water. Other Beverages also contain dehydrating agents. They may actually reduce the water reserves in the body! Drinking other beverages to the exclusion of water also causes you to lose your taste for water. This is particularly true with children as they become dependent on Sodas & juices.

(2)Water can improve people's Metabolic rate.

Water is the solvent of the body & it regulates all functions, including the activity of everything it dissolves & circulates.

(3) Water can help people in weight loss.

Water plays a major part in weight loss. Since water contains no calories, it can serve as an appetite suppressant, and helps the body metabolize stored fat, it may possibly be one of the most significant factors in losing weight. Dehydration leads to excess body fat, poor muscle tone & size, decreased digestive efficiency & organ function, increased toxicity, joint & muscle soreness, & water retention. Water works to keep muscles and skin toned.

(4) Water can benefit people's Digestive System.

Constipation(便秘) is a frequent symptom of dehydration. Increased water, along with increased fiber, will usually totally eliminate a problem.

(5) Water lubricates our joints

The cartilage(軟骨) tissues found at the ends of long bones & between the vertebrae(椎骨) of the spine hold a lot of water, which serves as a lubricant during the movement of the joint. Rheumatoid(患風濕癥的) joint pain frequently decreases with increased water intake & flexing exercises to bring more circulation to the joints.

[A] The digestion of solid foods depends on the presence of copious amounts of water. Acids & enzymes in the stomach break the food down into a homogenized fluid state which can pass into the intestine for the next phase of digestion. An "acid stomach" will respond to hydration. Gastritis (胃炎), duodenitis (十二指腸炎), pain from ulcers(潰瘍) (as long as the ulcer is not perforated), & heartburn all decrease with increased water intake. Water eliminates toxins & waste from the body.

[B] An active, athletic person needs 2/3 ounce per pound which is 13-14.8 ounce glasses a day if you're 160 pounds. The more you exercise the more water you need. Spread out your water intake throughout the day. Do not drink more than 4 glasses within any given hour.

[C] Water is the medium for various enzymatic & chemical reactions in the body. It moves nutrients, hormones, antibodies, & oxygen through the blood stream & lymphatic system. The proteins & enzymes of the body function more efficiently in solutions of lower viscosity.

[D] Caffeinated beverages stimulate the adrenal glands(腎上腺) and act as diuretics, robbing your body of necessary water. Soft drinks contain phosphorus which can lead to depletion of bone calcium. Soda contains sodium. Fruit juices contain a lot of sugar & stimulate the pancreas. These drinks may tax the body more than they cleanse it. A 12 ounce can of regular soda contains the equivalent of 9 teaspoons of sugar and loads of empty calories.

[E] In the article "Water Bearers", (Shape magazine) Elizabeth Austin notes that "water is the single most important nutrient you take in every day. It's fat-free, cholesterol-free, low in sodium, and completely without calories." Also, drinking more water helps to reduce water retention by stimulating your kidneys. Studies have recommended that if you are overweight according to average height and weight comparison charts, you should add one glass of water to your daily requirement (of eight glasses) for every 25 pounds over your recommended weight.

[F] When the cartilage is hydrated, the two opposing surfaces glide freely, & friction damage is minimal. If the cartilage is dehydrated, the rate of "abrasive" damage is increased, resulting in joint deterioration & increased pain. The actively growing blood cells in the bone marrow take priority over the cartilage for the available water that goes through the bone structure.

III．Translation

Translate the underlined sentences in the following passage of into Chinese.

LOS ANGELES, Jan. 8-Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger on Monday proposed extending health care coverage to all of California's 36 million residents as part of a sweeping package of changes to the state's huge, troubled health care system.

A total of 6.5 million people, one-fifth of the state's population, do not have health insurance, far more than in any other state. At least one million of the uninsured are illegal immigrants, state officials say. 1) Under Mr. Schwarzenegger's plan, which requires the approval of the Legislature, California would become the fourth and by far the largest state to attempt near universal health coverage for its citizens. The other three states are Maine, Massachusetts and Vermont.

The governor outlined his proposal to an audience of health care experts and reporters via satellite from Los Angeles. 2) He made it clear that a variety of mechanisms would be used to provide all Californians with insurance and that the responsibility of providing it would fall on the government, employers, health care providers and the uninsured themselves.

3) The plan, which Mr. Schwarzenegger estimated would cost $12 billion, calls for many employers that do not offer health insurance to contribute to a fund that would help pay for coverage of the working uninsured. It would also require doctors to pay 2 percent and hospitals 4 percent of their revenues to help cover higher reimbursements for those who treat patients enrolled in Medi-Cal, the state's Medicaid program.

Mr. Schwarzenegger's plan includes elements that quickly provoked opposition from many powerful interests, including doctors and the governor's Republican colleagues in the Legislature. But the speaker of the State Assembly said in a statement, "I'm glad the governor is on board with coverage for all kids."

4) Over the last two years, state legislatures have grown increasingly concerned with how to provide health insurance to citizens as the number of employers offering coverage has fallen and the number of workers entering fields where health insurance is not an option has grown. Because of its great size, California is likely to set the stage for a national conversation about health care this year.

"This is a very significant proposal," said Karen Davis, president of the Commonwealth Fund, a nonprofit foundation. "It is not just children he is talking about. It is really dealing with the whole problem of the uninsured, with concrete positions to raise revenues to pay for that coverage, and the philosophy of shared responsibility. I think this shows health care is going to be a major issue in the 2008 presidential election."

In many ways, Mr. Schwarzenegger's proposal mirrors the plan in Massachusetts, the most comprehensive of its sort, which is projected to cover about 515,000 of the state's 550,000 uninsured. The law enacted there transformed a $1 billion pool that had long paid for health care for uninsured patients into a mechanism to help subsidize insurance for those who could not afford it.

Under Mr. Schwarzenegger's proposal, Medi-Cal would be extended to adults who earn as much as 100 percent above the federal poverty line and to children, regardless of their immigration status, living in homes where the family income is as much as 300 percent above that line, about $60,000 a year for a family of four. Medi-Cal is currently limited to adults with children, and children with documented residency are covered if their family's income is up to 250 percent above of the poverty line.

Adult illegal immigrants would continue to be barred from Medicaid benefits but would still be entitled to health services from their counties and the state's hospital system.

Employers would have new responsibilities as well. 5) Businesses with 10 or more workers that choose not to offer coverage would be required to pay 4 percent of their total Social Security wages to a state fund that would be created to subsidize the purchase of coverage by the working uninsured. The cost of such coverage would be measured on a sliding scale depending on what an employee earned, and employees would be able to pay for it using pretax dollars.

答案與題解

Part B 觀點與例證

1. [D]
該段講述的是水不會像其他飲料那樣，會給人體帶來這樣或那樣的有害物質。D選項分別指出了添加咖啡因的飲料、不含酒精的飲料、蘇打飲料和果汁會給飲用者帶來的不利物質。是對該段觀點的一個詳細論證。

2. [C]
該段是講水可以促進人體的新陳代謝。C選項指出水是人體內生化酶和化學反映的介質，水可以在血液和淋巴系統(tǒng)中運輸營養(yǎng)物質、荷爾蒙、抗體和氧。水通過降低體內的粘稠度可以使生化酶和蛋白質更有效地發(fā)揮作用。這是對水是如何促進人體新陳代謝的進一步說明。

3. [E]
該部分講述水有助于減肥。[E]選項進一步解釋為何水有助于減肥，因為水沒有脂肪和膽固醇，低鈉，而且完全不含卡路里。

4. [A]
該部分講述水對人體的消化系統(tǒng)有益。[A]選項指出固體食物的消化需要豐富的水，并且指出隨著飲水量的增加，胃炎、十二指腸炎、胃潰瘍和胃灼熱都會減少，因此是對該觀點的一個絕佳的例證。

5. [F]
該部分講述水可以潤滑人體的關節(jié)。[F]選項對比了軟骨組織有水時和沒水時對關節(jié)的影響。這些例子說明了水對關節(jié)的重要性。

III．Translation

1) 在這句話中，under是個介詞，表示"在...指導下：受...的監(jiān)督、指導或影響"；which引導的是一個非限制性定語從句，先行詞為介詞短語中的plan。為了保證句子意思表達的連貫，在翻譯時將它放到了最后。

[譯文]在施瓦辛格州長的計劃指導下，加利福尼亞州將成為第四個、也是迄今為止最大的嘗試為幾乎所有市民提供健康保險的州，當然，施瓦辛格州長的計劃是需要得到州議會的同意的。

2) 這句話中，it是一個形式賓語，兩個that所引導的部分是句子真正的主語；fall on表示"落到，指向"的意思，但是在翻譯時，考慮到中文的行文習慣，還是用"由......來承擔"來表示。

[譯文]他解釋說，將會通過多種機制來向所有的加利福尼亞人提供保險，而且保險的費用將由政府、雇主、保健護理者和沒有參保的人共同承擔。

3) 這句話有點復雜，其中which引導的是一個非限制性定語從句 兩個that引導的都是定語從句，在翻譯時要注意拆分，不能使定語過長。

[譯文]施瓦辛格州長估計這項計劃將會花費120億美元；該項計劃號召許多沒有提供健康保險的雇主捐助成立一項基金，并用這項基金來為沒有獲得保險的工人支付保險金

4) 這是一個長句，該句子出現(xiàn)了兩個從句，一個喪失由as引導的伴隨狀語從句，在這個伴隨狀語從句中還包含一個由where引導的定語從句，先行詞是field。在翻譯時，應該按照中文習慣，將狀語提前。

[譯文]在過去的兩年中，雇主所提供的保險項目在減少，但從事那些不提供健康保險的工作的工人數(shù)目在增多，隨著這些情況的出現(xiàn)，州議會開始日益關注怎樣向市民提供健康保險一事。

5) 在這句話中，第一個that引導的是定語從句，先行詞是workers；第二個that引導的也是定語從句，先行詞是fund。因為表目的的不定式"to subsidize the purchase of coverage by the working uninsured"太長，因此翻譯的時候必須將它拆分出來。

[譯文]有10個或10個以上工人拒絕保險的行業(yè)得將他們社會保險金的4％提交給將要創(chuàng)建的州基金，而這些州基金可以資助那些沒有保險的工人購買保險。