Text 1

    Competitors complain that Microsoft’s recent settlement of their antitrust case with the federal government will do little to protect them or consumers from the software giant’s monopoly power. But they hold out hope that state attorney generals could make the deal more restrictive. “My guess is that all Bill Gates could do was to suppress a big grin when he held his press conference this morning,” said Mitchell Kertzman, chief executive of Liberate Technologies, a rival provider of software for interactive TV. “This settlement does not come close to matching the scope of the violations of antitrust law that Microsoft has been convicted of, ” he added. “It was an inexplicably bad deal for the government.”

    Microsoft and the Justice Department presented the settlement to a federal judge this Friday, saying it would end the antitrust case in a way that would help the declining economy. U.S. District Judge Kollar-Kotelly agreed to review it and gave the 18 states involved in the case an opportunity until Tuesday to decide whether to accept the plan.

    Several competitors called on the state attorney generals to insist on making changes to the settlement. Sun Microsystems’ general counsel, Michael Morris, said the Justice Department was walking away from a case they had already won.’ Paul T. Cappuccio, the general counsel for AOL Time Warner, said the settlement “does too little to promote competition and protect consumers, and can too easily be evaded by a determined monopolist like Microsoft.”

    The state attorney generals had been pressing for stiffer penalties, but on Friday, several said some progress had been made. Among the key elements of the settlement, Microsoft would have to :

    - Help rivals make products compatible with the Windows operating system, which runs 91% of the world’s computers.

    - Stop using exclusive deals with computer sellers to put competitors at a disadvantage.

    - Let three in-house, independent experts monitor its compliance.

    “We are quite disappointed. We believe that there are a lot of issues that have not been addressed,” said Michael Mace, chief officer of handheld computer maker Palm, which makes an operating system that competes with one from Microsoft. Several tech executives said the settlement was too focused on restricting Microsoft’s Windows monopoly, and not its broader business practices and non-PC initiatives.

    “This is a reward, not a remedy. It fails to terminate the illegal monopoly and fails to free the market from anti-competitive conduct,” said Kelly Jo MacAuthur, general counsel for Real Networks, which makes music and video software threatened by Windows Media Player. “This agreement allows a declared illegal monopolist to determine, at its sole discretion, what goes into the monopoly operating system in the future,” she added. (443 words)

    Notes: antitrust 反托拉斯的。attorney general 首席檢察官。grin n. 齜牙裂嘴地笑。inexplicably 無法說明地。walking away from 從…安然脫身。 press for 竭力要求。compatible with與…兼容的。 evade vt. 回避，規(guī)避。in-house 機構(gòu)內(nèi)部的。declared公然的，公開的。 at its discretion 隨它的意思，由它斟酌決定。non-PC initiatives非個人計算機業(yè)務。

    1. We can infer from the text that the main issue behind Microsoft’s antitrust case is the need __________.

    A. to increase the strength of a declining economy in the U.S.

    B. to limit the reach of Microsoft’s Windows operating system

    C. to prevent Microsoft from monopolizing the computer software industry

    D. to assist its competitors in making products compatible with Windows

    2. The comments from Michael Morris and Paul T. Cappuccio (Para. 3) imply that the Justice Department __________.

    A. had just wrapped up a successful antitrust case

    B. missed a chance to more strictly regulate Microsoft

    C. was leaving most of the work to the state attorney generals

    D. had failed in their mission to protect business competition

    3. The fourth paragraph suggests that some of the state attorney generals ___________.

    A. felt that the settlement was at least partially successful

    B. felt the penalties against Microsoft were too harsh

    C. believed that the settlement was a sign of progress for the computer industry

    D. were under pressure from the government to demand changes in the settlement

    4. Many competitors’ attitude towards Microsoft’s antitrust agreement may be summarized as one of __________.

    A. indignation B. indifference C. repentance D. frustration

    5. The text is mainly about __________.

    A. Microsoft’s monopoly over the computer industry in the United States

    B. Microsoft’s settlement of their antitrust case with the federal government

    C. competitors’ response to Microsoft’s antitrust settlement with the Government

    D. the role of the federal government in managing disputes in the technology industry

    Text 2

    American hopes that pressure from the U.S. will force Japan to suddenly dismantle its trade barriers are almost certain to evaporate in disappointment. The fact is that Washington faces an obstacle far more formidable than a few power brokers in Tokyo’s government offices. It must buck centuries-old, deep-ingrained Japanese customs. To move the Japanese government, Washington must move an entire nation. So far the U.S. has had only limited success despite congressional threats to retaliate. In an April 9 nationwide broadcast, Prime Minister Yasuhiro Nakasone urged the Japanese to buy more imported goods and unveiled a long-awaited three-year plan to ease import restrictions. But this program was far short of what Washington hoped to see. White House Chief of Staff Donald Regan said the Japanese offered “few new or immediate measures.” While the plan did promise fewer curbs on imports of telecommunications gear, medicine and medical equipment, it offered no relief for American forest products – which are among the most contentious trade issues.

    Nakasone gives every sign of being secure in his desire to reduce a Japanese surplus in trade with the U.S. that hit 36.8 billion dollars in 1984 and could soon top 50 billion. Yet to rely on any one Japanese political leader, no matter how popular he is at home, to reverse trade policies is to underestimate the culture and traditions that weigh heavily against a breakthrough. Big business and dozens of anonymous bureaucrats have as much power as Japan’s top elected leaders. “The whole concept that we can turn this around right now is obviously ridiculous,” says an American trader who has lived and worked here since 1952. “The vested interests are being shaken and slowly moved, but at a pace too slow for the eye to follow. That view is echoed by a U.S. diplomat closely involved in the efforts to open Japanese markets to American goods, Washington’s main solution to the ballooning trade imbalance. “Japan is a relationship society rather than a transactional society,” he says. “You cannot alter that kind of a system with a television speech or a number of general proposals, no matter how well intentioned they are.”

    Beyond specific tariffs or other official barriers to imports, experts here say that the U.S. faces these obstacles:

    Nearly total domination of the Japanese market by a few dozen giant conglomerates that strongly oppose even token competition – be it from abroad or emerging domestic firms.

    An elite, thickly layered bureaucracy that historically has drafted laws and regulations as well as enforced them, and both of these powers would be threatened by trade reforms.

    A longtime relationship between business and government that critics say fosters collusion and hinders foreign entry into domestic markets.

    To conclude, it seems obvious that it is the determination to hang on to Japanese traditions that could delay indefinitely any meaningful removal of trade barriers. (472 words)

    注: dismantle vt. 拆除。formidable 難對付的。broker 掮客。buck vt. 摔掉。retaliate v. 報復。gear n. 制品。weigh heavily against嚴重妨礙。 vested被賦予的，既得的。conglomerate n. 聯(lián)合企業(yè)。foster 助長，培養(yǎng)。be it from …= whether it might be from …。 collusion n. 共謀，串通。hang on to堅持，死抱住。

    1. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

    A. Trade War between Japan and U.S. B. It’s Time to Remove Japanese Trade Barriers

    C. U.S. Desires to Reduce a Japanese Surplus in Trade D. Why Japan Won’t Submit to U.S. Trade Demands

    2. The word “curbs” in line 8 paragraph 1 most probably means ____________.

    A. restrictions B. emphases C. considerations D. weights

    3. According to the text, the main factor working against any immediate entry into Japanese markets is __________.

    A. the rapid development of the Japanese economy

    B. tradition, culture, and a deeply-rooted bureaucracy

    C. the Japanese determination to keep up its surplus in trade

    D. the Japanese political intentions and their trade policies

    4. It can be inferred from the text that the Japanese Prime Minister’s plan to relieve import curbs would ___________.

    A. offer no relief for all of the American products in the near future

    B. allow American goods to enter the Japanese markets more quickly

    C. probably fall far short of the U.S. businessmen’s expectations

    D. succeed considerably in breaking down the Japanese trade barriers

    5. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as one of the trade obstacles in the text?

    A. Resistance from a large number of big enterprises against foreign competition.

    B. Hindrance of business and government to imported goods which threaten domestic markets.

    C. Firm support for import restrictions among Japanese workers, one of the powerful political forces.

    D. Historically formed bureaucracy which makes laws and regulations and enforces them.

    Text 3

    We sometimes think humans are uniquely vulnerable to anxiety, but stress seems to affect the immune defenses of lower animals too. In one experiment, for example, behavioral immunologist Mark Laudenslager, at the University of Denver, gave mild electric shocks to 24 rats. Half the animals could switch off the current by turning a wheel in their enclosure, while the other half could not. The rats in the two groups were paired so that each time one rat turned the wheel it protected both itself and its helpless partner from the shock. Laudenslager found that the immune response was depressed below normal in the helpless rats but not in those that could turn off the electricity. What he has demonstrated, he believes, is that lack of control over an event, not the experience itself, is what weakens the immune system.

    Other researchers agree. Jay Weiss, a psychologist at Duke University School of Medicine, has shown that animals who are allowed to control unpleasant stimuli don’t develop sleep disturbances or changes in brain chemistry typical of stressed rats. But if the animals are confronted with situations they have no control over, they later behave passively when faced with experiences they can control. Such findings reinforce psychologists’ suspicions that the experience and perception of helplessness is one of the most harmful factors in depression.

    One of the most startling examples of how the mind can alter the immune response was discovered by chance. In 1975 psychologist Robert Ader at the University of Rochester School of Medicine conditioned mice to avoid saccharin by simultaneously feeding them the sweetener and injecting them with a drug that while suppressing their immune systems caused stomach upsets. Associating the saccharin with the stomach pains, the mice quickly learned to avoid the sweetener. In order to extinguish this dislike for the sweetener, Ader re-exposed the animals to saccharin, this time without the drug, and was astonished to find that those mice that had received the highest amounts of sweetener during their earlier conditioning died. He could only speculate that he had so successfully conditioned the rats that saccharin alone now served to weaken their immune systems enough to kill them. (361 words)

    注：vulnerable 易受傷的，脆弱的；immunologist 免疫學家；condition vt. 使 … 形成條件反射, 訓練；saccharin 糖精。

    1. Laudenslager’s experiment showed that the immune system of those rats who could turn off the electricity ___________.

    A. was strengthened B. was altered C. was not affected D. was weakened

    2. According to the text, the experience of helplessness causes rats to ____________.

    A. try to control unpleasant stimuli B. turn off the electricity

    C. behave passively in controllable situations D. become abnormally suspicious

    3. The reason why the mice in Ader’s experiment avoided saccharin was that ____________.

    A. they disliked its taste B. it affected their immune systems

    C. it led to stomach pains D. they associated it with stomachaches

    4. The text tells us that the most probable reason for the death of the mice in Ader’s experiment was that ____________.

    A. they had been weakened psychologically by the saccharin

    B. the sweetener was poisonous to them

    C. their immune systems had been altered by the mind

    D. they had taken too much sweetener during earlier conditioning

    5. It can be concluded from the text that the immune systems of animals ____________.

    A. can be weakened by conditioning B. can be suppressed by drug injections

    C. can be affected by frequent doses of saccharin D. can be altered by electric shocks

    Text 4 (課外閱讀)

    Air travel is such an everyday experience these days that we are not surprised when we read about a politician having talked with the Japanese Prime Minister one day, having to attend a conference in Australia the following morning and having to be off at midday to sign a trade agreement in Bangkok. But frequent long distance flying can be so tiring that the traveler begins to feel his brain is in one country, his digestion in another and his powers of concentration nowhere----in short, he hardly knows where he is.

    The fatigue we normally experience after a long journey is accentuated when we fly from east to west or vice versa because we cross time zones. Air travel is so quick nowadays that we can leave London after breakfast and be in New York in eight hours. Yet what really disturbs us is that when we arrive it is only lunch time, but we have already had lunch on the plane and are expecting dinner.

    Doctors say that since air travelers are in no condition to work after crossing a number of time zones, they should go straight to bed on arrival. Airline pilots, in fact, whose experience is so obviously relevant that it ought to serve as a guide, often live by their own watches, ignoring local time, and have breakfast at midnight if necessary. They have far less reason to worry about their health than executives because they are used to flying and are physically fit.

    Businessmen who go on long-distance flights, however, are usually out for promotion and flattered to have been chosen because it adds to their status and prestige in the firm. They are lucky if the company is enlightened enough to insist on their taking the doctor's advice and resting for a day before working. Sometimes the managing director is such an energetic character that he expects everyone to be as fit as he is. As he has never felt any ill effects after flying himself, the schedule he lays down is so exacting that the employee is too exhausted to carry it out satisfactorily. He must either go straight to an important meeting as soon as his plane touches down or else return as soon as the meeting is over to report to his boss. Dynamic managers of this type often do not realize how disastrous this policy may be for the man's health and the company's reputation. (411 words)

    Notes：digestion 消化，領(lǐng)悟。fatigue n. 疲癆。accentuate 加重。serve as 用來作為。on arrival 一到達以后；enlightened 開明的。be flattered to do sth. 很高興做某事；lay down 制定；touch down降落。

    1. According to the second paragraph, which of the following statements is true?

    A. We experience fatigue on flights only when we cross time zones.

    B. We experience fatigue on a long flight when we fly towards the west.

    C. Crossing time zones increases the fatigue we experience on a long flight.

    D. Air travel is so quick nowadays that we experience fatigue on a flight.

    2. According to the text, after long-distance flights, pilots __________.

    A. always go straight to bed B. find it wisest to take no notice of local time

    C. have breakfast D. worry about their health

    3. It can be learned from the text that if a managing director is energetic he frequently _________.

    A. expects too much of his employees B. makes his employees attend classes to keep fit

    C. refuses to allow his employees to lie down D. has an important meeting with his employees on a flight

    4. In the last paragraph, it is implied but not directly said that the employees who go on long-distance flights __________.

    A. are obviously unkindly treated B. are not given time to make friends on meetings abroad

    C. may make serious mistakes because of tiredness D. may send in their resignations

    5. The title which best expresses the main idea of the text would be ____________.

    A. Importance of Air Travel in Modern Society B. Crossing Time Zones – Main Reason for the Fatigue

    C. Businessmen’s View on Long-distance Flights D. Air Travel and Its Effect on a Person’s Health

    III. Writing

    Directions: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should first describe the drawing, then interpret its meaning, and give your comment on it.

    You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)

    “考試恐懼癥”

    通過考試來測試學生長期以來被認為是評估學生能力的可靠方法。可是不恰當?shù)膹娬{(diào)考試已經(jīng)產(chǎn)生了可怕的后果。正如這幅畫所描繪的，一個學童由于極度害怕考試躲在書桌底下縮成一團，不肯去上學。他的父母親正在努力安慰他，告訴他說，“孩子，出來吧，今天沒有考試�！�

    這幅畫暗示了考試對兒童心靈的有害影響。一方面，老師們往往利用各種測試來迫使學在校努力學習。另一方面，許多家長認為學習成績是評判孩子學習質(zhì)量的惟一標準。常常發(fā)生這樣的事：兒童由于在某次考試中沒考好而受到家長的嚴厲懲罰。因此，學生十分害怕考試。

    至于我，我認為，考試如果使用得當，是一種有效的評估形式�？墒墙處熀图议L有義務鼓勵學生把精力集中在學校里學習得好的功課上。學校的一項重要職責是力圖使學生的興趣適合于他將來可能的工作。他們無論如何也不能把考試認為是激勵學生學習知識的惟一手段。

    Testing students by examinations has long been regarded as a reliable way to assess students’ competence. But disproportionate emphasis on examinations has brought about terrible results. As is depicted in the picture, a schoolboy, frightened to death by examinations, huddles himself up under a desk, refusing to go to school. His parents are trying to comfort him, saying “Come out, there are no examinations today.”

    This drawing implies the harmful effect of examinations on children’s psyche. On the one hand, teachers tend to make use of different kinds of testing to force students to work hard at school. On the other hand, most parents think that school records are the sole criterion for judging the quality of a child’s work. It often happens that a child is punished heavily by his parents just because he does not do well in one examination or another. Therefore, pupils are extremely afraid of taking examinations.

    As far as I’m concerned, examinations are an effective form of assessment if properly used. But teachers and parents should encourage pupils to concentrate on what they do well at school. And schools have an important duty to try to fit a child’s interest to his possible future career. On no account should they reckon examination as the only means of stimulating pupils to pursue knowledge. (218 words)

    Notes:：disproportionate 過分的，不成比例的。be frightened to death 嚇（怕）得要死。huddle (oneself) up 蜷縮；縮成一團。comfort vt. 安慰。psyche 心靈。one … or another 這樣或那樣的…。school records 學習成績。do well 考得好；學得好。pursue knowledge追求（學習）知識。

    背記重點詞語漢英對照：1. 被認為：be regarded as (=be thought of as, be referred to as)。 2. 不恰當?shù)膹娬{(diào)…：disproportionate emphasis on…。 3. 引成，造成：bring about (=give rise to, cause)。 4. 被…嚇死：be frightened to death by …。 5. 縮成一團：huddles oneself up。 6. 不肯，拒絕做某事：refuse to do sth. (=be reluctant to do sth.; be unwilling to do sth.)。 7. 迫使某人做某事：force sb. to do sth. (=compel sb. to do sth.; make sb. do sth.)。 8. 常常發(fā)生這樣的事：It often happens that…。 9. 考得好：do well in an examination。了學校學得好：do well in school。 10. 學習知識：pursue knowledge; 學到知識：acquire knowledge; 積累知識：accumulate knowledge。

    Put the following sentences from Chinese into English：

    1. 長期以來考試被認為是一種有效的評估形式。

    2. 孩子們不肯參加考試，因為如果考得不好，他們將被家長嚴懲。

    3. 這張照片暗示了超級明星們對年輕人心靈的巨大影響。

    4. 至于我，我認為，我們應該注意公共規(guī)章，并且提高我們的社會公德意識。

    5. 我們無論如何也不能把考試認為是激勵學生學習知識的惟一手段。.

    作業(yè)：1. 復習本單元內(nèi)容，總結(jié)各測試項目的解題方法。

    2. 輔導班結(jié)束后應把講義與“復習指導”一書結(jié)合起來復習，互為補充，以便取得良好的效果。

    贈言：道路是曲折的，前途是光明的，勝利就在你的腳下。

    Text 1 參考譯文

    許多競爭者抱怨說，最近微軟與聯(lián)邦政府達成的反托拉斯案件的解決方案對保護他們或消費者不受軟件巨人壟斷力的影響幾乎不起作用。但是他們?nèi)韵Ｍ�，州的首席檢察官們能使這個解決方案有更大的約束力。交互式電視軟件供應的競爭對手Liberate 科技公司的首席執(zhí)行官米切爾 克爾茲曼說：“我的猜想是，比爾蓋茨能夠做的就是他今天早上在舉行記者招待會時忍不住咧嘴大笑�！薄斑@個解決方案與微軟被控違反反托拉斯法律的范圍相距甚遠，”他接著說，“對政府來說，這是一筆令人費解的糟糕交易�！�

    周五，微軟和司法部把這項解決方案提交給一位聯(lián)邦法官，并說這個方案會結(jié)束這個反托拉斯案件并有助于日益衰退的經(jīng)濟。美國的地方法官Colleen Kollar-Kotelly同意復查這個解決方案并讓涉案的18個州在周二前來決定是否接受這個解決方案。

    有些競爭者呼吁州的首席檢察官們堅持對這項解決方案提出修改意見。Sun微軟系統(tǒng)總顧問邁克爾 莫里斯說，司法部“正從已經(jīng)獲勝的案件中安然脫身”。美國在線時代華納的總顧問Paul T. Cappuccio說，這個解決方案“對鼓勵競爭和保護消費者所起的作用極小，而像微軟這樣堅決的壟斷者很容易規(guī)避�！�

    州的首席檢察官們一直在竭力要求實行更嚴厲的處罰，但于周五，多位檢察官說，已經(jīng)取得了一些進展。這個解決方案的要點中微軟必須：

    - 幫助對手生產(chǎn)與世界上占91%的計算機使用的視窗操作系統(tǒng)兼容的產(chǎn)品。

    - 停止與計算機銷售商達成排他性協(xié)議而使競爭對手處于不利地位。

    - 允許三位進駐公司的獨立專家監(jiān)督解決方案的遵守情況。

    “我們很失望。我們認為，有許多問題沒有得到處理，”手持電腦制造商Palm 的高層經(jīng)理邁克爾 梅斯說，Palm生產(chǎn)的一種操作

    系統(tǒng)與微軟的產(chǎn)品相競爭。數(shù)名技術(shù)管理人員說，這個解決方案只著重于限制微軟視窗的壟斷，而沒有考慮到它更廣泛的經(jīng)營范圍和非個人計算機的業(yè)務。

    “這是一種報償，而不是一種補償。它沒有能中止非法壟斷，也沒有能使市場從反競爭行為中解放出來，”Real Networks的總顧問Kelly Jo MacArthur說，該公司生產(chǎn)的音樂和錄相軟件受到了視窗媒體播放器（Windows Media Player）的威脅。她說，“這個協(xié)議允許一個公然的非法壟斷者隨意決定，將來什么產(chǎn)品可以進入壟斷操作系統(tǒng)�！�

    Text 2 參考譯文

    美國希望來自美國的壓力會迫使日本突然拆除其貿(mào)易壁壘，這種希望幾乎肯定會在失望中成為泡影。事實是，華盛頓面臨的障礙遠比東京政府辦公室內(nèi)的一小撮政治掮客難對付得多。華盛頓必須打破日本幾百年來形成的根深蒂固的習俗。為了推動日本政府，華盛頓必須推動日本整個國家。盡管美國國會威脅要進行報復，但是至今美國所取得的進展極其有限。在四月9日的全國廣播講話中，中曾根首相敦促日本人購買更多的進口貨并披露了等待已久的三年計劃來放寬進口限制。但是這個計劃遠遠沒有達到華盛頓所希望看到的結(jié)果。白宮辦公廳主任唐納德 里甘說，日本人幾乎沒有提出什么“新的或直接見效的措施”。雖然這個計劃確實承諾要減少對通訊產(chǎn)品、機械和醫(yī)療設(shè)備的進口限制，但是它并沒有放寬對美國森林產(chǎn)品的進口限制，而森林產(chǎn)品是最有爭議的貿(mào)易問題之一。

    中曾根首相一再表示他希望減少日本對美貿(mào)易中的順差。這種順差在1984年達到368億美元，并且有望很快超過500億美元。然而，僅靠一個日本政界領(lǐng)袖，不管他在國內(nèi)多么深孚眾望，要扭轉(zhuǎn)日本的貿(mào)易政策實際上是低估了嚴重阻礙任何突破的日本文化和傳統(tǒng)。企業(yè)界巨頭和數(shù)十位不知姓名的官僚其權(quán)力和日本最高層民選領(lǐng)導人的權(quán)力一樣大�！拔覀兡軌蝰R上扭轉(zhuǎn)這種狀況的整個想法顯然是滑稽可笑的”，從1952年以來一直生活和工作在日本的一位美國貿(mào)易官員說。“既得利益集團正在動搖并且緩慢地被推動著，但是其進展速度慢得眼睛無法看到。一位積極參與為美國貨打開日本市場的美國外交官也持有同樣的看法。這是華盛頓解決其不斷增加的貿(mào)易不平衡的主要辦法�！�日本是一個講關(guān)系的社會，而不是一個照章辦事的社會，”他說，“你不能憑一次電視演講或幾條一般性的建議來改變這種制度，不管你的本意是多么良好�！�

    這里的專家們說，除了對進口的特定關(guān)稅或其他的官方壁壘以外，美國還面臨如下的障礙：

    - 幾十家龐大的聯(lián)合企業(yè)集團幾乎全面控制了日本市場，這些集團強烈反對那怕是象征性的竟爭，不管這種競爭是來自國外還是來自國內(nèi)新興的公司。

    - 特權(quán)階層鐵板一塊的官僚體制，這個官僚體制有史以來一直制訂并強制推行法律和法規(guī)，這兩種權(quán)力都會受到貿(mào)易改革的威脅。

    - 批評家認為，企業(yè)和政府之間長期形成的關(guān)系使他們串通一起并阻礙外國進入日本國內(nèi)市場。

    總之，似乎很明顯，死抱住日本傳統(tǒng)的決心會無限期地拖延任何對貿(mào)易壁壘的實質(zhì)性的拆除工作。

    Text 3 參考譯文

    我們有時認為，人在焦慮面前顯得十分脆弱，而且壓力似乎也會影響低等動物的免疫防御能力。例如，在一次實驗中，美國丹佛大學行為免疫學家Mark Laudenslager給24只老鼠輕微的電擊。一半老鼠會轉(zhuǎn)動籠子里的一個輪子從而切斷電流，而另一半則不能。這兩組老鼠一對一配對，這樣每次一只老鼠轉(zhuǎn)動輪子，保護它自己和另一只無能為力的伙伴不受電擊。Laudenslager發(fā)現(xiàn)，這些無能為力的老鼠的免疫反應下降到低于正常水平，但能切斷電流的其它老鼠的免疫反應并不下降。他認為，他所證明的是，對事件缺乏駕馭能力，而不是經(jīng)歷本身，是削弱免疫系統(tǒng)的主要原因。

    其他研究人員的看法也一樣。Duke大學醫(yī)學院的心理學家Jay Weiss指出，能控制不良刺激的動物不會產(chǎn)生睡眠紊亂或腦化學的變化，而這些現(xiàn)象是有壓力的老鼠所特有的癥狀。但是如果動物面臨它們不能控制的情況，那么以后當他們遇到能夠控制的經(jīng)歷時，他們會表現(xiàn)得消極被動。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)支持了心理學家的看法：無能為力的經(jīng)歷和感受是免疫力下降的最有害的因素之一。

    心態(tài)如何改變免疫反應的最令人驚訝的例子之一是偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)的。1975年羅契斯特大學醫(yī)學院的心理學家Robert Ader給老鼠喂甜食并同時注射一種藥物，這種藥能抑制免疫系統(tǒng)并引起胃部不適，這樣使老鼠形成條件反射去躲避糖精。這些老鼠把糖精和胃痛聯(lián)系起來了，因此很快學會躲避甜食。為了消除老鼠對甜食的厭惡，Ader又讓老鼠接觸糖精，這次沒有加藥，他驚訝地發(fā)現(xiàn)，以前接受過大量甜食有過條件反射的那些老鼠死了。他只能推測，他已成功地使這些老鼠形成條件反射，以至單單糖精就可以用來削弱老鼠的免疫系統(tǒng)并足以殺死老鼠。

    閱讀欣賞 經(jīng)濟英語 (對話)

    - On the other side, the Chinese are saying that it’s very difficult to get into other markets in the developed countries , for example. The MFA (多國纖維協(xié)定) is only being phased out (逐步取消). Once the Chinese textile industry comes onto the world market in strength (大量地), China will be trying to get across to the markets of the developed countries. Do you see any complications there?

    - There are clear complications as regards the whole textile area for everybody in the world and the phase-out(分階段中止) of the MultipleFibre Agreement as you know is one which is over a period of ten years under the Uruguay Round. Clearly, one of the areas of particular concern in the negotiations is the impact of China on the textile and clothing market generally, so I think it is a specific issue. Also, the other contracting parties(締約各方) will be seeking adequate safeguard mechanisms to ensure that if China becomes a member of the WTO there are mechanisms which allow them to protect their own interests in the event of (萬一) severe damage being caused to their economy by exports from China or whatever (或諸如此類的事). All of these issues are being discussed.