| Part B Sample One Directions:
In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 4145, choose the most suitable one from the list AG to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Here I want to try to give you an answer to the question: What personal qualities are desirable in a teacher? Probably no two people would draw up exactly the same lists. But I think the following would be generally accepted.
First,(41)But it does rule out such types as the overexcitable, melancholy, frigid, sarcastic, cynical, frustrated, and overbearing: I would say too, that it excludes all of dull or purely negative personality.
Secondly,(42）Closely related with this is the capacity to be tolerant-not, indeed, of what is wrong, but of the frailty and immaturity of human nature which induce people, and again especially children, to make mistakes.
Thirdly,(43）This does not mean being a saint. It means that he will be aware of his intellectual strengths, and limitations, and will have thought about and decided upon the moral principles by which his life shall be guided. There is no contradiction in my going on to say that a teacher should be a bit of an actor. That is part of the technique of teaching, which demands that every now and then a teacher should be able to put on an act-to enliven a lesson, correct a fault, or award praise. Children, especially young children, live in a world that is rather larger than life.
On the other hand,(44）He must be pretty resilient, teaching makes great demands on nervous energy. And he should be able to take in his stride the innumerable petty irritations any adult dealing with children has to endure.
Finally,(45）There are three principle objects of study: the subject, or subjects, which the teacher is teaching; the methods by which they can best be taught to the particular pupils in the classes he is teaching; and by far the most important the children, young people, or adults to whom they are to be taught. The cardinal principle of British education is education of the whole person, and that it is best acquired through full and active cooperation between two persons, the teacher and the learner. ［A］it is not merely desirable but essential for a teacher to have a genuine capacity for sympathy-in the literal meaning of that word; a capacity to tune in to the minds and feelings of other people. ［B］a teacher must be capable of infinite patience. This, I may say, is largely a matter of selfdiscipline and selftraining, because none of us were born like that. ［C］the teacher's personality should be pleasantly live and attractive. This does not rule out people who are physically plain, or even ugly, because many such have great personal charm. ［D］A teacher must remain mentally alert, He must be quick to adapt himself to any situation, however improbable (they happen!) and able to improvise, if necessary at less than a moment's notice ［E］A teacher should be humorous sometimes like a best friend sitting down across from you in your living room having a chat about what's going on in your life. ［F］I think a teacher should have the kind of mind, which always wants to go on learning. Teaching is a job at which one will never be perfect; there is always something more to learn about it. ［G］I hold it essential for a teacher to be both intellectually and morally honest. Sample Two Directions:
The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 4145,you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list AG to fill in each numbered box. The first and the last paragraphs have been placed for you in Boxes. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points) [A] See yourself as successful. If I could plug into the minds of my patients and listen to the statements they make to themselves, I am convinced that the majority of them would be negative:"I'm running late again as usual.""My hair looks terrible this morning.""That was a stupid remark I made-she probably thinks I'm a dummy."Since thousands of these messages flash across our brains every day, it is small wonder that the result is a diminished selfimage. [B] Author and editor Norman Cousins wrote: "People are never more insecure than when they become obsessed with their fears at the expense of their dreams." There is no doubt that if we can envision beneficial things happening, they have a way of actually occurring. [C] Stevens finally had a hearttoheart talk with herself:"I realized that I simply wasn't a wit or an intellectual and that I could succeed only as myself. I began listening and asking questions at parties instead of trying to impress the guests. When I spoke, I tried to contribute, not to shine. Almost at once I started to feel a new warmth in my social contacts. They liked the real me better." If we are true to our instincts, most of us will find that we naturally develop certain trademarks. The discovery and expression of that uniqueness is one reason we are on this planet. Resisting conformity and developing some small eccentricities are among the steps to independence and selfconfidence. [D] Many of us get interested in a field, but then the going gets tough, we see that other people are more successful, and we become discouraged and quit. But it is of then the boring, repetitive sharpening of our skills that will ultimately enable us to reach our goal. [E] Horace Bushnell, the great New England preacher, used to say, "Somewhere under the stars God has a job for you to do, and nobody else can do it." Some of us must find our place by trial and error. It can take time, with dead ends along the way. But we should not get discouraged because others seem more skilled. Usually it is not raw talent but drive that makes the difference. [F] One daily exercise for building selfconfidence is called "imaging" or "visualization". In order to succeed, you must see yourself succeeding. Picture yourself approaching a difficult challenge with poise and confidence. Athletes often visualize a move over and over in their minds; they see themselves hitting the perfect golf or tennis shot. When we burn such positive images into our minds deeply enough, they become a part of the unconscious, and we begin to expect to succeed. [G] Break away from other people's expectations. It is a liberating step when we decide to stop being what other people want us to be. Although opera singer Rise Stevens performed onstage with great poise, the selfconfidence she felt before audiences evaporated in social situation. "My discomfort," she says, "came from trying to be something I was nota state in the drawing room as well as onstage. If a clever person made a joke, I tried to top it and failed. I pretended to be familiar with subjects I knew nothing of." Order: D→
41→
42→
43→
44→
45→
C
Sample Three Direction:
You are going to read a text about the season for relief, followed by a list of examples. Choose the best example from the list AF for each numbered subheading (4145). There is one extra example which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Winter's harsh weather, shorter hours of daylight and family demands can all aggravate feelings of stress. According to Dr. Paul Rosch, president of the American Institute of Stress, one Midwestern headache clinic reported that complaints of tension and migraine headaches increased 40 percent from Thanksgiving to Christmas, compared with other sixweek periods during the year.
Many physicians are now trained in techniques to relieve tension and stress. But which strategies do they themselves use? Here top health professionals reveal their favorite stressbusters. Six in all, they are:
(41) Soothe with food.
When nutritional biochemist Judith Wurtman is stressed out, she does what a lot of people do this time of year: she reaches for food. But in her case, it's a healthy rice cake or two.
(42) Run from your problem.
Dr. Kenneth H. Cooper handles his own stress with a daily afterwork run.
(43) Check your perspective.
Driving in for a busy day as a MayoClinic stressmanagement expert, psychologist John Taylor saw the oilmaintenance light pop on in his minivan. He faced a nonstop schedule of patients and had to pick up his threeyearold after work. "I felt myself tense up," recalls Taylor, who then tried his quick stressbusting strategy. He asked himself: Is this a matter of life or death? No. The oil could safely be changed the next week.
(44) Look to the light side.
On his way to the hospital where his father was to undergo surgery, author and educator Joel Goodman shared a hotel courtesy van with the anxious relatives of several patients. The driver began telling his stressedout passengers a few jokes. "Then he did some magic tricks that had my mother and me laughing," Goodman says. "In that fiveminute ride he taught us that humor can relieve our stress." The surgery was successful.
(45) Take a timeout.
A major cause of anxiety is an overloaded schedule. It's one source of stress you can ward off by preparing ahead.
Say a little prayer. Psychologist and medical scientist Joan Bprysenko of Boulder, Colo., maintains that since most people spend too much time agonizing over the past or worrying about the future, the key to lessening stress is learning how to live emotionally in the present.
"It helps to have some ritual to do this," says Borysenko. For her the most relaxing ritual is "each morning when I pray". Prayer has been shown to reduce the impact of stress hormones such as noradrenaline and adrenaline.
But remember, says Borysenko, doctors can't turn on their patient' "internal healing system". That inner clam is up to you. So you're sick of stress, heal thyself. [A] Williams counts himself among the 20 percent of adults whose susceptibility to anger is high enough to threaten their health. But everyone can try his approach to handling the stressors that set anger off-and it needn't be in a work environment. [B] "Aerobic exercise is the best way to dissipate stress and make the transition into family time," says the expert. But, he cautions, don't let exercise itself become a stress. Even moderate activity-such as a daily 30 minute walk can improve health and mood. "That's why I tell my patients to be sure to walk their dog every day," he says with a chuckle, "even if they don't have one." [C] "My research suggests that carbohydrates raise levels of the moodregulating brain chemical serotonin, which exerts a calming effect on the entire body," says the M.I.T research scientist. "So symptoms of stress-such as anger, tension, irritability and inability to concentrate-are eased." [D] He tells patients to do only those tasks that would have serious consequences if left undone. "Will you die if you don't do the laundry?" he asks. Taking at least half an hour a day to do something you enjoy, he notes, lets you recharge you batteries. Especially around the holidays, skip some routine chores to make time for family and friends. [E] When cardiologist Ray Rosenman was associate chief of medicine at San Francisco's Mount Zion Hospital, he would block off half an hour a day on his schedule. "If an emergency came up, I moved patients into that slot," says Rosenman, coauthor of Type A Behavior and Your Heart. "Or used that halfhour to return calls or go through my mail. You can't control everything, but you can control your schedule to create some breathing space for yourself." [F] He was so moved by his experience that he researched laughter's power. "A good laugh relaxes muscles, lowers blood pressure, suppresses stressrelated hormones and enhances the immune system," he says. In his workshops he tells clients to ask themselves how their favorite comedian would see this stressful situation. Sample Four Directions:
You are going to read a list of headings and a text about employment in Japan. Choose the most suitable heading form the list AF for each numbered paragraph (4145). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) [A] Women and Japanese companies [B] Why men sometimes resign form Japanese companies [C] Permanency in employment in Japan [D] The social aspect of work [E] The salary structure [F] The recruitment strategy of foreign firms
Every autumn, when recruitment of new graduates and school leavers begins, major cities in Japan are flooded with students hunting for a job. Wearing suits for the first time, they run from one interview to another. The season is crucial for many students, as their whole lives may be determined during this period. 41
In Japan, lifetime employment is commonly practiced by large companies. While people working in small companies and those working for subcontractors do not in general enjoy the advantages conferred by the large companies, there is a general expectation that employees will in fact remain more or less permanently in the same job. 42
Wages are set according to educational background or initial field of employment, ordinary graduates being employed in administration, engineers in engineering and design departments and so on. Both promotions and wage increases tend to be tied to seniority, though some differences may arise later on as a result of ability and business performance. Wages are paid monthly, and the net sum, after the deduction of tax, is usually paid directly into a bank account. As well as salary, a bonus is usually paid twice a year. 43
Many female graduates complain that they are not given equal training and equal opportunity in comparison to male graduates. Japanese companies generally believe that female employees will eventually leave to get married and have children. It is also true that, as well as the stillexisting belief among women themselves that nothing should stand in the way of childrearing, the extended hours of work often do not allow women to continue their careers after marriage. 44
Disappointed careerminded female graduates often opt to work for foreign firms. Since most male graduates prefer to join Japanese firms with their guaranteed security, foreign firms are often keen to employ female graduates as their potential tends to be greater than that of male applicants. 45
Some men, however, do leave their companies in spite of future prospects, one reason being to take over the family business. The eldest sons in families that own family companies or businesses such as stores are normally expected to take over the business when their parents retire. It is therefore quite common to see a businessman, on succeeding to his parents' business, completely change his professional direction by becoming, for example, a shopkeeper.
On the job, working relationships tend to be very close because of the long hours of work and years of service in common. Social life in fact is frequently based on the workplace. Restaurants and nomiya, "pubs", are always crowded at night with people enjoying an evening out with their colleagues. Many companies organize trips and sports days for their employees. Senior staff often play the role of mentor. This may mean becoming involved in the lives of junior staff in such things as marriage and the children's education. |
