MBA英語如何猜測(cè)不認(rèn)識(shí)的詞語？

來源：網(wǎng)絡(luò) 時(shí)間：2017-06-24 07:36:45

　　在閱讀文章的過程中，考生面臨最大的問題是遇到不認(rèn)識(shí)的單詞或短語，或者認(rèn)識(shí)的單詞在文章中有了新的含義。如果這些詞或短語不影響對(duì)文章主要內(nèi)容的理解，考生便可以將它們略過，不中斷閱讀。如果這些詞語的意思對(duì)正確理解文章很重要，就必須根據(jù)上下文的聯(lián)系，根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法或其他方法對(duì)它們的意義進(jìn)行猜測(cè)，使之不影響對(duì)整篇文章的理解。猜測(cè)詞義通�？刹捎靡韵聨追N方法。

　　1. 利用上下文確定詞義

　　通過上下文來猜測(cè)詞意是閱讀考試中最常用的重要手段之一，聯(lián)系上下文可以幫助我們理解句子，確定詞義。下面我們通過一些實(shí)例來簡(jiǎn)要說明如何通過上下文來確定詞義。

　　例1：He is successful as a businessman because of his dynamic personality. He seems to have unlimited energy.

　　對(duì)于dynamic一詞大家可能不熟悉，下文的He seems to have unlimited energy…(他似乎有用不完的勁)就是對(duì) dynamic詞義的解釋。這樣，我們便知道該詞意為“有干勁的”。

　　例2：Sociology is the term used to describe the scientific study of human society.

　　假定sociology是一個(gè)不認(rèn)識(shí)的詞，系動(dòng)詞be后面就給出了明確的定義。這樣，我們便知道該詞意思為“社會(huì)學(xué)”。

　　例3：A first-year college or university student is commonly a 'freshman', and ‘sophomore’, 'junior’ and 'senior' des¬ignate the second—third—and fourth—year student.

　　要是對(duì)sophomore, junior 和senior幾個(gè)術(shù)語不熟悉，通過后面的對(duì)應(yīng)解釋詞語the second—third—and fourth—year student我們便不難知道它們分別是指二、三、四年級(jí)的大學(xué)生。

　　例4：The tired soldiers trudged through knee-deep mud for hours before they found a dry place to sleep.

　　通過后面的through knee-deep mud(沒膝深的泥漿)，我們知道trudged一詞的意思為與行走這一動(dòng)作有關(guān)，在泥漿中行走，也就是“跋涉”。

　　例5：When it comes to manufactured goods there is actually more diversity in this country than Europe has ever known. The variety of goods carried by our stores is the first thing that impresses any visitor from abroad.

　　第二句中的variety與句中的diversity 同義，這樣，我們便不難知道diversity的大意是“種類”或“品種”。

　　下面我們聯(lián)系上下文，試確定以下各句中斜體字的含義。

　　1. The woman and the children were skilful in boats too, but there were usually several of them in a large boat called umiak.

　　2. The doctor said that if a person ate even one leaf of the hemlock plant, he would die, because the plant is a deadly poison.

　　3. Although dogs and cats often have large families, rabbits are famous for the size of their litters, which sometimes number more than twelve bunnies at one time.

　　4. Mark became hysterical when his basketball team won, and he did not calm down for several days.

　　5. With mud from head to toe, flowers still clutched in his hand, John looked so ludicrous that we couldn’t help laughing.

　　6. A bee collects nectar not in its own stomach but in a kind of shopping bag (called the honey sac) similar to the one ants have.

　　7. Several generations ago, the world seemed to run in an or¬derly way. Now, however, everything is in a state of tur¬moil.

　　8. After the first time someone tried to rob him, the banker be¬came flustered easily, and in his confusion he would make many careless errors.

　　9. Jane was intrigued by the behavior of animals; she could sit for hours observing a bird making a nest or an ant carrying a leaf.

　　10. Some chimps are very independent and appear to be the superior members of a group; others seem to be ruled by the leaders and are quite submissive.

　　通過上串下聯(lián)，我們不難確定上述各句中斜體字的含義如下：1. umiak n. 一種大船2. hemlock n. 一種有毒植物(毒芹)3. litter n.一窩 bunnies小兔子4. hysterical a.歇斯底里，異常興奮5. ludicrous a..滑稽可笑的6. nectar n.花蜜 honey sac蜜胃7. tur¬moil n.混亂8. flustered a.慌亂的9. intrigued a.感興趣10. submissive a.順從的

　　2. 利用構(gòu)詞法確定詞義

　　通過觀察構(gòu)詞部分，分析辨認(rèn)單詞，是提高閱讀速度的技巧之一。一方面，讀者不必停下來查詞典，繼續(xù)往下讀;另一方面，也大大增加了讀者的詞匯量，讀者通過已知詞綴(包括前綴和后綴)和已知詞根就能很好地猜出生詞的含義。

　　例1：Many cancers have been arrested with the use of chemotherapy.

　　Chemotherapy 是由chemo(意為chemical)和therapy (意為treatment)，整個(gè)單詞意思就是“化學(xué)療法”。

　　例2：They overestimate the interviewee’s ability and asked turn many difficult questions.

　　overestimate =over (過分、過度)+estimate (估計(jì))。因此overestimate的詞義可猜測(cè)為“過高估計(jì)”。

　　例3：The murderer had developed a poison which could not be tasted or smelled when mixed with food. Because it was imperceptible, he was able to murder a number of people without being caught.

　　句中的imperceptible 一詞由前綴im-(非，不)+詞根percept(感知、覺察)+后綴 -ible(能……的)構(gòu)成。幾部分組合在一起，也就是“難以覺察的”之意。

　　例4：Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and *dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena. (2003考研英語第62題)

　　其中的dispassioned為超綱詞，我們可根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法dis + passion + ed知其大概意思：除掉激情的，也即是“冷靜的”。

　　3. 利用語法知識(shí)確定詞義

　　在很多情況下，各種語法知識(shí)可以幫助我們來判斷詞性、詞義。

　　例1：This set of books is for children. The first book of the sequence, which is one of the most popular series of children’s stories, is a group of stories about the inhabitants of a village.

　　假定我們不認(rèn)識(shí)sequence，利用定語從句which is one of the most popular series of children’s stories, 其中series就與sequence 同義，也就是“叢書”的意思。

　　例2：For their fishing and hunting the men used a kayak, a small boat for one person.

　　利用同位語a small boat for one person我們知道kayak是一種單人小船。

　　例3：A solar eclipse—when the moon passes between the Earth and the sun—in an unusual and interesting phenomenon that occurs rarely.

　　通過破折號(hào)解釋我們知道solar eclipse為“日食”。

　　例4：Ventilation, as we know, is a system or means of provid¬ing fresh air. It plays a very important part in the field of engineering.

　　通過后面的解釋我們知道Ventilation為“通風(fēng)，流通空氣”之意。

　　例5：The modern age of medicine began with the stethoscope, an instrument for listening to a patient’s heartbeat and breathing.

　　Stethoscope一詞大家都不熟悉，通過后面的同位語解釋an instrument for listening to a patient’s heartbeat and breathing，我們便能理解stethoscope的確切詞義，即“聽診器”或“聽筒”的意思。

　　4. 根據(jù)同義、反義關(guān)系確定詞義

　　閱讀中，特別是要注意表示反意的信號(hào)詞：in contrast, on the other hand, rather than, however, yet, although, while, unlike, but, whereas, as opposed to等，利用這些同義、反義關(guān)系，可以幫助我們確定詞義。

　　例1：My sister Mane is an optimist, while her boyfriend is one who is always gloomy and expects the worst to happen.

　　從while的轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系可知optimist意思是“one who expects the best’’, 即“樂觀的”。

　　例2：Mother was tall, fat, and middle aged. The principal of the school was an older woman, almost as plump as Mother, and much shorter.

　　根據(jù)Mother was tall, fat 以及后面as plump as的同義關(guān)系，我們知道plump為“豐滿的”之意。

　　例3：Sally liked to concoct all sorts of stories, but her mother always knew when she was lying.

　　concoct一詞大家不熟悉，根據(jù)but的轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系我們知道在此句中與was lying的含義大體相同，由此可知concoct的大概意思是“編造謊話”。

　　例4：A gorilla always makes me think of the word aloof—not friendly, of distance from others.

　　假定我們不認(rèn)識(shí)aloof一詞，破折號(hào)后的反義關(guān)系：“不友好，冷漠” 就解釋了aloof一詞的含義。

　　5. 利用邏輯推理和常識(shí)確定詞義

　　有時(shí)候，邏輯推理和自身的生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)及普通常識(shí)能幫助我們確定詞義。

　　例1：Fishes live in water and have fins which help them to swim. Most fishes have slimy skins covered with scales, but in fishes such as eels the scales are very small and can hardly be seen.

　　憑常識(shí)我們不難猜出fins, slimy和scales的確切意思分別是“鰭”、“滑溜的”和“鱗”，對(duì)于eels一詞，我們只需知道是fish的一種(鱔魚類)就行了。

　　例2：Not wanting to disturb the sleeping kitten, I gingerly lifted her from the box and put her on a blanket near the heater.

　　根據(jù)前半句的Not wanting to disturb(不愿打擾)，我們便可大致推測(cè)出gingerly一詞的含義：“小心翼翼地”。

　　例3：A mercury thermometer is made of a glass tube with a bulb at one end.

　　憑常識(shí)我們知道溫度計(jì)下面的bulb是“水銀球”。

　　例4：Most troubles can be avoided, but death and taxes are in¬evitable.

　　憑常識(shí)我們知道死亡和稅收是不可避免的(in¬evitable)事情。