倒 裝

　　倒裝語(yǔ)序有兩類: 全部倒裝和部分倒裝。

　　全部倒裝：指謂語(yǔ)部分全部提到主語(yǔ)之前;

　　部分倒裝：指謂語(yǔ)的一部分提到主語(yǔ)之前。

　　倒裝語(yǔ)序常出現(xiàn)在下列情況中:

　　1. 為避免句子部分內(nèi)容重復(fù), 英語(yǔ)中常用倒裝句,即: so (neither, nor)+be動(dòng)詞(助動(dòng)詞, 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞)+主語(yǔ)。

　　My fater is an engineer; so is my husband.

　　Jane didn’t attend my class yesterday; nor did Torris.

　　"John can’t swim." "Neither can I.""約翰不會(huì)游泳。" "我也不會(huì)。"

　　[提示]如表示贊同別人的陳述, so后面的部分不倒裝。

　　"Jim is a good-swimmer."

　　"So he is, and so is Dick."

　　2. 具有否定意義的詞或短語(yǔ)置于句首時(shí), 句子一般部分倒裝,即將be動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞提到主語(yǔ)前。這類詞或短語(yǔ)包括: not, never, seldom, hardly, rarely, scarcely, by no means, under no circumstances, in no way, at no time, no sooner…(then), hardly …(when), not only…(but also)等。

　　Never has my brother been abroad before.

　　Hardly had I sat down when I heard someone knocking at the door.

　　No sooner had he returned than he bought a fine house and went to live there.

　　At no time should you give up studying.在任何時(shí)候你都不應(yīng)放棄讀書(shū)。

　　[提示]

　　(1)如果句首的否定詞修飾主語(yǔ), 是主語(yǔ)的一部分, 則句子不用倒裝。

　　Scarcely a drop of rain fell last month.

　　(2) as或though引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句常用倒裝。一般將一些形容詞、副詞等置于句首。

　　Prominent as he is in his field, he remains easy-going.

　　Wealthy as he is, I don’t envy him.

　　3. 當(dāng)so, often, only等表示程度或頻率的副詞置于句首時(shí), 句子一般倒裝。

　　So great was the destruction that the south took decades to recovery.

　　Often does he warn us not to touch the poisonous chemicals.

　　Only in this way can we accomplish it on time.

　　4. 當(dāng)there, here, then, now等副詞置于句首, 且謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為come, go, be等詞時(shí),句子一般全部倒裝。此類倒裝句旨在引起別人注意。但如果主語(yǔ)是代詞。句子則不倒裝。

　　Look! Here comes the taxi.

　　Here are some letters for you to type.

　　Then came the chairman.

　　5. 當(dāng)out, in, away, up, bang等方位或擬聲詞置于句首時(shí), 句子一般全部倒裝。此類倒裝句比正常程序的句子的更生動(dòng)、形象。但如主語(yǔ)是代詞, 句子則不倒裝。

　　Away flew the bird.

　　Bang goes my ace.

　　Away she went.

　　Ahe

　　虛擬語(yǔ)氣

　　表示對(duì)不可能發(fā)生的事實(shí)的一種假設(shè);或?qū)σ呀?jīng)發(fā)生過(guò)的事實(shí)進(jìn)行一種相反情況的假設(shè);

　　一、虛擬式用于非真實(shí)條件句時(shí)的構(gòu)成

　　If I had time, I would go to the movies with you.

　　If we hadn’t made adequate preparations, the conference, wouldn’t have been so successful.

　　If it were to rain tomorrow, the game would be put off.

　　[提示]

　　1. 在非真實(shí)條件句中, 有時(shí)從句的動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作和主句的動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作并不同時(shí)發(fā)生,這樣的條件句中使用的虛擬式稱為混合虛擬式。其構(gòu)成視具體情況而定。

　　If I had taken my raincoat when I came out this morning, I would not be wet now.

　　If I were you, I wouldn’t have missed the film last night.

　　2. 當(dāng)虛擬條件句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞含有were, should, had時(shí)，if可以省略，這時(shí)條件從句要用倒裝語(yǔ)序，即將were, should, had等詞置于句首，這種多用于書(shū)面語(yǔ)

　　If I were you, I wouldn’t feel sorry.

　　→Were I you, I wouldn’t feel sorry.

　　3. 有些句子從表層結(jié)構(gòu)上看無(wú)if引導(dǎo)的非真實(shí)條件句, 但從深層意思上看是存在的。這種情況下主句動(dòng)詞仍需用虛擬式。這類句子中常出現(xiàn)without(如果沒(méi)有), but for(要不是),otherwise(否則), but that(若不, 后接一從句)等詞或詞組。

　　But for your help, they couldn’t have succeeded.

　　要不是你的幫助, 他們就不會(huì)取得成功。

　　She wasn’t feeling well. Otherwise she wouldn’t have left the meeting so early.

　　她感不舒服。不然她不會(huì)那么早就離開(kāi)會(huì)場(chǎng)的。

　　二、虛擬式也可用于其他情況

　　1. 在it’s necessary (important, natural, essential, proposed, required, suggested, impossible, strange) that…引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句中動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用虛擬式,

　　表示必要、應(yīng)該、建議、要求、驚訝、不相信等意。

　　It’s necessary that we (should) set out at once.

　　It’s proposed that a committee (should) be set up to look into the matter.

　　It’s only natural that you should be nervous. 你感到緊張是很自然的。

　　The dentist suggested that she (should) come another day.

　　It is highly important that we (should) combine revolutionary sweep with

　　practicalness. "對(duì)我們來(lái)說(shuō),把革命氣概和實(shí)際精神結(jié)合起來(lái)是很重要的。"

　　It is impossible that he should have missed the train. 他不可能誤車。

　　It’s strange that he should have failed in the exam.

　　2. 一想要(desire)二寧愿(prefer)三命令(order. command)四建議(advice. suggest. propose)五要求(demand. require. request. desire.insist)中，無(wú)論主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為何種時(shí)態(tài)，從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞都用：“should + 動(dòng)詞原形”或只用“動(dòng)詞原形”。

　　I suggest that we (should) go camping tomorrow.

　　He insisted that our laboratory reports (should) be handed in the day afterthe experiment was done. 他堅(jiān)持要求我們?cè)谧鐾陮?shí)驗(yàn)后第二天將實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告交上來(lái)。

　　He asked that they (should) be allowed to use a dictionary.他要求準(zhǔn)許他們用詞典。

　　The director required that we should work all night主任要求我們通宵工作。

　　The mayor ordered that free food be distributed.市長(zhǎng)命令發(fā)放免費(fèi)食品。

　　The boss demanded that Mary (should) finish it within a week.老板要求瑪麗在一周內(nèi)完成它。

　　I propose we should have another meeting. 我提議我們?cè)匍_(kāi)一次會(huì)議。

　　I command that he go at once.我命令他立即就去

　　注意,以上句中insist意為“堅(jiān)持要求”。如insist作“堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為”解, 則不需用虛擬式。

　　He insisted that he was right.

　　他堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為他是對(duì)的。

　　3. 虛擬式可用于wish后的賓語(yǔ)從句中, 表示與事實(shí)相反的愿望。

　　a、表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的愿望，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式

　　eg. I wish I had your brains.

　　我希望我有你那樣的頭腦。(事實(shí)：我根本比不上你)

　　b、表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的愿望，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞：had+done

　　eg. I wish I had known the truth of the matter.

　　我希望我原來(lái)知道這件事的真相。(事實(shí)：原來(lái)不知道)

　　c、表示將來(lái)難以實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望

　　謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞：should/would + 動(dòng)詞原形

　　eg. I wish I should have a chance again.

　　我希望我還能有一次這樣的機(jī)會(huì)。(事實(shí)：很難再有這樣的機(jī)會(huì)了)

　　4. It’s (high, about) time that…的句型要求用虛擬式, 表示應(yīng)該做還沒(méi)做的事。((時(shí)節(jié))正盛的;(時(shí)機(jī))成熟的)

　　It’s high time that he stopped smoking.

　　It is high time you made up your mind.你該拿主意了。

　　It’s about time that we took our leave.

　　5. 在I would rather, had rather, would sooner后的賓語(yǔ)從句中, 動(dòng)詞也要求用虛擬式, 表示與客觀事實(shí)不相符的一種愿望。

　　過(guò)去 had + 過(guò)去分詞

　　現(xiàn)在 過(guò)去時(shí)(be 用were )

　　將來(lái) 過(guò)去時(shí)(be 用were )

　　I’d rather you left tomorrow instead of today.

　　I’d rather he hadn’t done anything like that.

　　6. 在as if (though) 引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句中, 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有時(shí)用虛擬式。

　　She looks as if she knew all about it.

　　They talked as though they had got acquainted with each other for years.

　　ad sat an old woman.

　　語(yǔ) 態(tài)

　　被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)常用于下列幾種情況:

　　一、動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者無(wú)需指出或不明確時(shí)

　　Printing was introduced into Europe from China.

　　Rome was not built in a day.

　　二、為了強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者

　　Four people were killed and thirty-one injured in the bomb attack.

　　Susan was singled out for praise yesterday.

　　三、為了修辭的需要

　　He started to complain about this wicked world but was interrupted by a knock at the door.

　　Yesterday he visited our university and was welcomed by the President.

　　[提示]

　　1. 除及物動(dòng)詞外, 一些相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也可作用被動(dòng)態(tài)形式, 除個(gè)別情況外, 短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般不拆開(kāi)使用。

　　This matter will be dealt with as soon as possible.(短語(yǔ))

　　2. 不及物動(dòng)詞(或相當(dāng)于一個(gè)不及物動(dòng)詞的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞)和表示狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞(或短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞)無(wú)被動(dòng)態(tài)形式, 如happen, rise, occur, take place, break out等; 以及l(fā)ack, fit, suit, equal, become, resemble, befall, consist of, look like等。

　　The story took place in 1949.

　　3. 將主動(dòng)態(tài)形式改為被動(dòng)態(tài)形式時(shí)如遇到動(dòng)詞后跟雙賓語(yǔ)的情況, 我們只能將其中之一變成主語(yǔ), 另一個(gè)保持不變。當(dāng)直接賓語(yǔ)變成主語(yǔ)時(shí), 保持在原位的間接賓語(yǔ)前需加介詞to。

　　I gave my husband a tie as a birthday present.

　　→My husband was given a tie as a birthday present.

　　→A tie was given to my husband as a birthday present.