1.Simile 明喻
明喻是將具有共性的不同事物作對(duì)比。這種共性存在于人們的心里,而不是事物的自然屬性。
標(biāo)志詞常用 like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等。
例如:
1).He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow.
2).I wandered lonely as a cloud.
3).Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale.
2.Metaphor 隱喻,暗喻
隱喻是簡(jiǎn)縮了的明喻,是將某一事物的名稱用于另一事物,通過(guò)比較形成。
例如:
1).Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper.
2).Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.
3.Metonymy 借喻,轉(zhuǎn)喻
借喻不直接說(shuō)出所要說(shuō)的事物,而使用另一個(gè)與之相關(guān)的事物名稱。
I、以容器代替內(nèi)容,例如:
1).The kettle boils.
水開(kāi)了。
2).The room sat silent.
全屋人安靜地坐著。
II、以資料。工具代替事物的名稱,例如:
Lend me your ears, please.
請(qǐng)聽(tīng)我說(shuō)。
III、以作者代替作品,例如:
a complete Shakespeare 莎士比亞全集
VI、以具體事物代替抽象概念,例如:
I had the muscle, and they made money out of it.
我有力氣,他們就用我的力氣賺錢。
4.Synecdoche 提喻
提喻用部分代替全體,或用全體代替部分,或特殊代替一般。
例如:
1).There are about 100 hands working in his factory.
(部分代整體)他的廠里約有100名工人。
2).He is the Newton of this century.
(特殊代一般)他是本世紀(jì)的牛頓。
3).The fox goes very well with your cap.
(整體代部分)這狐皮圍脖與你的帽子很相配。
5.Synaesthesia 通感,聯(lián)覺(jué),移覺(jué)
這種修辭法是以視。聽(tīng).觸。嗅.味等感覺(jué)直接描寫事物。通感就是把不同感官的感覺(jué)溝通起來(lái),借聯(lián)想引起感覺(jué)轉(zhuǎn)移,“以感覺(jué)寫感覺(jué)”。
例如:
1).The birds sat upon a tree and poured forth their lily like voice.
(用視覺(jué)形容聽(tīng)覺(jué),鳥(niǎo)落在樹(shù)上,由它發(fā)出的聲音聯(lián)想到百合花)
鳥(niǎo)兒落在樹(shù)上,傾瀉出百合花似的聲音。
2).Taste the music of Mozart.
(用嗅覺(jué)形容聽(tīng)覺(jué))品嘗Mozart的音樂(lè)。
6.Personification 擬人
擬人是把生命賦予無(wú)生命的事物。
例如:
1).The night gently lays her hand at our fevered heads.
(把夜擬人化)
2).I was very happy and could hear the birds singing in the woods.
(把鳥(niǎo)擬人化)
7.Hyperbole 夸張
夸張是以言過(guò)其實(shí)的說(shuō)法表達(dá)強(qiáng)調(diào)的目的。它可以加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)勢(shì),增加表達(dá)效果。.
例如:
1).I beg a thousand pardons.
2).Love you. You are the whole world to me, and the moon and the stars.
3).When she heard the bad news, a river of tears poured out.
8.Parallelism 排比, 平行
這種修辭法是把兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的結(jié)構(gòu)大體相同或相似,意思相關(guān),語(yǔ)氣一致的短語(yǔ)。句子排列成串,形成一個(gè)整體。
例如:
1).No one can be perfectly free till all are free; no one can be perfectly moral till all are moral; no one can be perfectly happy till all are happy.
2).In the days when all these things are to be answered for, I summon you and yours, to the last of your bad race, to answer for them. In the days when all these things are to be answered for, I summon your brother, the worst of your bad race, to answer for them separately.
9.Euphemism 委婉,婉辭法
婉辭法指用委婉,文雅的方法表達(dá)粗惡,避諱的話。
例如:
1).He is out visiting the necessary. 他出去方便一下。
2).His relation with his wife has not been fortunate. 他與妻子關(guān)系不融洽。
3).Deng Xiaoping passed away in 1997. (去世)
10.Allegory 諷喻,比方(原意“寓言”)
建立在假借過(guò)去或別處的事例與對(duì)象之上,傳達(dá)暗示,影射或者譏諷現(xiàn)世各種現(xiàn)象的含義。
例如:
1).Make the hay while the sun shines.
表層含義:趁著出太陽(yáng)的時(shí)候曬草
真正意味:趁熱打鐵
2).It's time to turn plough into sword.
表層含義:是時(shí)候把犁變成劍
11.Irony 反語(yǔ)
反語(yǔ)指用相反意義的詞來(lái)表達(dá)意思的作文方式。如在指責(zé)過(guò)失。錯(cuò)誤時(shí),用贊同過(guò)失的說(shuō)法,而在表?yè)P(yáng)時(shí),則近乎責(zé)難的說(shuō)法。
例如:
1).It would be a fine thing indeed not knowing what time it was in the morning.
早上沒(méi)有時(shí)間觀念還真是一件好事啊(真實(shí)含義是應(yīng)該明確早上的時(shí)間觀念)
2)."Of course, you only carry large notes, no small change on you. "the waiter said to the beggar.
12.Pun 雙關(guān)
雙關(guān)就是用一個(gè)詞在句子中的雙重含義,借題發(fā)揮。作出多種解釋,旁敲側(cè)擊,從而達(dá)到意想不到的幽默�;Ч�。它主要以相似的詞形。詞意和諧音的方式出現(xiàn)。
例如:
1).She is too low for a high praise, too brown for a fair praise and too little for a great praise.
2).An ambassador is an honest man who lies abroad for the good of his country.
3).If we don't hang together, we shall hang separately.
13.Parody 仿擬
這是一種模仿名言。警句.諺語(yǔ),改動(dòng)其中部分詞語(yǔ),從而使其產(chǎn)生新意的修辭。
例如:
1).Rome was not built in a day, nor in a year.
2).A friend in need is a friend to be avoided.
3).If you give a girl an inch nowadays she will make address of it.
14.Rhetorical question 修辭疑問(wèn)(反問(wèn))
它與疑問(wèn)句的不同在于它并不以得到答復(fù)為目的,而是以疑問(wèn)為手段,取得修辭上的效果,其特點(diǎn)是:肯定問(wèn)句表示強(qiáng)烈否定,而否定問(wèn)句表示強(qiáng)烈的肯定。它的答案往往是不言而喻的。
例如:
1).How was it possible to walk for an hour through the woods and see nothing worth of note?
2).Shall we allow those untruths to go unanswered?
15.Antithesis 對(duì)照,對(duì)比,對(duì)偶
這種修辭指將意義完全相反的語(yǔ)句排在一起對(duì)比的一種修辭方法。
例如:
1).Not that I loved Caeser less but that I loved Romemore.
2).You are staying; I am going.
3).Give me liberty, or give me death.
16.Paradox 雋語(yǔ)
這是一種貌似矛盾,但包含一定哲理的意味深長(zhǎng)的說(shuō)法,是一種矛盾修辭法。.
例如:
1).More haste, less speed.
欲速則不達(dá)。
2).The child is the father to the man.
(童年時(shí)代可決定人之未來(lái))三歲看大,四歲看老。
17.Oxymoron 反意法,逆喻
這也是一種矛盾修辭法,用兩種不相調(diào)和的特征形容一個(gè)事物,以不協(xié)調(diào)的搭配使讀者領(lǐng)悟句中微妙的含義。
例如:
1).No light, but rather darkness visible.
沒(méi)有光亮,黑暗卻清晰可見(jiàn)。
2).The state of this house is cheer
less welcome.
18.Climax 漸進(jìn)法,層進(jìn)法
這種修辭是將一系列詞語(yǔ)按照意念的大小。輕重.深淺。高低等逐層漸進(jìn),最后達(dá)到頂點(diǎn)�?梢栽鰪�(qiáng)語(yǔ)勢(shì),逐漸加深讀者印象。
例如:
1).I am sorry, I am so sorry, I am so extremely sorry.
2).Eye had not seen nor ear heard, and nothing had touched his heart of stone.
19.Anticlimax 漸降法
與climax相反的一種修辭法,將一系列詞語(yǔ)由大到小,由強(qiáng)到弱地排列。
例如:
1).On his breast he wears his decorations, at his side a sword, on his feet a pair of boots.
2).The duties of a soldier are to protect his country and peel potatoes.
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