考研英語試題及解答

來源：不詳時(shí)間：2006-11-19 22:49:28

Section Ⅰ Use of English

Directions:

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

There is virtually no limit to how one can serve community interests, from spending a few hours a week with some charitable organization to practically full-time work for a social agency. Just as there are opportunities for voluntary service 1 (VSO) for young people before they take up full-time employment, 2 there are opportunities for overseas service for 3 technicians in developing countries. Some people, 4 those who retire early, 5 their technical and business skills in countries 6 there is a special need.
So in considering voluntary or 7 community service, there are more opportunities than there 8 were when one first began work. Most voluntary organizations have only a small full-time 9 , and depend very much on volunteers and part-timers. This means that working relationships are different from those in commercial organizations, and values may be different. 10 some ways they may seem more casual and less efficient, but one should not 11 them by commercial criteria. The people who work with them do so for different reasons and with different 12 , both personal and 13 . One should not join them 14 to arm them with professional experience; they must be joined with commitment to the 15 , not business efficiency. Because salaries are 16 or non-existent many voluntary bodies offer modest expense. But many retired people take part in community service for 17 , simply because they enjoy the work.
Many community activities possible 18 retirement were also possible during one’s working life but they are to be undertaken 19 seriously for that. Retired people who are just looking for something different or unusual to do should not consider 20 community service.

1. [A] oversea [B] over sea[C] over seas [D] overseas

2. [A] as [B] so [C] then [D] that

3. [A] quantity [B] qualifying [C] quality [D] qualified

4. [A] partially [B] partly [C] particularly [D] passionately

5. [A] order [B] operate [C] offer [D] occupy

6. [A] which [B] where [C] as [D] that

7. [A] paying [B] paid [C] to be paid [D] pay

8. [A] before [B] lately [C] never [D] ever
9. [A] team [B] number [C] staff [D] crowd

10. [A] In [B] By [C] With [D] Through

11. [A] look at [B] comment [C] enjoy [D] judge

12. [A] subjective [B] subject [C] objectives [D] objects

13. [A] organization [B] organizational [C] organized [D] organizing

14. [A] expecting [B] to expect [C] being expected [D] expected

15. [A] course [B] cause [C] case [D] caution

16. [A] little [B] small [C] large [D] big

17. [A] free [B] freedom [C] money [D] something

18. [A] before [B] on [C] in [D] at

19. [A] much [B] very much [C] no more [D] no less

20. [A] to be taken [B] to take [C] taking [D] being taken

Section ⅡReading Comprehension

Part A

Directions:

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)

Text 1
A class action lawsuit has been filed against a prominent Toronto doctor, by patients who allege he injected a banned substance into their faces for cosmetic purposes. The doctor had already been investigated more than three years ago for using the liquid silicone, a product not authorized for use in Canada.
Some patients say they are now suffering health problems and think the liquid silicone may be to blame. One of those patients is Anna Barbiero. She says her Toronto dermatologist told her he was using liquid silicone to smooth out wrinkles. What she says he didn’t tell her is that it isn’t approved for use in Canada. “I didn’t know what liquid silicone was and he just called it ‘liquid gold’.” Barbiero remembers. After her last treatment, Anna discovered Dr. Sheldon Pollack had
been ordered to stop using the silicone two years earlier by Health Canada. Experts say silicone can migrate through the body, and cause inflammation and deformities.
“My upper lip is always numb and it burns,” Barbiero says. Barbiero is spearheading a lawsuit against the doctor, who her lawyer thinks might involve up to 100 patients injected with the same material. “The fact, a physician of his stature would use an unauthorized product on a patient because he thought it was okay, is really very disturbing, ”says lawyer Douglas Elliott.
Ontario’s College of Physicians and Surgeons （OCPS） is also investigating Dr. Pollack to see if, in fact, he continued to use the silicone after agreeing to stop and whether he wrote in patient records that he used another legal product when he had used silicone. However, in a letter to the College, Dr. Pollack wrote that he had always told patients that the silicone was not approved for sale in Canada, and had warned them of the risks. And in Barbiero’s case, “... at the time of her first visit, prior to her ever receiving IGLS treatment, I specifically informed her that the material was not approved for sale in Canada by the Health Protection Branch and that I did receive the material from outside the country ... I would like to emphasize that, as is evident on Ms. Barbiero’s chart, I drew a specific diagram on the chart which I carefully discussed with and explained to Ms. Barbiero as I do with every other patient to explain the nature and likelihood of possible complications and the reasons and consequences of those possible complications.”
Dr. Pollack declined to speak to CTV News, or to have his lawyer discuss the case. None of the allegations have been proven in court. But the case raises questions about the ability of governing bodies to monitor doctors. “There’s a larger message and that is: buyer beware,” says Nancy Neilsen of Cosmetic Surgery Canada. “It’s incumbent on consumers to do their research.”

21. Doctor Sheldon Pollack was charged that

［A］ he had prescribed wrong medicine for patients by mistake

［B］ he had treated his patients with something illegal, causing bad result

［C］ he had pretended to be a prominent surgeon

［D］ he had sold an unauthorized product in large amount

22. It can be learned from the second paragraph that “dermatologist” must be a doctor dealing with.

［A］ heart disease［B］ eye disease

［C］ breathing disorder ［D］ disorder and disease of the skin

23. The investigation of OCPS is to find 

［A］ whether he still has illegal treatment on his patients

［B］ how many patients have been abused
［C］ if he told his patients about the risk
［D］ how much money he got from his illegal treatment
24. Which of the following is true according to the passage?
［A］ Barbiero took the treatment after being told the risk.
［B］ Dr. Sheldon Pollack started his work with the patients’ agreement to accept the potential risk.
［C］ A famous doctor should be authorized to use something he thinks okay on patients.
［D］ Barbiero is suffering a lot.
25. From the ending part of the passage, we can conclude that 
［A］ Barbiero will win the lawsuit
［B］ Dr. Sheldon Pollack will win the lawsuit
［C］ the cases have been dismissed
［D］ governing bodies to monitor doctor will be charged
Text2
What our society suffers from most today is the absence of consensus about what it and life in it ought to be; such consensus cannot be gained from society’s present stage, or from fantasies about what it ought to be. For that the present is too close and too diversified, and the future too uncertain, to make believable claims about it. A consensus in the present hence can be achieved only through a shared understanding of the past, as Homer’s epics informed those who lived centuries later what it meant to be Greek, and by what images and ideals they were to live their lives and organize their societies.
Most societies derive consensus from a long history, a language all their own, a common religion, common ancestry. The myths by which they live are based on all of these. But the United States is a country of immigrants, coming from a great variety of nations. Lately, it has been emphasized that an asocial, narcissistic personality has become characteristic of Americans, and that it is this type of personality that makes for the lack of well-being, because it prevents us from achieving consensus that would counteract a tendency to withdraw into private worlds. In this study of narcissism, Christopher Lash says that modern man, “tortured by self-consciousness, turns to new therapies not to free himself of his personal worries but to find meaning and purpose in life, to find something to live for”. There is widespread distress because national morale has declined, and we have lost an earlier sense of national vision and purpose.
Contrary to rigid religions or political beliefs, as are found in totalitarian societies, our culture is one of the great individual differences, at least in principle and in theory; but this leads to disunity, even chaos. Americans believe in the value of diversity, but just because our is a society based on individual diversity, it needs consensus about some dominating ideas more than societies based on uniform origin of their citizens. Hence, if we are to have consensus, it must be based on a myth—a vision about a common experience, a conquest that made us Americans, as the myth about the conquest of Troy formed the Greeks. Only a common myth can offer relief from the fear that life is without meaning or purpose. Myths permit us to examine our place in the world by comparing it to a shared idea. Myths are shared fantasies that form the tie that binds the individual to other members of his group. Such myths help to ward off feelings of isolations, guilt, anxiety, and purposelessness—in short, they combat isolation and the breakdown of social standards and values.
26.In the eyes of the author, the greatest trouble with the US society may lie in
[A] the non-existence of consensus on the forms of the society should take
[B] the lack of divergence over the common organizations of social life
[C] the non-acceptance of a society based on individual diversity
[D] the pervasive distress caused by national morale decline
27.The asocial personality of Americans may stem from
[A] the absence of a common religion and ancestry
[B] the multiracial constituents of the US society
[C] the want of a shared myths they possess in life
[D] the counterbalance to narcissistic personality
28.Homer’s epics is mentioned in Paragraph 1 in order to
[A] exemplify the contributions made by ancient poets
[B] illustrate the role of shared fantasies about society
[C] show an ideal stage of eternal social progress
[D] make known myths of what a society ought to be
29.The author concludes that only shared myths can help Americans
[A] to bring about the uniformity of their culture
[B] to regain their consensus about a common experience
[C] to stay away from negative feelings in their life
[D] to counteract the effects of consensus about society
30.It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that Christopher Lash is most probably
[A] a reform advocate[B] a senior psychologist
[C] a reputed poet[D] a social historian
Text 3
Earthquake survivors trapped in rubble could one day be saved by an unlikely rescuer：a robotic caterpillar that burrows its way through debris. Just a few centimeters wide, the robot relies on magnetic fields to propel it through the kind of tiny crevices that would foil the wheeled or tracked search robots currently used to locate people trapped in collapsed buildings.
The caterpillar’s inventor, Norihiko Saga of Akita Prefectural University in Japan, will demonstrate his new method of locomotion at a conference on magnetic materials in Seattle. In addition to lights and cameras, a search caterpillar could be equipped with an array of sensors to measure other factors—such as radioactivity or oxygen levels—that could tell human rescuers if an area is safe to enter.
The magnetic caterpillar is amazingly simple. It moves by a process similar to peristalsis, the rhythmic contraction that moves food down your intestine. Saga made the caterpillar from a series of rubber capsules filled with a magnetic fluid consisting of iron particles, water, and a detergent-like surfactant, which reduces the surface tension of the fluid. Each capsule is linked to the next by a pair of rubber rods. The caterpillar’s guts are wrapped in a clear, flexible polymer tube that protects it from the environment.
To make the caterpillar move forwards, Saga moves a magnetic field backwards along the caterpillar. Inside the caterpillar’s “head” capsule, magnetic fluid surges towards the attractive magnetic field, causing the capsule to bulge out to the sides and draw its front and rear portions up. As the magnetic field passes to the next capsule, the first breaks free and springs forward and the
next capsule bunches up. In this way, the caterpillar can reach speeds of 4 centimeters per second as it crawls along.
Moving the magnetic field faster can make it traverse the caterpillar before all the capsules have sprung back to their original shapes. The segments then all spring back, almost but not quite simultaneously.
Saga plans to automate the movement of the caterpillar by placing electromagnets at regular intervals along the inside of its polymer tube. By phasing the current flow to the electromagnets, he’ll be able to control it wirelessly via remote control. He also needs to find a new type of rubber for the magnetic capsules, because the one he’s using at the minute eventually begins to leak.
But crawling is not the most efficient form of locomotion for robots, says Robert Full of the University of California at Berkeley, an expert in animal motion who occasionally advises robotics designers. “If you look at the energetic cost of crawling, compared to walking, swimming or flying, crawling is very expensive,” he says. Walking, on the other every step, energy is conserved in the foot and then released to help the foot spring up.
Saga acknowledges this inefficiency but says his caterpillar is far more stable than one that walks, rolls on wheels or flies. It has no moving parts save for a few fluid-filled rubber capsules. Biped robots and wheeled robots require a smooth surface and are difficult to miniaturize, and flying robots have too many moving parts. “My peristaltic crawling robot is simple—and it works,” he says.

31. From this passage, we can learn that
[A] A robotic caterpillar can crawl by a pair of rubber rods
[B] When a caterpillar moves, the magnetic field moves backwards along it
[C] The environment couldn’t influence a robotic caterpillar’s guts, which are wrapped in a capsule
[D] Crawling is very stable and efficient, and when it moves, only a few elements are needed
32. According to this passage, which is not TRUE about the construction of the robotic caterpillar?
[A] A robotic caterpillar is made from a series of rubber capsules filled with a magnetic fluid.
[B] Iron particles, water, and a detergent-like surfactant form a magnetic fluid.
[C] Each capsule filled with a magnetic fluid is linked to a pair of rubber rods.
[D] In order to keep stable condition, the caterpillar’s guts are wrapped in a clear, flexible polymer tube.
33. The meaning of the word “peristalsis” in paragraph three is similar to.
[A] swimming [B] flying [C] crawling [D] walking
34. Comparing the robotic caterpillar and the other robots, which of the following is not true?
[A] A smooth surface is indispensable to biped robots and wheeled robots.
[B] Flying robots are very inconvenient when moving, because they have too many moving parts.
[C] The robotic caterpillar only has rubber capsules filled with a magnetic fluid.
[D] It’s incapable for wheeled robots to locate trapped people because they are impossible to miniaturize.
35. The passage is mainly about
[A] why a robotic caterpillar can find trapped people
[B] how a robotic caterpillar work
[C] the instruction of the magnetic caterpillar
[D] how a robotic caterpillar peristalsis
Text 4
When a disease of epidemic proportions rips into the populace, scientists immediately get to work, trying to locate the source of the affliction and find ways to combat it. Oftentimes, success is achieved, as medical science is able to isolate the parasite, germ or cell that causes the problem and finds ways to effectively kill or contain it. In the most serious of cases, in which the entire population of a region or country may be at grave risk, it is deemed necessary to protect the entire population through vaccination, so as to safeguard lives and ensure that the disease will not spread.
The process of vaccination allows the patient’s body to develop immunity to the virus or disease so that, if it is encountered, one can ward it off naturally. To accomplish this, a small weak or dead strain of the disease is actually injected into the patient in a controlled environment, so that his body’s immune system can learn to fight the invader properly. Information on how to penetrate the disease’s defenses is transmitted to all elements of the patient’s immune system in a process that occurs naturally, in which genetic information is passed from cell to cell. This makes sure that, should the patient later come into contact with the real problem, his body is well equipped and trained to deal with it, having already done so before.
There are dangers inherent in the process, however. On occasion, even the weakened version of the disease contained in the vaccine proves too much for the body to handle, resulting in the immune system succumbing, and, therefore, the patient’s death. Such is the case of the smallpox vaccine, designed to eradicate the smallpox epidemic that nearly wiped out the entire Native American population and killed massive numbers of settlers. Approximately 1 in 10,000 people who receives the vaccine contract the smallpox disease from the vaccine itself and dies from it. Thus, if the entire population of the United States were to receive the Smallpox Vaccine today, 3000 Americans would be left dead.
Fortunately, the smallpox virus was considered eradicated in the early 1970s, ending the mandatory vaccination of all babies in America. In the event of a re-introduction of the disease, however, mandatory vaccinations may resume, resulting in more unexpected deaths from vaccination. The process, which is truly a mixed blessing, may indeed hide some hidden curses.
36.The best title for the text may be
[A] “Vaccinations: A Blessing or A Curse”
[B] “Principles of Vaccinations”
[C] “Vaccines: Methods and Implications”
[D] “A Miracle Cure Under Attack”
37.What does the example of the Smallpox Vaccine illustrate?
[A] The possible negative outcome of administering vaccines.
[B] The practical use of a vaccine to control an epidemic disease.
[C] The effectiveness of vaccines in eradicating certain disease.
[D] The method by which vaccines are employed against the disease.
38.The phrase “ward it off naturally” (Paragraph 2) most probably means
[A] dispose of it naturally [B] fight it off with ease
[C] see to it reluctantly [D] split it up properly
39.Which of the following is true according to the text?
[A] Saving the majority would necessarily justify the death of the minority.
[B] The immune system can be trained to fight weaker versions of a disease.
[C] Mandatory vaccinations are indispensable to the survival of the populace.
[D] The process of vaccination remains a mystery to be further resolved.
40.The purpose of the author in writing this passage is
[A] to comment and criticize [B] to demonstrate and argue
[C] to interest and entertain[D] to explain and inform
Part B
Sample one
Directions:
In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
We are seeing a series of paradoxes at the turn of the millennium. On the one hand, globalization means that national frontiers are becoming increasingly meaningless, but on the other, we are being swept by a wave of parochialism, with countries clinging to the notion of sovereignty.41）But there are so many factors in the world that make this position increasingly meaningless. Governments no longer have complete control over their economic and monetary policies, and many multinationals now have greater profits than individual country’s GDP.
The end of the cold war has brought its own dangers and we need to find a new balance of power in the world. It has also spawned many conflicts. Governments must be prepared to surrender some authority to global and regional institutions or we risk world disorder. It is tragic that, just when we need a strong international organization, the United Nations is starved of funds and often sidelined by its own member states. What happened in East Timor was unforgivable because it was foreseeable. Angola has been another sad instance of international vacillation. 42）
I do think world war is less likely for the present, although I worry about the proliferation of nuclear weapons at one end and lethal small arms at the other. 43）
Another worry stems from the huge economic imbalances in a world where the richest 20 per cent have 86 per cent of global GDP, and the 20 poorest countries only one per cent.
Humanitarian aid is no more than a palliative. 44）The international implications of, for example, the collapse of Africa are unthinkable. There must be a new concept of security based not just on military and defense matters but on economic and social concerns too. 45）
The global pendulum has swung too far towards a total dependence on market forces, but finding some point of balance in the middle is extremely difficult. I am by nature optimistic, but in my gloomier moments I sometimes think the only solution will be an invasion from outer space-then at last everyone would unite!
［A］As long as more than a million people continue to live in direct poverty we can never hope to achieve national or international stability.
［B］We need an international body with teeth-morally and in action. Perhaps the UN should be given its own force.
［C］ Many members of the UN have only become nation states in the last few decades, so I can understand why they are so keen to hang on to their independence.
［D］It is terrifying the way that power is increasingly disseminated to small, completely ruthless groups like terrorists, drug traffickers and local warlords. The great imponderable is that some nut
could create a nuclear explosion. Or that some essentially local conflict could escalate out of control. You cannot isolate instability: it gets exported.
［E］The mainly purpose of founding the United Nations is preventing aggressions and wars. It is hard to attribute the success to the United Nations although no new world war broke out since its establishment. The United Nations is always helpless of preventing the regional wars.
［F］The notion of sovereignty is more and more strong while the influence of the United Nations is weaker and weaker.
［G］Western countries must increase their development aid programmes, not out of charity but for reasons of self-interest.
Sample Two
Directions:
The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G to fill in each numbered box. The first and the last paragraphs have been placed for you in Boxes. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
[A] But the latest big revision to the statistics, published by the Commerce Department at the end of July, told a different story. It showed that personal savings rates are still on a downward trend, and have fallen particularly sharply in the past 18 months.
[B] Bill Clinton likes to boast that

America

’s economy is in its best shape for 30 years. In many ways he is right: the expansion has hummed along for more than six years, inflation is low, and unemployment has tumbled to 4.8%, a level not seen since the 1960s. Yet there is one glaring difference between today’s economy and the glory days of a generation ago: saving, or rather the lack of it.
[C] Personal saving is only one factor in

America

’s overall rate of thrift. Firms make a contribution through corporate saving (in fact, many economists reckon the distinction between household and corporate saving is a rather arbitrary one), and the government, too, plays a big role. The bigger the deficit, the more it drags down overall savings rates.
[D] At one level, this revision cleared up a bit of a mystery. Economists had been surprised at the lack of a “wealth effect”: people did not seem to be spending much more, despite huge appreciation in the value of their stock market assets. The new statistics show much higher consumption.
[E] The picture is not pretty. Since the mid-1970s the long-trend in household saving has been downwards. Recently it appeared that this picture might be changing: personal saving rates in the mid-1990s appeared flat, or even on a slightly upward trend.
[F] Last year Americans put only 4.3% of their disposable income in the piggy bank, just about half as much as their parents salted away in 1967. Unless this trend towards profligacy is stemmed, and preferably reversed,

America

’s “miracle economy” will rest on shaky foundations. Less obvious, however, is how to do it.
[G] A decade ago,

America

’s abysmal savings rates could be explained to a large extent by government profligacy. But now that the big and deficit has been tamed, and which the prospect of a balanced budget by 2002, it is time to turn attention to Americans themselves.
Order:
B→
41→
42→
43→
44→
45→
D
Sample Three
Directions:
You are going to read a text about stupidity for dummies, followed by a list of examples. Choose the best example from the list AF for each numbered subheading (4145). There is one extra example which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Sternberg, an expert in intelligence testing, contends that, contrary to public belief, stupidity is not the opposite of smartness. He points out that many of the singularly idiotic acts that come to public attention are the work of people who are, in fact, highly intelligent. He argues instead that stupidity is more properly viewed as the opposite of wisdom-which he sees as the ability to apply knowledge to achieve a common good. His “imbalance theory of foolishness” suggests that there are aspects of life as a smart person that actually foster stupidity. Which is to say, it sometimes takes a really smart person to do something truly stupid. Sternberg recently took the time to answer some of our stupid questions.
（41）What attracted you to the study of stupidity?
The roots of the book were in my wondering about what’s up with people who have very high intelligence in the traditional sense, but seem to be out to lunch in another sense.
（42）The difference between stupidity, foolishness, dumbness and, say, plain boneheadedness:
The book is really about foolishness, which is the opposite of wisdom. There are many smart people who are unwise.
（43）Do you see stupidity as an objective behavior or ,as one of your contributors does, a subjective judgment that reflects more on the observer?
Stupidity is not in the behavior, nor in the eyes of the observer. It is in the interaction between the person and the situation. Different kinds of situations elicit different behavior from people.
（44）“The best way to avoid stupidity is not to be afraid of looking stupid”
People often fail to learn because they do not want to look stupid. As a result, they make or repeat mistakes they could have avoided.
（45）Of course, some would suggest that certain stupid behaviors are categorizable as something else. Some would say philandering or shoplifting, for example, are products of something other than stupidity.
I think it is a combination of the fallacies I mentioned: Egocentrism, omniscience, omnipotence and invulnerability. Many smart people are philanderers.
Everyone has weaknesses. The issue in terms of the book is what they do about these weaknesses—whether they find ways to make up for them or whether they allow them to destroy their lives.
[A] The foolish part is in the belief that one need only consider one’s own feelings about the matter and not the feelings of others, especially the partner (egocentrism); that it is not okay for others but that one knows all about these things so it is all right for oneself (omniscience); that one can basically do whatever one wants because of who one is (omnipotence); and that, unlike others suckers, one never will get caught (invulnerability).
[B] How did Richard Nixon ever get involved in Watergate and the subsequent coverup? What was Bill Clinton thinking when he kept repeating the same mistakes in his personal life? More recently, how did the intelligent people who ran Enron think they would get away with a shell game? There are lots of examples. And the truth is, some of them are in my own life, too. None of us is immune.
[C] For example, Clinton was very smart in most domains of his life, but in some kinds of interpersonal situations with women, he appears not to have been. The Enron bloodsuckers may have been perfectly fine in their home lives, but given the chance to rip off a corporation, they went for it. Problem is, we may see how sensibly we behave, on average, so that we are not alert for the kinds of situations where we act foolishly.
[D] Unfortunately, no. It usually takes others to point it out to us. Or, looking back, we often marvel at how we could have been oblivious to our stupidity. But the problem is that smart people often use their intelligence to find ways to immunize themselves or isolate themselves from feedback. For example, they may hire toadies who just tell them what they want to hear.
[E] Also, sometimes when they make mistakes, people try to cover them up so as not to appear to have been stupid and then look even stupider when the coverup comes to light. That, of course, is what happened to Nixon and Clinton, and to many, many others, such as currency traders who have tried to cover up losses or high-level executives at software companies who have tried to cover up improprieties.
[F] The book is not about stupidity in the classical sense, which is usually thought of as a very low IQ. So I would distinguish the “mental retardation” kind of stupidity from the kind of foolishness this book discusses. The problem is that smart people often do not realize how susceptible they are to being foolish, as any number of world leaders have gone out of their way to show.
Sample Four
Directions:
You are going to read a list of headings and a text about Backlogs of History. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph (41-45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
[A] Passion for personal and familial archival collection.
[B] Reception of a hospital delivery bill.
[C] Overabundance of trivial personal documents.
[D] Explosion of public documents.
[E] It is imperative to put archival policies into perspective.
[F] What tactics should be adopted in document-saving?
One morning a few years ago an envelope arrived from my parents containing the bill from New Rochelle Hospital for my delivery, in 1952. The contents of a basement or attic were being culled, and the bill had turned up in one of the many cardboard reliquaries that have long lent a kind of ballast to my childhood home. The hospital’s total charge for a five-day stay including drugs and phone calls, came to $187.86. I was amazed at the cost, to be sure. But I was also struck by something else: that among all those decades’ worth of family documents my parents had looked through, the delivery bill was the only thing they thought of sufficient interest to pass along.
41
At some point most of us realize that having a personal archival strategy is an inescapable aspect of modern life: one has to draw the line somewhere. What should the policy be toward children’s drawings and report cards? Toward personal letters and magazine clippings? People work out answers to such questions, usually erring, I suspect, on the side of over-accrual of rubbish documents. Almost everyone seems to save— or “curate,” as archaeologist says—issues of National Geographic. That is why in garbage landfills copies of that magazine are rarely found in isolation; rather, they are found in herds, when an entire collection has been discarded after an owner has died or moved.
42
I happen to be an admirer of the archiving impulse and an inveterate archivist at the household level. Though not quite one of those people whom public-health authorities seem to run across every few years, with a house in which neatly bundled stacks of newspaper occupy all but narrow aisles, I do tend to save almost everything that is personal and familial, and even to supplement this private hoard with oddities of a more public nature—a calling card of Thomas Nast’s, for instance, and Kim Philby copy of the Joy of Cooking.
43
I cannot help wondering, though, whether as a nation we are compiling archives at a rate that will exceed anyone’s ability ever to make sense of them. A number of observers have cited the problem of “information overload” as if it were a recent development, largely the consequence of computers. In truth, the archive backlog has been a problem for millennia. Historians obviously have problems when information is scarce, but it’s not hard to see a very different problem emerging as source material becomes spectacularly overabundant.
44
Leave aside the task of assessing an entire epoch and consider what is required in purely physical terms to preserve even a single prominent person’s lifetime documentary output. Benjamin Disraeli’s correspondence survived down to the level of what today would be an E-mail message: “My darling, I shall be home for dinner at 1/2 pt 7. In haste, Your, Dis.” Woodrow Wilson left so much behind that the historian Arthur S. Link spent his entire career at Princeton University annotating and publishing Wilson’s personal papers, in sixty-nine volumes.
45
Is it preposterous to begin thinking of some of our archives as the new tels? Tels are the mounds that layer upon layer of former cities make; they are everywhere in the Middle East, harboring the archaeological record of thousands of years of human history. But there are too many of them for more than a few ever to be excavated systematically and understanding what’s in even those few takes decades if not centuries.
Don’t get me wrong: I am not proposing that we discard any thing at all. One rarely knows in advance what will turn out to be of interest or importance and what should have gone directly into the oubliette. It is always delightful when something is discovered. But information does have its natural predators, and it may be that sometimes natural processes work out for the best.
Part C
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
Immigrants adoption of English as their primary language is one measure of assimilation into
the larger United States society. Generally languages define social groups and provide justification for social structures. Hence, a distinctive language sets a cultural group off from the dominant language group. (46)Throughout United States history this pattern has resulted in one consistent, unhappy consequence discrimination against members of the cultural minority Language differences provide both a way to rationalize subordination and a ready means for achieving it.
Traditionally, English has replaced the native language of immigrant groups by the second or third generation. Some characteristics of today’s Spanish-speaking population, however, suggest the possibility of a departure from this historical pattern. Many families retain ties in Latin America and move back and forth between their present and former communities. (47)This “revolving door” phenomenon, along with the high probability of additional immigrants from the south, means that large Spanish-speaking communities are likely to exist in the United States for the indefinite future.
This expectation underlies the call for national support for bilingual education in Spanish-speaking communities’ public schools. Bilingual education can serve different purposes. (48)However, in the 1960s, such programs were established to facilitate the learning of English so as to avoid disadvantaging children in their other subjects because of their limited English. More recently, many advocates have viewed bilingual education as a means to maintain children’s native languages and cultures. The issue is important for people with different pole to separatism at the other. To date, the evaluations of bilingual education’s impact on learning have been inconclusive. The issue of bilingual education has, nevertheless, served to unite the leadership of the nation’s Hispanic communities. (49)Grounded in concerns about status that are directly traceable to the United States history of discrimination against Hispanics, the demand for maintenance of the Spanish language in the schools is an assertion of the worth of a people and their culture. If the United States is truly a multicultural nation—that is, if it is one culture reflecting the contributions of many—this demand should be seen as a demand not for separation but for inclusion.
More direct efforts to force inclusion can be misguided. For example, movement to declare English the official language do not truly advance the cohesion of a multicultural nation. They alienate the twenty million people who do not speak English as their mother tongue. They are unnecessary since the public’s business is already conducted largely in English. (50)Further, given the present state of understanding about the effects of bilingual education on learning, it would be unwise to require the universal use of English. Finally, it is for parents and local communities to choose the path they will follow, including hoe much of their culture they want to maintain for their children.

Section Ⅲ Writing

Part A

51. Directions:

You are going to write a letter to your university newspaper editor. And your letter should include the following points.

1) Introduce the activities of volunteers in your university,
2) State its importance,
3) Your own practice
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead. You do not need to write the address. (10 points)
Part B
52.
The Widening of College Enrollment
Directions:
Study the following graphs and write an essay in 160—200 words
Your essay must cover these three points
1)Effect of the country’s rapid growth of GDP on its higher education,
2)Possible reason for the effect,
3)Your prediction of the tendency of the development of China’s higher education
Chart I Grouth of GDP
（in billion yuan）
Chart 2 Students Studying at College
(in million)
Chart 3 College Enrollment (in million)
英語試題（一）參考答案及解析
Section I Use of English
1．【答案】 D
【解析】本題考查詞匯知識(shí)。從此空所在句后半句“...there are opportunities for overseas service...”中的“overseas service”可知，此空應(yīng)填“overseas”。D overseas可做形容詞“外國(guó)的，海外的”；也可做副詞“在海外”。本句前一個(gè)overseas是副詞，后一個(gè)overseas是形容詞。
2．【答案】 B
【解析】本句意為：“正如年輕人在參加全職工作前有機(jī)會(huì)參加海外志愿服務(wù)一樣，發(fā)展中國(guó)家的合格技術(shù)人員也有機(jī)會(huì)參加海外服務(wù)�！眏ust as...so意為“正如……也�！笨梢夿為正確答案。
3．【答案】 D
【解析】本題考查詞匯知識(shí)。根據(jù)句意，“合格的技術(shù)人員”，此處應(yīng)選擇D qualified“有資格的，合格的”。
4．【答案】 C
【解析】本題考查副詞。根據(jù)句意，“一些人，尤其是那些退休早的人”，此處表示強(qiáng)調(diào)。故C particularly“特別地，尤其地”為正確答案。
5．【答案】 C
【解析】本題考查詞動(dòng)詞的用法。本句意為“一些人，尤其是那些退休早的人，在有特殊需求的國(guó)家提供他們的技術(shù)和商業(yè)技能�！眘kills“技能”前面只能用 offer“提供”。
6．【答案】 B
【解析】本題考查關(guān)系副詞where的用法。countries，表示地點(diǎn)，where用于表示地點(diǎn)的詞語之后，意為“在那；該處”，故選擇B where。
7．【答案】 B
【解析】本題考查過去分詞的用法。所選詞應(yīng)該與or前的voluntary對(duì)應(yīng)，因此，B paid
“付費(fèi)的”為正確答案，做定語。
8．【答案】 D
【解析】此處是一個(gè)more than的比較結(jié)構(gòu)，現(xiàn)在和以前做比較。本句意為“所以在考慮義務(wù)或付費(fèi)的社區(qū)服務(wù)時(shí)，現(xiàn)在比一個(gè)人剛開始工作時(shí)有更多的機(jī)會(huì)�！盌 ever“曾經(jīng)”符合句意，故D為正確答案。
9．【答案】 C
【解析】本題考查詞匯知識(shí)。根據(jù)句意，“大多數(shù)義務(wù)性的組織只有少數(shù)全職員工”。C staff“全體職工，全體人員”為比較佳答案。
10．【答案】 A
【解析】本題考查介詞。in some ways是固定搭配，意為“在某些地方”。故A為正確答案。
11．【答案】 D
【解析】本題考查詞匯知識(shí)。下文by commercial criteria（根據(jù)商業(yè)準(zhǔn)則）提示此處選擇D judge“判斷，評(píng)價(jià)”。B comment意為“評(píng)論”，不合適。
12．【答案】 C
【解析】本題考查詞匯知識(shí)。根據(jù)句意，“為了不同的理由和目的”。C objective“目標(biāo)，目的”符合句意。故C為正確答案。A subjective意為“主觀的”；B subject意為“主題”；D objects意為“物件，對(duì)象”。
13．【答案】 B
【解析】本題考查形容詞的用法。根據(jù)both...and...結(jié)構(gòu)，此處所選詞應(yīng)與前面personal“個(gè)人的”相對(duì)應(yīng)，均為形容詞，故B organizational“組織的”為正確答案。
14．【答案】 A
【解析】本題考查動(dòng)詞+ing作賓語補(bǔ)足語的用法。A expecting為賓語補(bǔ)足語，表示伴隨狀況；B to expect表示謂語的目的。根據(jù)句意，A更貼切。因此，A為正確答案。
15．【答案】 B
【解析】本題考查詞匯知識(shí)。本句意為“他們必須為這項(xiàng)事業(yè)承擔(dān)義務(wù)，而不是為了商業(yè)效益�！惫蔅 cause“事業(yè)，事件”為答案。
16．【答案】 B
【解析】本題考查詞匯的用法。salary“薪水”應(yīng)當(dāng)用大小來修飾。同時(shí)根據(jù)上下文，義務(wù)工作的報(bào)酬不可能高。故B small為正確答案。
17．【答案】 A
【解析】本題考查詞匯的固定搭配。for free表示“無償?shù)摹�。故A為正確答案。
18．【答案】 C
【解析】本題考查介詞的用法。根據(jù)句意，所選詞表示的含義應(yīng)與后面during one’s working life“在工作期間”相對(duì)。on retirement表示退休時(shí)；in retirement表示退休后。故C為比較佳答案。
19．【答案】 D
【解析】本題考查固定短語的用法。根據(jù)句意“在工作期間的活動(dòng)也要認(rèn)真進(jìn)行”。D no less意為“不少于，多達(dá)”，符合句意，是正確答案。
20．【答案】 C
【解析】本題考查非謂語動(dòng)詞作動(dòng)詞賓語的用法。consider要求其后面動(dòng)詞用ing形式，作賓語。故C為正確答案。
譯文
為社區(qū)服務(wù)是沒有限度的，你可以每個(gè)星期在某個(gè)慈善機(jī)構(gòu)工作幾小時(shí)，也可以全職為某個(gè)社會(huì)機(jī)構(gòu)工作。正如年輕人在參加全職工作前有機(jī)會(huì)參加海外志愿服務(wù)一樣，發(fā)展中國(guó)家的
合格技術(shù)人員也有機(jī)會(huì)參加海外服務(wù)。一些人，尤其是那些退休早的人，在有特殊需求的國(guó)家提供他們的技術(shù)和商業(yè)技能。
所以在考慮義務(wù)或付費(fèi)的社區(qū)服務(wù)時(shí)，現(xiàn)在比一個(gè)人剛開始工作時(shí)有更多的機(jī)會(huì)。大多數(shù)義務(wù)性的組織只有少數(shù)全職員工，在很大程度上依賴志愿者和兼職者。這意味著工作關(guān)系與商業(yè)機(jī)構(gòu)中的有所不同，而且價(jià)值觀也可能不同。在某些方面，他們的關(guān)系似乎更隨便，而且效率不高，但是人們不應(yīng)用商業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來評(píng)價(jià)他們。與他們一起工作的人都是由于不同的——或是私人的或是團(tuán)體的——原因和目的而來工作的。一個(gè)人加入到他們當(dāng)中，不要想著帶給他們專業(yè)經(jīng)驗(yàn)；他們必須為了這項(xiàng)事業(yè)承擔(dān)義務(wù)，而不是為了商業(yè)效益。由于報(bào)酬很少，或者根本沒有報(bào)酬，許多志愿團(tuán)體提供少量的經(jīng)費(fèi)。不過很多已經(jīng)退休的人無償?shù)貐⒓由鐓^(qū)服務(wù)，僅僅是因?yàn)樗麄兿硎苓@份工作。
許多退休以后的社區(qū)活動(dòng)在退休之前也會(huì)經(jīng)歷，不過退休后會(huì)更認(rèn)真地做這些工作。如果退休的人們正在找一些新鮮事做，那不要選擇社區(qū)服務(wù)的工作。

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part A

Text 1

21.【答案】 B

【解析】第一段第一句：患者對(duì)一位多倫多的著名醫(yī)生(指文章后面提到的Dr. Sheldon Pollack)提起了集體訴訟，指責(zé)他使用違禁材料為他們做面部美容。第三段第一句提到患者Barbiero說她的上唇麻木、有燒灼感。因此可以確認(rèn)選項(xiàng)B正確。

22.【答案】 D

【解析】 Dermatologist(皮膚科醫(yī)生)。derma是皮膚的意思，也可以作為詞綴構(gòu)成其他詞。這句話意為：她(Barbiero)說她的多倫多的醫(yī)生告訴她，他(醫(yī)生)在使用液體硅膠弄平皺紋。根據(jù)語境可以判斷出正確答案為選項(xiàng)D。

23．【答案】 A

【解析】第四段第一句話意為：安大略醫(yī)學(xué)院正在調(diào)查Dr．Pollack，以便弄清楚他在同意停用后是否還在繼續(xù)使用硅膠，以及他是否在使用硅膠的同時(shí)卻在患者的病歷上寫上別的合法產(chǎn)品的名稱。因此，選項(xiàng)A正確。

24.【答案】 D

【解析】答案可從第三段第一句明顯看出。從文章看，A、B屬于當(dāng)事雙方各執(zhí)一詞，還沒有定論。C項(xiàng)之中沒有提及。
25.【答案】 C
【解析】比較后一段第二、三句意為：任何主張?jiān)诜ㄍド隙紱]有被采納，但是這個(gè)案子提出了一個(gè)政府是否有能力監(jiān)管醫(yī)生的問題。因此可知選項(xiàng)C正確。
譯文
許多病人對(duì)多倫多一位著名醫(yī)生提起了集體訴訟，他們宣稱，這名醫(yī)生把一種禁止使用的物質(zhì)注射進(jìn)他們的面部以達(dá)到美容的目的。這名醫(yī)生三年前曾因使用一種在加拿大未經(jīng)批準(zhǔn)使用的液態(tài)硅膠產(chǎn)品而接受過調(diào)查。
一些病人說他們的健康受到損害，并認(rèn)為液態(tài)硅膠是病因，其中一位病人是Anna Barbiero，她說她的多倫多皮膚科醫(yī)生告訴她說，他正在使用液態(tài)硅膠來拉平皺紋。她還說，他并沒有告訴她，這種物品被禁止在加拿大使用。Barbiero回憶說：“我并不知道液態(tài)硅膠是什么……他只是稱它為‘液體黃金’�！痹谧隽吮容^后一次治療后，安娜才發(fā)現(xiàn)兩年前加拿大健康協(xié)會(huì)已經(jīng)明令禁止Sheldon Pollack醫(yī)生使用液態(tài)硅膠了。專家說，硅膠會(huì)在體內(nèi)遷徙，造成炎癥和畸形。
Barbiero說：“我的上唇一直麻木、有灼燒感�！彼氏劝l(fā)起了對(duì)這名醫(yī)生的法律訴訟，她的律師認(rèn)為，這名醫(yī)生很可能與近100名被注射了這種同樣物質(zhì)的病人有關(guān)。Douglas Elliott律師說：“事實(shí)是像他這樣一位有聲望的醫(yī)生竟然對(duì)病人使用一種未經(jīng)認(rèn)可的產(chǎn)品，這的確令人困惑。”
安大略內(nèi)外科醫(yī)師學(xué)院也正在對(duì) Pollack醫(yī)生進(jìn)行調(diào)查，以弄清他事實(shí)上是否在同意停止使用液態(tài)硅膠之后仍然在使用它，以及他是否在病歷中記錄他使用了另一種合法產(chǎn)品，而他實(shí)際上使用的是硅膠。然而，在寫給該學(xué)院的一封信中，Pollack醫(yī)生寫到：他一直告訴病人硅膠未被批準(zhǔn)在加拿大銷售，而且他也提醒他們使用它的危險(xiǎn)。就Barbiero的情況而言，“……她第一次來我的診所時(shí)，即在她還沒有接受IGLS治療前，我特地告知她，這種材料未經(jīng)加拿大健康保護(hù)局批準(zhǔn)在加拿大銷售，我是從國(guó)外弄到它的……我想強(qiáng)調(diào)指出的是，也如同Barbiero女士的治療計(jì)劃圖上所顯示的那樣，我在上面仔細(xì)地畫了一張草圖，和她認(rèn)真討論了細(xì)節(jié)。如同對(duì)待其他病人一樣，我跟Barbiero女士討論并做了解釋……解釋了并發(fā)癥的類別、可能性、原因以及這些可能的并發(fā)癥后果。”
Pollack醫(yī)生拒絕對(duì)加拿大電視臺(tái)（CTV）發(fā)表講話，也不讓自己的律師談?wù)摯耸�，迄今所有指控都未�?jīng)法庭認(rèn)證。但是這個(gè)案件引發(fā)了人們對(duì)于政府監(jiān)管部門對(duì)醫(yī)生的監(jiān)督能力發(fā)生了懷疑。加拿大化妝外科協(xié)會(huì)的Nancy Neilsen說：“該案件的意義要大得多，即：顧客須小心！消費(fèi)者有義務(wù)探查真相�！�
Text 2
26.【答案】A
【解析】本文開篇就講述了美國(guó)社會(huì)當(dāng)前面臨的比較嚴(yán)重問題是人們無法對(duì)社會(huì)以及在社會(huì)中的生活達(dá)成一致意見，因此A“對(duì)社會(huì)應(yīng)當(dāng)采取的社會(huì)形態(tài)缺乏一致性的意見”為正確選項(xiàng)。而選項(xiàng)B“對(duì)社會(huì)生活當(dāng)中的共有組織缺乏分歧”，選項(xiàng)C“不接受基于個(gè)體多樣性的社會(huì)”和選項(xiàng)D“由于國(guó)家道德衰敗所導(dǎo)致的廣泛存在的沮喪”都不是美國(guó)社會(huì)所面臨的比較大問題。
27.【答案】B
【解析】本文第二自然段已經(jīng)說明了美國(guó)是一個(gè)多移民的國(guó)家，而在第一自然段作者所說的也是關(guān)于美國(guó)社會(huì)的多樣性，并且這一思想在第三自然段又給予了重申和說明。而選項(xiàng)A“缺乏共同的宗教和祖先”，選項(xiàng)C“缺乏在生活中所擁有的共享的神話”和選項(xiàng)D“對(duì)自我陶醉的個(gè)性是一種抵觸”都不符合題干的要求。
28.【答案】B
【解析】提到荷馬史詩的目的是為了說明一種共享神話對(duì)社會(huì)形態(tài)的重要作用，關(guān)于神話或關(guān)于共享這個(gè)話題在文中是反復(fù)說明的。只有通過過去才能得到一種共同的思想，才能對(duì)社會(huì)形態(tài)達(dá)成一種共識(shí)，因此B為正確選項(xiàng)。而選項(xiàng)A“舉證古代詩人做出的貢獻(xiàn)”，選項(xiàng)C
“說明社會(huì)永久發(fā)展的一種理想階段”以及選項(xiàng)D“讓‘社會(huì)應(yīng)該是什么’的神話為人們所知”都不是作者列舉荷馬史詩的目的。
29.【答案】C
【解析】關(guān)于美國(guó)人在生活中有負(fù)面情緒的問題在文章的二、三段都有明顯的提及，尤其是全文的比較后一句。而選項(xiàng)A“導(dǎo)致他們文化的統(tǒng)一性”，選項(xiàng)B“重新獲得關(guān)于共有經(jīng)歷的一致意見”和選項(xiàng)D“抵觸關(guān)于社會(huì)的一致意見所帶來的影響”都不符合原文的事實(shí)。
30.【答案】D
【解析】本題可以從兩個(gè)角度來考慮：第一，作者談?wù)撝挥辛私膺^去的歷史才能為我們將來的思維做出一種果斷和明確的判斷；第二，整篇文章所講的是一個(gè)社會(huì)方面的問題。因此D“一個(gè)社會(huì)歷史學(xué)家”是比較符合文章的選項(xiàng)。而選項(xiàng)A“一個(gè)改革的鼓吹者”，選項(xiàng)B“一個(gè)資深的心理學(xué)家”和選項(xiàng)C“一個(gè)很有名望的詩人”都不符合題意。
譯文
目前我們社會(huì)比較痛心的就是缺乏對(duì)“社會(huì)應(yīng)該是什么”以及“社會(huì)生活應(yīng)該是什么”這類問題的一致意見。現(xiàn)階段，不可能從社會(huì)獲得這種一致意見，或者不可能從“社會(huì)應(yīng)該是什么”的幻想中獲得這樣的一致意見。對(duì)于一致意見，現(xiàn)在太現(xiàn)實(shí)并且多樣性太強(qiáng)，而未來又太不確定，所以不可能對(duì)它做出可信的斷言。因此，目前的一致意見只能通過對(duì)過去共有的理解才能獲得，就像荷馬史詩告知幾個(gè)世紀(jì)之后的人們一致意見對(duì)于希臘人來說意味著什么，他們又是依靠什么樣的想像和理想生活和構(gòu)造社會(huì)。
大多數(shù)社會(huì)從悠久的歷史、共同的語言、共同的信仰以及共同的祖先那里獲得一致意見。他們賴以生活的神話就是基于所有這些東西。但是，美國(guó)是一個(gè)移民國(guó)家，這些移民來自于許多國(guó)家。近來，得到強(qiáng)調(diào)的是：以自我為中心的、自我陶醉的個(gè)性已經(jīng)成為美國(guó)人的特性，正是這種個(gè)性導(dǎo)致了美國(guó)缺少安寧，因?yàn)檫@種個(gè)性妨礙了我們達(dá)成一致意見，而這種一致意見會(huì)抵制退回到私有社會(huì)的趨勢(shì)。在研究自我陶醉的過程中，克里斯托夫·拉西說，現(xiàn)代人“由于受自我意識(shí)的折磨，轉(zhuǎn)而求助新的療法。他這樣做并不是為了使自己擺脫個(gè)人的苦惱，而是為了弄清生活的意義和目的，是為了尋找盼望的東西�！庇捎谡麄€(gè)國(guó)家的道德衰敗，所以存在普遍的憂慮，我們國(guó)家早期的幻想和目的失去了理性。
與嚴(yán)格的宗教或政治信仰相反，正如在極權(quán)主義社會(huì)所發(fā)現(xiàn)的那樣，我們的文化是一種存在巨大個(gè)性差異的文化，至少在原則上和理論上是這樣；但這導(dǎo)致了不和，甚至是混亂。美國(guó)人贊成多樣性的價(jià)值觀，但這只是因?yàn)槲覀兊纳鐣?huì)是一個(gè)以個(gè)體的差異為基礎(chǔ)的社會(huì)，這個(gè)社會(huì)需要對(duì)一些主要的想法取得一致意見，而不是對(duì)以公民的相同來源為基礎(chǔ)的社會(huì)取得一致意見。因此，如果我們要取得一致意見，那么這種一致意見應(yīng)該基于一種神話——有關(guān)一種相同經(jīng)歷的幻想，一種使我們能夠成為美國(guó)人的征服歷程，就像對(duì)特洛伊的征服成就了希臘人一樣。只有一種共有的神話才能減輕人們的這種恐懼：生活是沒有意義或目的的。通過把它比作一種共有的觀念，神話使得我們檢驗(yàn)我們?cè)谑澜缟系奈恢�。神話是共有的幻想，這些幻想構(gòu)成了一種紐帶，而這種紐帶把個(gè)體同他所在群體的其他成員聯(lián)系在一起。這樣的神話幫助消除了孤立、內(nèi)疚、焦慮以及漫無目的的感覺——簡(jiǎn)而言之，這些神話防止了孤立以及社會(huì)的道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和價(jià)值觀的衰敗。
Text 331. 【答案】B
【解析】由第四段第一句可以看出，磁場(chǎng)會(huì)向后移動(dòng)從而使機(jī)器蟲移動(dòng)。由第三段可知A、C錯(cuò)。crawling是一種效率不高的運(yùn)動(dòng)方式，所以D錯(cuò)。
32. 【答案】C
【解析】由第三段倒數(shù)第二句可以得出，囊與囊之間由一對(duì)橡膠棒連接，而不是囊與橡膠棒連接，所以C錯(cuò)。其他選項(xiàng)文中均提到。
33. 【答案】C

【解析】根據(jù)全文可以推斷出peristalsis就相當(dāng)于crawling。

34. 【答案】D

【解析】輪式機(jī)器人只是不能搜尋夾縫中的受困者，而不是不能搜尋所有的受困者。

35. 【答案】A

【解析】全文可以看出整篇文章就是在解釋為什么磁性機(jī)器蟲能夠找到受困者，介紹它的原理也是為此目的服務(wù)的。
譯文
有一天，被困在瓦礫堆中的地震幸存者會(huì)被一個(gè)意想不到的援救者拯救：可以在碎石中打洞的機(jī)器人履帶裝置。這種機(jī)器人只有幾厘米寬，依靠磁場(chǎng)驅(qū)動(dòng)穿過極小的縫隙。它比現(xiàn)在使用的用于定位倒塌建筑物中受困人的滾輪或追蹤搜索機(jī)器人更具優(yōu)越性。
此履帶裝置的發(fā)明人，日本秋田縣立大學(xué)的Norihiko Saga將會(huì)在西雅圖舉行的磁力材料研討會(huì)上展示他的新的移動(dòng)技術(shù)。除了燈和照相機(jī)，搜索履帶裝置還能裝備一系列傳感器，測(cè)量其他數(shù)值——例如放射性或含氧量——這會(huì)告訴救援人員此地是否可以安全進(jìn)入。
磁力履帶裝置驚人的簡(jiǎn)單。他移動(dòng)起來就像食物進(jìn)入人的腸子后有節(jié)奏的蠕動(dòng)。Saga使用一系列裝滿含有鐵粒子、水和類似洗潔劑的表面活性劑（它可以減小液體的表面張力）的橡膠容器制造了這種履帶裝置。每一個(gè)容器都由一對(duì)橡膠棒與相鄰的容器相連。容器內(nèi)部由一根透明、有彈性的聚合管包裹，將其與外界隔開。
為了使履帶裝置向前移動(dòng)，Saga將磁場(chǎng)沿著履帶裝置向后移動(dòng)。在履帶裝置的“主”容器內(nèi)，磁力液體涌向磁場(chǎng)，致使容器向外突出，并且使其前后部分抬起。當(dāng)磁場(chǎng)移動(dòng)到下一個(gè)容器時(shí)，第一個(gè)容器擺脫束縛，向前彈出，同時(shí)下一個(gè)容器隆起。這樣，當(dāng)履帶裝置向前爬動(dòng)時(shí)，它可以達(dá)到每秒4厘米的速度。
更快地移動(dòng)磁場(chǎng)會(huì)使它在所有的容器都彈回原位之前經(jīng)過整個(gè)履帶裝置。所有的容器幾乎在同時(shí)彈回。
Saga打算通過在聚合管的內(nèi)部在相等的間隔放置電磁鐵使履帶裝置的運(yùn)動(dòng)自動(dòng)化。通過調(diào)整送到電磁鐵的電流，他可以通過遙控器來無線控制它。他還需要找到一種新型的用于磁力容器的橡膠，因?yàn)樗F(xiàn)在所用的橡膠在用過一段時(shí)間之后會(huì)滲漏。
不過加州大學(xué)伯克利分校的Robert Full認(rèn)為爬行并不是機(jī)器人比較有效的移動(dòng)方式。他是動(dòng)物行動(dòng)專家，但偶爾也為機(jī)器人設(shè)計(jì)者提供建議�！叭绻銓⑴佬械哪芰肯呐c步行、游泳或者飛行相比較，爬行的能耗量很高�！彼f。走路時(shí)，每當(dāng)你換步時(shí)，能量就存儲(chǔ)在腳部，然后釋放來幫助腳彈起。
Saga承認(rèn)爬行的能耗量高，不過他指出他的履帶裝置遠(yuǎn)比行走、車輪滑動(dòng)或飛行的裝置穩(wěn)定得多。兩足的機(jī)器人和帶輪的機(jī)器人需要平滑的表面，而且體積難以變小，而飛行機(jī)器人的移動(dòng)部件太多。他說：“我的蠕動(dòng)爬行機(jī)器人很簡(jiǎn)單——而且很有效�！�

Text 4

36.【答案】C

【解析】這一選項(xiàng)能概括說明文章的中心。而選項(xiàng)A“接種：福音或詛咒”，漏掉了關(guān)于接種疫苗的過程，是對(duì)中心的部分概括。選項(xiàng)B“接種所用的原理”，這是第二自然段的話題。選項(xiàng)D“一個(gè)受到攻擊的奇跡的治療方法”只涉及到比較后一個(gè)自然段。

37.【答案】A

【解析】此題可定位于第三自然段，且第三、四自然段的主題就是使用疫苗可能會(huì)帶來負(fù)面效果，因此選項(xiàng)A“使用疫苗可能會(huì)帶來負(fù)面結(jié)果”為正確選項(xiàng)。而選項(xiàng)B“疫苗的實(shí)際使用以控制傳染病”，選項(xiàng)C“疫苗在于消除某些疾病的有效性”和選項(xiàng)D“疫苗對(duì)付疾病所使用的方法”都不是這個(gè)舉證所談?wù)摰挠^點(diǎn)。

38.【答案】B

【解析】文中第二自然段講述了在接種疫苗后，身體自然可以跟這種疾病進(jìn)行對(duì)抗。因此選項(xiàng)B“很輕松地與之對(duì)抗”為正確選項(xiàng)。而選項(xiàng)A“自然地將其排除”，選項(xiàng)C“很不情愿地去管理它”和選項(xiàng)D“恰當(dāng)?shù)胤纸馑倍疾环系诙嗡務(wù)摰囊粋€(gè)原理。

39.【答案】B

【解析】其實(shí)縱觀全文，本文的中心講的是免疫系統(tǒng)可以得到特殊的訓(xùn)練以應(yīng)對(duì)疾病的較弱形式，因此選項(xiàng) B“免疫系統(tǒng)可以得到特殊的訓(xùn)練以應(yīng)對(duì)疾病的較弱形式”為正確選項(xiàng)。而選項(xiàng)A“挽救大多數(shù)的人必然造成少數(shù)人的死亡”，選項(xiàng)C“強(qiáng)制性的接種對(duì)于大眾的生存是不可或缺的”和選項(xiàng)D“接種的過程仍然是一個(gè)應(yīng)該解決的神秘”都不能說明原文的含義。

40.【答案】D

【解析】作者在這篇文章的語氣是客觀的，因此選項(xiàng)D“為了解釋和告知信息”為正確選項(xiàng)。而選項(xiàng)A“評(píng)論和批判”，這是議論文、評(píng)論文的模式。選項(xiàng)B“論證和辯論”是議論文的模式。選項(xiàng)C“為了帶來興趣和娛樂”，但這篇文章是科普性的文章。

譯文
當(dāng)傳染病襲擊民眾時(shí)，科學(xué)家們就立即著手確認(rèn)病源并想法征服疾病。通常，我們是可以取得勝利的，因?yàn)獒t(yī)學(xué)可以隔離寄生蟲、病原菌或者造成疾病的細(xì)胞，并發(fā)現(xiàn)有效的消滅或抑制疾病的方法。在非常嚴(yán)重的情況下，比方說一個(gè)地區(qū)或國(guó)家的全體民眾都可能處境極其危險(xiǎn)，就有必要通過接種疫苗來保護(hù)全部人口，確保疾病不會(huì)蔓延。
接種疫苗是讓人體對(duì)病毒或疾病產(chǎn)生免疫力。萬一碰上病毒或疾病，人體可以自然戰(zhàn)勝它。將弱小或死亡的菌株在監(jiān)控環(huán)境下注入病人體內(nèi)，這樣他體內(nèi)的免疫系統(tǒng)就可以培養(yǎng)出應(yīng)對(duì)來犯之?dāng)车哪芰�。關(guān)于如何抵抗疾病的信息被傳遞到免疫系統(tǒng)的各個(gè)部位，這個(gè)過程由基因信息在細(xì)胞間傳遞而自然實(shí)現(xiàn)。可以肯定，萬一該病人以后再碰上這類病毒，他的身體已全副武裝并且訓(xùn)練有素，足以對(duì)付這一現(xiàn)實(shí)問題，因?yàn)橐呀?jīng)有經(jīng)驗(yàn)了。
但是整個(gè)過程還有隱患。有時(shí)，即使疫苗中含有的病菌是弱化了的菌種，人體也接受不了，導(dǎo)致免疫系統(tǒng)失效，以致病人死亡。天花疫苗的情況就是這樣。天花傳染病一度席卷全美土著居民并造成大量移民死亡，該疫苗試圖消滅這種傳染病。一萬個(gè)接種天花疫苗的人中約有一個(gè)因接種而感染天花死亡。也就是說，如果全體美國(guó)人都要接種天花疫苗的話，就有三千人將死亡。
值得慶幸的是，在20世紀(jì)70年代初，天花病毒就已被消滅，也結(jié)束了對(duì)全美嬰兒的強(qiáng)制接種。不過，該病若卷土重來，就還要實(shí)行強(qiáng)制接種，這必將造成由接種而帶來更多的意外死亡。本是一件好事的接種工作背后隱藏著不少謾罵和非議。

Part B

Sample One

41.【答案】C

【解析】此空白處前面闡述了全球化和地方主義的沖擊的矛盾，而后面緊接著說各國(guó)政府無力完全控制其經(jīng)濟(jì)政策，這就表明，作者是反對(duì)地方保護(hù)主義的。但是后面句首用了“but”作轉(zhuǎn)折詞，可見，作者并沒有旗幟鮮明地提出反對(duì)意見，所以用一個(gè)較為緩和的句式會(huì)比較適合。因此選C。

42.【答案】B

【解析】第二段，承接上文，指出在冷戰(zhàn)結(jié)束的情況下，聯(lián)合國(guó)等國(guó)際組織應(yīng)該發(fā)揮更大的作用，但是下文話鋒一轉(zhuǎn)，用東帝汶和安哥拉兩個(gè)例子來表現(xiàn)聯(lián)合國(guó)在國(guó)際行動(dòng)中的軟弱無力，再結(jié)合上面所提到的“我們需要一個(gè)強(qiáng)大的國(guó)際組織”，順其自然地就得出了“希望聯(lián)合國(guó)強(qiáng)勁有力”的結(jié)論，選項(xiàng)B正好符合了這一意境。

43.【答案】D

【解析】作者在這一段的前半部分極力渲染了武器擴(kuò)散的恐怖情形，而從下一段的字里行間我們可以了解到，作者想表達(dá)的意思其實(shí)就是：諸如戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)、毒品、貧窮等不穩(wěn)定的因素是會(huì)擴(kuò)散和蔓延的，并不是與世隔絕的。在全球化的浪潮下，誰也無法“獨(dú)善其身”。選項(xiàng)D在上下文銜接上很自然貼切，是正確選項(xiàng)。

44.【答案】G

【解析】此處空白是段落中的句子，從上句可知，本段主要討論在世界經(jīng)濟(jì)財(cái)富占有懸殊的背景下，人道主義援助的目的和作用，而下句的例子則說明“非洲一旦崩潰，對(duì)國(guó)際社會(huì)的影響之大是無法想像的”。從這些我們可以推斷出，西方國(guó)家所謂的“援助”，并非出于“人道”的崇高目的，而是為了維護(hù)自己的財(cái)富和利益，弄清上下文的邏輯推理關(guān)系，就很容易選出正確選項(xiàng)G了。

45.【答案】A

【解析】第三、四、五段在邏輯上是前后呼應(yīng)的，作者采用“花開兩朵、各表一支”的寫作手法，一方面指出武器、毒品是無法隔絕的，另一方面呼吁貧窮也是會(huì)蔓延的。戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)和貧困就好比罪惡的雙生子，不離不棄、如影隨行，相應(yīng)的，第五段和第三段的結(jié)尾也應(yīng)該相互呼應(yīng)，因此選A是正確的。

譯文
在千年之交我們看到了許多自相矛盾的東西。一方面，全球化意味著國(guó)家的邊界正在逐漸喪失意義，但另一方面，我們受到了狹隘觀念的強(qiáng)烈影響，有些國(guó)家堅(jiān)持著主權(quán)的觀念。在過去的幾十年，許多國(guó)家才剛成為聯(lián)合國(guó)的成員，所以我能夠理解為什么它們那么強(qiáng)調(diào)它們的獨(dú)立性。但是世界上的許多因素使這種想法越來越站不住腳了。政府不再完全掌控其經(jīng)濟(jì)和貨幣政策，而且許多跨國(guó)公司的利潤(rùn)比有的國(guó)家的國(guó)民生產(chǎn)總值還多。
冷戰(zhàn)的結(jié)束帶來了新的危機(jī)，我們需要在世界上尋找新的平衡。它造成了許多新的爭(zhēng)端。政府必須準(zhǔn)備將一部分權(quán)力交給世界性和地區(qū)性的機(jī)構(gòu)，否則我們的世界將會(huì)出現(xiàn)混亂。遺憾的是，當(dāng)我們需要一個(gè)強(qiáng)有力的國(guó)際組織時(shí)，聯(lián)合國(guó)卻缺乏資金而且受其成員的影響而裹足不前。在東帝汶發(fā)生的事情是不可原諒的，因?yàn)檫@是可以預(yù)見的。安哥拉是另一個(gè)不安定因素。我們需要一個(gè)武裝到牙齒的國(guó)際機(jī)構(gòu)——既在道德上也在行動(dòng)上。也許聯(lián)合國(guó)應(yīng)該有它自己的軍隊(duì)。
盡管我擔(dān)心核武器和致命小型武器的擴(kuò)散，但我的確認(rèn)為現(xiàn)在爆發(fā)世界戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)是不可能的。小的、殘暴的恐怖主義者、毒販和地方軍閥?/div>

結(jié)束

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