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名師談閱讀A段答題技巧

來(lái)源:肖克 時(shí)間:2006-06-24 23:45:14
語(yǔ)篇中心詞和段落話題是文章的精髓

  1.考研英語(yǔ)和四級(jí)有很大的區(qū)別:四級(jí)是掃描性閱讀,強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)細(xì)節(jié)化信息的準(zhǔn)確定位和事實(shí)理解。而考研英語(yǔ)強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)文章的宏觀性的語(yǔ)篇層次的理解,講究考生不僅要定位文章的總要信息,而且不局限于單詞和句子的字面性意思的理解,考察考生對(duì)上下文的中心詞以及段落話題理解。只有理解這些宏觀信息,才對(duì)文章的理解高屋建瓴,才能理解文章的整體行文思路,多義詞意思的判定以及提高效率,忽略無(wú)效信息。


  2.考點(diǎn)設(shè)置:考研英語(yǔ)大綱中反復(fù)強(qiáng)調(diào)上下文的一致性和連貫性的理解,而且從測(cè)試角度來(lái)說(shuō),考研英語(yǔ)的宏觀題居多,比如推理題,例證題,作者觀點(diǎn)題。這些題的正確的答案都是跟文章的中心和段落的話題有直接或間接的關(guān)系。


  3.中心詞的查找方法:中心詞的建立是靠細(xì)節(jié)和事例來(lái)支持的,讀者理解中心是個(gè)自上而下的過(guò)程,而且讀者有了比較基本的詞匯和語(yǔ)法知識(shí),需要通過(guò)在文章的特殊語(yǔ)境下解讀這些信息,通過(guò)在語(yǔ)篇層次上把握這些信息的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系,分析文章的中心。由于考研閱讀的試題具有宏觀性,所以通過(guò)查找題干和選項(xiàng)的反復(fù)重復(fù)的詞可以看出,當(dāng)然比較重要的手段還是精讀文章的首段和每段的首句。


  一、把握段落話題提高語(yǔ)篇分析能力和正確答案的識(shí)別


  自然段的話題是為文章服務(wù)的,一篇文章通常是圍繞一個(gè)大的中心展開(kāi),同樣段落也是圍繞一個(gè)話題展開(kāi)。段落內(nèi)部的詞匯,短語(yǔ),小句,復(fù)雜句是為了支持首句的段落話題服務(wù)。同樣,段落的話題相對(duì)于宏觀的中心是微觀的,也被中心所制約,控制和支配。只有把握好段落的話題,才能對(duì)段子的句子和句子的之間的關(guān)系有所把握,對(duì)段落的行文方式有更好的理解,對(duì)預(yù)測(cè)下文的信息也有幫助。更重要的是,由于正確答案在經(jīng)常在考察段落的話題,所以可以通過(guò)重復(fù)來(lái)查找話題的行文軌跡,從而把握正確答案的范圍,幫助讀者在理解文章的情況下快速閱讀段子中間的細(xì)節(jié),鎖定段落的核心價(jià)值。


  Exercise :(文章的主題是“夢(mèng)以及夢(mèng)的控制”,選自2005年考研閱讀真題第三篇)


  Of all the components of a good night's sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak. A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and rears. By the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just “mental noise”—the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep. By the late 1970s researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind's emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is “off-line”。 And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better, “It's you r dream” says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicago's Medical Center. “If you don't like it, change it.”


  本段話題: 夢(mèng)是否被控制 關(guān)鍵詞: unconscious和conscious control,講對(duì)夢(mèng)的認(rèn)識(shí)是從無(wú)意識(shí)到一種有意識(shí)的行為。


  Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. The brain is as active during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep—when most vivid dreams occur—as it is when fully awake, says Dr, Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh. But not all part s of the brain are equally involved, the limbic system (the “emotional brain”) is especially active, while the prefrontal cortex (the center of intellect and reasoning) is relatively quiet. “We wake up from dreams happy or depressed, and those feelings can stay with us all day” says Stanford sleep researcher Dr William Dement.


  本段話題:大腦中的情感中樞。關(guān)鍵詞:emotional


  The link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in Cartwright 's clinic. Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing g toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day. Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don't always think about the emotional significance of the day's events-until, it appears, we begin to dream.


  本段話題:情感與夢(mèng)的關(guān)系。關(guān)鍵詞:emotional


  And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams. As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end instead; the next time is occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep. 


  本段話題:有意識(shí)控制夢(mèng)的方法。關(guān)鍵詞:conscious


  At the end of the day, there's probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or “we wake up in a panic,” Cartwright says Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased people's anxiety. Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist. For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings. Sleep—or rather dream—on it and you'll feel better in the morning.


  本段話題:消極情感的消除方法 關(guān)鍵詞:bad feelings


  1. Researchers have come to believe that dreams


  [A]. can be modified in their courses.


  [B]. are susceptible to emotional changes.


  [C]. reflect our innermost desires and fears.


  [D]. are a random outcome of neural repairs.


  2. By referring to the limbic system, the author intends to show


  [A]. its function in our dreams.


  [B]. the mechanism of REM sleep.


  [C]. the relation of dreams to emotions.


  [D]. its difference from the prefrontal cortex.


  3. The negative feelings generated during the day tend to


  [A]. aggravate in our unconscious mind.


  [B]. develop into happy dreams.


  [C]. persist till the time we fall asleep.


  [D]. show up in dreams early at night.


  4.Cartwright seems to suggest that


  [A]. Waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreams.


  [B]. Visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under control.


  [C]. Dreams should be left to their natural progression.


  [D]. Dreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious.


  5. What advice might Cartwright give to those who sometimes have had dreams?


  [A]. lead your life as usual.


  [B]. Seek professional help.


  [C]. Exercise conscious control.


  [D]. Avoid anxiety in the daytime.


  啟發(fā)思維:


  這篇文章的整體感很強(qiáng),整個(gè)文章圍繞夢(mèng)這個(gè)主題詞展開(kāi)非常深入的論述,其中重要的關(guān)鍵詞是“dream”, “conscious control”, “bad feelings”,文章的開(kāi)頭部分在通過(guò)人物的觀點(diǎn)對(duì)比來(lái)說(shuō)明夢(mèng)是可以控制的,中間部分是在講為什么夢(mèng)是可以控制的,結(jié)尾部分是在說(shuō)如何解決問(wèn)題,也就是如何控制做噩夢(mèng)。


  文章的結(jié)構(gòu)是觀點(diǎn)論證。第一段通過(guò)三個(gè)時(shí)間 “the late 1970s” “a century ago” “now”表明人對(duì)夢(mèng)的認(rèn)識(shí)的變化, 即從無(wú)意識(shí)到有意識(shí)。二,三兩段用情感與夢(mèng)的關(guān)系證明為什么說(shuō)夢(mèng)是可以控制的,是總分的寫(xiě)作手法。比較后兩個(gè)自然段傾向于解決問(wèn)題,即談如何控制噩夢(mèng)。第四段講講如何控制做噩夢(mèng)的兩個(gè)方法,第五段談如何控制噩夢(mèng)所產(chǎn)生的消極情感。


  答案注釋?zhuān)?/P>

  1. [答案][A] 


  [分析] 考察第一段的重復(fù)的中心詞,可采取排除法。這完全從篇章的開(kāi)頭和結(jié)尾強(qiáng)調(diào)重復(fù)說(shuō)明夢(mèng)是可以控制的,選A.而[C]是在講Freud的觀點(diǎn),[D]是neurologist的觀點(diǎn),并非是researchers的觀點(diǎn)。


  2.[答案] [C] 


  [分析] 這是一道推理判斷題。作者提到夢(mèng)和情感之間是有關(guān)系的,情感是段落的重點(diǎn),選[C]。 [B]的干擾性很大,文章雖然談到了REM (rapid eye movement) sleep,但是沒(méi)有談它的原理,另外這種睡眠文章只談到一次,沒(méi)有反復(fù)重復(fù),應(yīng)該當(dāng)作細(xì)節(jié)詞處理。[D]也談到了prefrontal cortex (the center of intellect and reasoning),但并沒(méi)有談它與夢(mèng)的區(qū)別,也沒(méi)有被上下文反復(fù)重復(fù),同樣可以不選。


  3.[答案][D] 


  [分析] 這是一道事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。題干中的the negative feeling 以及generated在文章第三段第 二句中找到相對(duì)應(yīng)的表述。這句話的大意是“關(guān)于大腦白天產(chǎn)生的一些消極因素極可能是其前半夜的夢(mèng)境中有所反映,但繼而會(huì)逐漸被更加香甜的夢(mèng)所取代�!边x項(xiàng)(D)show up in drea ms early at night(噩夢(mèng)對(duì)人腦的消極作用會(huì)在前半夜里顯示出來(lái))與原文表述一致,為正 確選項(xiàng)。


  4.[答案][D] 


  [分析] 這是人物觀點(diǎn)題。Cartwright觀點(diǎn)的表述主要集中在文章的中間部分,通過(guò)分析這一部分內(nèi)容,可以發(fā)現(xiàn)文章第四段首句“And this process need not be left to the un conscious.”便是此題的答案,另外“concious”這個(gè)詞在該段反復(fù)被重復(fù),很顯然是該段的主題詞,所以很容易成為正確答案,因此判斷選項(xiàng)[D]夢(mèng)并非全部屬于潛意識(shí)范疇是正確答案。這道題的[A]過(guò)于絕對(duì),文章是說(shuō)了起床時(shí)控制噩夢(mèng)的一種方法,沒(méi)有說(shuō)是essential(必不可少的),把文章的可能性說(shuō)成必然性。


  5.[答案][A] 


  [分析]通過(guò)對(duì)題干的分析,可以推論其中的might一詞暗示這是一道推理判斷題。在文章比較后 一段中作者談及神經(jīng)醫(yī)生Cartwright 的一些觀點(diǎn)。在分析語(yǔ)篇后可以發(fā)現(xiàn)題目的答案線索 不是比較后一段的倒數(shù)第二句話,而是根據(jù)文章的比較后一段的比較后一句話sleep-or rathe dre am-on it and you will feel better in the moring中的on一詞暗含了順其自然的意思即 我們無(wú)意過(guò)分擔(dān)心夢(mèng)對(duì)我們的影響。換句話說(shuō),保持正常的生活狀態(tài)即可。由此,選項(xiàng)(A )lead your life as usual是正確選項(xiàng)。這道題[B]尋求專(zhuān)家意見(jiàn)干擾性大,指的是經(jīng)常做噩夢(mèng)的人的情況。


  參考譯文:


  在良好的睡眠組成部分中,夢(mèng)似乎在我們的比較不可能被我們控制的。在夢(mèng)中,一扇窗戶向這樣一個(gè)世界打開(kāi):邏輯是中止的,死的人也說(shuō)話。 在一個(gè)世紀(jì)以前,佛洛伊德制定了他的革命理論:夢(mèng)是我們的無(wú)意識(shí)的欲望和恐懼所投射的被忽視的陰影。 在70年代后期,神經(jīng)學(xué)者已經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)變想法,認(rèn)為他們是“ 大腦的噪音 ”-在睡眠期間繼續(xù)的神經(jīng)- 修理工作的任意副產(chǎn)品。在70年代后期之前,研究人員懷疑夢(mèng)是當(dāng)大腦“ 脫機(jī)” 的時(shí)候所產(chǎn)生的自動(dòng)調(diào)溫器的部份, 可以管理心情。而且權(quán)威人士說(shuō),這些強(qiáng)烈有力的大腦的圖象可能是不但可以約束的而且實(shí)際上是在有意識(shí)的控制之下, 幫助我們睡覺(jué)而且覺(jué)得舒服多了,“ 這是你的夢(mèng) ” 在芝加哥醫(yī)學(xué)的中心心理學(xué)的主任羅莎琳德說(shuō)。 “ 如果你不喜歡它,改變它�!豹�


  來(lái)自大腦的圖像的證據(jù)支持這種看法。 頭腦同樣地在 REM(迅速的眼睛運(yùn)動(dòng)) 期間是活躍的睡眠-當(dāng)比較生動(dòng)的夢(mèng)發(fā)生的時(shí)候-正如它是完全醒的時(shí)候。 匹茲堡的大學(xué)的醫(yī)生艾力克說(shuō)。 但并不是所有大腦的部份同樣地被牽涉。邊緣葉系統(tǒng) ( “情感大腦”) 尤其活躍, 當(dāng)大腦的外皮 (智力和推論的中心) 相對(duì)地是安靜的時(shí)候。 史丹福睡眠研究員威廉醫(yī)生 Dement 說(shuō):“我們從夢(mèng)醒來(lái)-快樂(lè)的或沮喪的, 而且那些感覺(jué)整天能在我們生活出現(xiàn)。”


  在夢(mèng)和情緒之間的聯(lián)系在Cartwright的臨床研究出現(xiàn)。 大多數(shù)的人夜晚初期似乎做比較差勁的夢(mèng), 并一直做下去,直到睡醒前的較快樂(lè)的一些情感出現(xiàn)。這表明這些夢(mèng)正在解決在那期間產(chǎn)生的不良的感覺(jué)。 因?yàn)槲覀兊挠幸庾R(shí)的思想被每日的生活占據(jù),所以我們沒(méi)有時(shí)間總是想白天的事件與情緒相關(guān)的重要性-直到它出現(xiàn),我們開(kāi)始做夢(mèng)。


  而且這一個(gè)過(guò)程不需要被人認(rèn)為是無(wú)意識(shí)的。Cartwright相信,不斷練習(xí)有意識(shí)的控制可以回想的差勁的夢(mèng)。 一旦你被喚醒,一定要看看夢(mèng)中的什么事情讓你傷心。 看你如何想要它如何結(jié)束; 下回再發(fā)生,試著僅僅醒來(lái)就可以控制它的過(guò)程。 通過(guò)很多的練習(xí)人,逐漸地就可以在睡夢(mèng)中控制它。 


  在一天結(jié)束的時(shí)候, 或許幾乎沒(méi)有理由注意我們的夢(mèng),除非他們防止我們睡覺(jué),或者讓 “ 我們?cè)谝魂嚳只欧矫嫘褋?lái) ”。Cartwright說(shuō),恐怖主義,不安全的經(jīng)濟(jì)不確定性和如此的痛苦感覺(jué)已經(jīng)增加人的焦慮。蒙受連續(xù)的噩夢(mèng)的人應(yīng)該尋求來(lái)自治療師的幫忙。對(duì)于我們的其余的人來(lái)說(shuō),大腦可以自然解決差勁的噩夢(mèng)。 睡眠—或者做夢(mèng)-并帶著夢(mèng)來(lái)睡覺(jué),在早晨起來(lái)將會(huì)覺(jué)得舒服多了。


  復(fù)習(xí)指導(dǎo):


  首段的話題詞往往是文章的中心詞,考研的試題一般是順序原則,即出題的順序和文章話題的順序一致,有些題可能顛倒順序,但順序原則是考研閱讀的主流,所以在做每道題時(shí)要注意針對(duì)的文章中心還是段落話題,到底在考察哪個(gè)段落話題。當(dāng)某個(gè)選項(xiàng)可能是重復(fù)詞,但并不是針對(duì)這道題的要求,比如第5題的C. Exercise conscious control是第四段的主題,并非是第五段的主題,所以弄清題干的要求很重要。


  段落可能有很多重復(fù)點(diǎn),那么話題詞到底是什么,應(yīng)該是重點(diǎn)看段落的首句的重復(fù)詞以及段落中間的轉(zhuǎn)折處,不要認(rèn)為一個(gè)單詞出現(xiàn)兩次就一定是重復(fù)的話題。


  注意通過(guò)抓住重復(fù)可以迅速忽略中間的細(xì)節(jié),讀中間的細(xì)節(jié)應(yīng)該速度加快,因?yàn)殚喿x的重點(diǎn)并非細(xì)節(jié),而是段落的話題。


  二、文章的中心詞帶動(dòng)段落話題的理解


  中心詞對(duì)話題詞往往是支配作用,中心詞通常是在首段和每個(gè)自然段的首句重復(fù)出現(xiàn)。很多題表面看是考細(xì)節(jié),但實(shí)際上就是在變相的考中心詞。所以抓住字里行間重復(fù)的中心是檢驗(yàn)答案的有效武器。有的文章是單一重復(fù)一個(gè)中心詞,文章是圍繞一條主線來(lái)寫(xiě)作。但有些文章既談客觀中心詞,又談主觀中心詞(對(duì)客觀對(duì)象的看法),這些文章是圍繞兩條線來(lái)寫(xiě)作。所以要注意區(qū)分客觀中心和主觀中心,主觀中心往往是作者的看法,客觀中心是作者議論的靶子。所以考生應(yīng)該識(shí)別主觀中心。 主觀中心往往包含作者的情感色彩,比如說(shuō)“overlook”, “emhasize”, “opitmistic”, “pessimistic”, “panic”, “objective”, “cautious”等等(比如說(shuō)“忽視”,“重視”,“樂(lè)觀”,“悲觀”,“恐慌”,“客觀”,“謹(jǐn)慎”)


  Exercise:( 文章的客觀中心為字母歧視,主觀中心為忽視,也就是被大家忽視的字母歧視,其中五道題都在考這個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞,選自2004年的考研閱讀題第2篇。)


  Over the past century, all kinds of unfairness and discrimination have been condemned or made illegal. But one insidious form continues to thrive: alphabetism. This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet.


  本段話題:字母歧視(客觀),忽視(主觀)(也是文章的中心詞) 關(guān)鍵詞:alphabetism, unaware


  It has long been known that a taxi firm called AAAA cars has a big advantage over Zodiac cars when customers thumb through their phone directories. Less well known is the advantage that Adam Abbott has in life over Zoe Zysman. English names are fairly evenly spread between the halves of the alphabet. Yet a suspiciously large number of top people have surnames beginning with letters between A and K.


  本段話題:忽視(主觀) 關(guān)鍵詞: less well known.注釋?zhuān)?It has long been known that……指的是大家的觀點(diǎn),作者寫(xiě)文章時(shí)標(biāo)新立異,所以這種句型的觀點(diǎn)通常是批判性的,也就是說(shuō)“A cars 比 Zodiac cars”有優(yōu)勢(shì)是批評(píng)的。 “suspiciously”意思是不敢相信,也是在講人們由于對(duì)這種現(xiàn)象的忽視而導(dǎo)致的,所以也可以幫助大家理解“忽視”這個(gè)詞。


  Thus the American president and vice-president have surnames starting with B and C respectively; and 26 of George Bush's predecessors (including his father) had surnames in the first half of the alphabet against just 16 in the second half. Even more striking, six of the seven heads of government of the G7 rich countries are alphabetically advantaged (Berlusconi, Blair, Bush, Chirac, Chrétien and Koizumi)。 The world's three top central bankers (Greenspan, Duisenberg and Hayami) are all close to the top of the alphabet, even if one of them really uses Japanese characters. As are the world's five richest men (Gates, Buffett, Allen, Ellison and Albrecht)。


  本段話題:成功人士和姓名字母靠前 關(guān)鍵詞:richest, surname


  Can this merely be coincidence? One theory, dreamt up in all the spare time enjoyed by the alphabetically disadvantaged, is that the rot sets in early. At the start of the first year in infant school, teachers seat pupils alphabetically from the front, to make it easier to remember their names. So short-sighted Zysman junior gets stuck in the back row, and is rarely asked the improving questions posed by those insensitive teachers. At the time the alphabetically disadvantaged may think they have had a lucky escape. Yet the result may be worse qualifications, because they get less individual attention, as well as less confidence in speaking publicly.


  本段話題:老師忽視了字母歧視 關(guān)鍵詞:teachers, insensitive=less individual attention,注意否定前綴詞是主觀情感詞。


  The humiliation continues. At university graduation ceremonies, the ABCs proudly get their awards first; by the time they reach the Zysmans most people are literally having a ZZZ. Shortlists for job interviews, election ballot papers, lists of conference speakers and attendees: all tend to be drawn up alphabetically, and their recipients lose interest as they plough through them.


  本段話題:講Zysmans的不幸經(jīng)歷還在持續(xù)。關(guān)鍵詞:humiliation,后面是分類(lèi)論述將不幸的例子,實(shí)際也是在說(shuō)Zysmans的不幸經(jīng)歷被人所忽視。


  1. What does the author intend to illustrate with AAA A cars and Zodiac cars?


  [A] A kind of overlooked inequality.


  [B] A type of conspicuous bias. 


  [C] A type of personal prejudice.


  [D] A kind of brand discrimination. 


  2. What can we infer from the first three paragraphs? 


  [A] In both East and West, names are essential to success. 


  [B] The alphabet is to blame for the failure of Zoě Zysman. 


  [C] Customers often pay a lot of attention to companies' names.


  [D] Some form of discrimination is too subtle to recognize. 


  3. The 4th paragraph suggests that 


  [A] questions are often put to the more intelligent students. 


  [B] alphabetically disadvantaged students often escape from class. 


  [C] teachers should pay attention to all of their students. 


  [D] students should be seated according to their eyesight. 


  4. What does the author mean by “most people are literally having a ZZ Z” (Lines 2-3, Paragraph 5)?


  [A] They are getting impatient.


  [B] They are noisily dozing off. 


  [C] They are feeling humiliated.


  [D] They are busy with word puzzles.


  5. Which of the following is true according to the text? 


  [A] People with surnames beginning with N to Z are often illtreated. 


  [B] VIPs in the Western world gain a great deal from alphabetism. 


  [C] The campaign to eliminate alphabetism still has a long way to go. 


  [D] Putting things alphabetically may lead to unintentional bias. 


  啟發(fā)思維:


  注意文章的中心不僅是被同義替換,而且被下文的細(xì)節(jié)不停解釋?zhuān)掝}詞是為了中心詞服務(wù)的,文章的前兩段是在講字母歧視被人們所忽視,第三段是從反面舉例證證明很多成功人士的姓名的開(kāi)頭字母都是在字母表的上半?yún)^(qū)。比較后兩段是通過(guò)講Zysman的不幸經(jīng)歷來(lái)證明姓名開(kāi)頭字母靠后面的人在學(xué)校和社會(huì)都被歧視。


  答案注釋?zhuān)?/P>

  1.[答案][A] 


  [分析]這是一道例證題,涉及作者提及AAAA和Zodiac公司的意圖,意圖在 第一 段。例證題是通過(guò)論據(jù)來(lái)證明論點(diǎn),所以不能選擇論據(jù)本身的內(nèi)容,論點(diǎn)通常在論據(jù)的上方,因?yàn)檎摀?jù)在第二段的首句,所以論點(diǎn)在第一段的末句。選擇時(shí)仍然圍繞中心詞“歧視”和“忽視”來(lái)選擇。


  理解第一段后可知A項(xiàng)(是為了闡述一種被忽視的不平等現(xiàn)象)為正確答案 . 


  2.[答案][D] 


  [分析] 這是一道推論題。綜合前三段,可以認(rèn)為:有些歧視現(xiàn)象令人難以察覺(jué)。D項(xiàng)符合此意,為正確答案。 注意[D]的too subtle to recoginze 表示否定,是說(shuō)難以認(rèn)識(shí)到,比較接近文章的中心“忽視”,而[A]意思是名字對(duì)成功必不可少,過(guò)于絕對(duì),文章說(shuō)有些人成功又有好名字,沒(méi)有說(shuō)所有人都這樣。[C]的意思是顧客重視公司的名字,很顯然偏離中心,文章講的是忽視。


  3.[答案][C] 


  [分析]這是一道推論題,問(wèn)第四段暗示了什么。第四五六句暗示,老師對(duì)學(xué)生的歧視不敏感,言外之意是老師應(yīng)該多關(guān)注學(xué)生,注意選項(xiàng)情感動(dòng)詞的使用,“should”表示應(yīng)該做的事情并沒(méi)有做。[B]學(xué)生逃脫上課,文章說(shuō)了逃脫,但賓語(yǔ)是逃脫被提問(wèn),這種錯(cuò)誤是邏輯錯(cuò)誤,保留了原文的關(guān)鍵詞,但在賓語(yǔ)做了手腳。


  4.[答案][B]


  [分析]這是一道句意題。在英文中,ZZZ常被用來(lái)描述人打瞌睡時(shí)發(fā)出的聲音,因此,該句句意為B(他們就睡著了)。A是一個(gè)干擾性很強(qiáng)的選項(xiàng),意思與上下文連貫,按一般的句意題設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)律,其實(shí)也可接受。選B不選A,跟本篇閱讀文章的命題者的命題 習(xí)慣有關(guān)。 


  5. [答案][D] 


  [分析] 這是一道是非判斷題。綜合全文,不難發(fā)現(xiàn) D項(xiàng)(按字母順序排列 一切會(huì)導(dǎo)致意想不到的歧視)為正確答案。“unintentional” 的意思是無(wú)意識(shí)的,比較接近文章中心詞 “忽視”,而[A]姓名的字母排列是N-Z的人經(jīng)常被歧視,過(guò)于絕對(duì)應(yīng)該加上“有些人”來(lái)限制,更加符合原文。同樣,[B]西方世界的重要人物從字母歧視中受益,也過(guò)于絕對(duì),應(yīng)該是“有些人”。[C]消除字母歧視有很長(zhǎng)路要走,文章根本沒(méi)有提及。


  參考譯文:


  過(guò)去一百年中,各種不公正和歧視要么遭到譴責(zé),要么被視為非法,(46)然而,有一種歧視 卻潛伏下來(lái),繼續(xù)蔓延,那就是:字母主義。許多人迄今還不了解這種現(xiàn)象,它指的是姓氏 首字母位于字母表下半部分的人們所遭受的歧視。 


  眾所周知,當(dāng)顧客翻尋電話號(hào)碼簿的時(shí)候,名為AAAA的出租車(chē)公司就比名叫Zodiac的公司占 有優(yōu)勢(shì)。有一點(diǎn)還不太為人所知,Adam Abbott在生活中比Zoe Zysman擁有優(yōu)勢(shì)。英文名在 字母表中前后分部均勻,但許多上層人士的姓的首字母都在A至K之間,令人感到離奇。 


  因此,美國(guó)總統(tǒng)和付總統(tǒng)的姓名分別為B和C;喬治。布什的前任中(包括其父)有26位的姓在 字母表的上半部,只有16位在字母表的下半部。更令人稱(chēng)奇的是,七大工業(yè)國(guó)的七位首腦中 有六位的姓在字母表上位列上部(Berlusconi, Blair, Bush, Chirac, Chretien, Koizumi )。世界三大央行行長(zhǎng)(Greenspan, Duisenberg, Hayami)也是如此,即使其中一位用的 是日本字。世界五位首富(Gates, Buffett, Allen, Ellison,Albrecht)也是一樣。 


  這難道只是一個(gè)巧合?有一種理論(那些字母表上列位不佳者閑時(shí)構(gòu)造出來(lái)的)認(rèn)為情況從 一開(kāi)始就很糟。(48)早在幼兒學(xué)校的第一年,老師就按字母順序給學(xué)生排座位,以便能記住 孩子們的名字,因此,近視眼小日斯曼(Zysman junior)就永遠(yuǎn)坐后排,并且很少被那些 粗心的教師提問(wèn),而這些提問(wèn)對(duì)孩子的成長(zhǎng)有益。當(dāng)時(shí),那些姓氏字母不佳的孩子會(huì)為逃避 提問(wèn)而暗自慶幸,但結(jié)果是使他們素質(zhì)欠佳,因?yàn)樗麄兊玫降膫(gè)人關(guān)注少,在公眾場(chǎng)合說(shuō)話 也信心不足。 


  這種不幸還在持續(xù)。大學(xué)畢業(yè)典禮上,姓氏為ABC字母的學(xué)生首先得意洋洋的拿到獎(jiǎng)狀,輪到Zysman的時(shí)候,(49)多數(shù)人都在打瞌睡了。就業(yè)面試,選舉投票,會(huì)議發(fā)言或列席等諸多表格,也都是按字母順序排序,人們費(fèi)勁地翻閱,越往后翻興趣也越少。


  Exercise:(本文的客觀中心是經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退,主觀中心是人們樂(lè)觀)

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