作者：翰林

作文和聽力,閱讀一樣,可以早做準(zhǔn)備.現(xiàn)在流行的復(fù)習(xí)方法是從下半年復(fù)習(xí),甚至是考試前3個(gè)月才開始復(fù)習(xí).復(fù)習(xí)的教材無一例外的是考試蟲系列的<萬能作文>:背一二十篇作文模式,背一二十篇范文,然后就上戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)了.腦子活的人活學(xué)活用,考后得意洋洋;腦子不活的人一籌莫展,考后傷心太平洋.年復(fù)一年,幾家歡喜幾家愁.

其實(shí),我覺得寫好作文,應(yīng)該從真正的能力培養(yǎng)上著手,提高真實(shí)的能力.從這個(gè)角度去復(fù)習(xí),不僅可以提高寫作水平,還可以提高英語的語感,間接的提高閱讀水平,完型填空的水平,翻譯水平等.

作文的復(fù)習(xí)分為4個(gè)階段.

第一個(gè)階段,我覺得需要花半年的時(shí)間.也就是今年上半年的時(shí)間.主要是挑選好的論說性的文章(比如大學(xué)英語精讀教材上的相關(guān)文章),翻譯成中文.然后對(duì)照你翻譯的中文再翻譯成英文.把你的英文和原文對(duì)照,比較你的錯(cuò)誤之處,糾正你的中式英語.這個(gè)過程很痛苦艱辛.但是是提高英語語感,寫出地道的英語句子,打好作文的基礎(chǔ)的唯一方法.這一階段,估計(jì)英-漢-英翻譯20篇左右的論說文章(每篇文章800字左右)就足夠了。

這一階段還要隨時(shí)摘錄好的優(yōu)美句子和句型結(jié)構(gòu).并熟記.

第二階段,是暑假階段.這一階段,開始向考研應(yīng)試的階段過渡.先看看<萬能作文>或者是其它指導(dǎo)考研作文的輔導(dǎo)書,了解考場(chǎng)作文是怎么一回事,如何組段成文,如何起承轉(zhuǎn)合等.同時(shí)進(jìn)一步總結(jié)優(yōu)美句子和句型結(jié)構(gòu).

第三個(gè)階段,是下學(xué)期開學(xué)起到考試前一個(gè)月.這一階段就大量的寫作文.每周寫1,2篇文章.這個(gè)寫作文,也有講究:把一篇作文寫好羅,不要仍掉就不管了.把它保存好,過2天后再拿出來修改,然后謄好后再保存起來.以后有時(shí)間了再拿出來修改.如此反復(fù)的修改時(shí),要思考怎樣把優(yōu)美句子使用到我的文章中來?怎樣把好的句子結(jié)構(gòu)使用在文章中?一篇文章經(jīng)過幾次修改后,把比較后修改的文章謄寫好,保存下來,以備沖刺階段復(fù)習(xí)參考.

這個(gè)階段,還有個(gè)重要的任務(wù),就是從大量的你收集的優(yōu)美句子和句型結(jié)構(gòu)中,挑選出你比較喜歡使用的40條句子.這40條要包括所有的起承轉(zhuǎn)合,開頭結(jié)尾,原因結(jié)構(gòu),立論的句型結(jié)構(gòu).并在寫作練習(xí)中不斷的使用這40條.

第四個(gè)階段,就是考前一個(gè)月.這一階段,把所有修改好的文章都拿出來看看.思考自己是如何把那些好的優(yōu)美句子和句型結(jié)構(gòu)用在文章中去的.進(jìn)一步熟悉那40條句子.



附:論說文句型

注:一至七條為圖表句型.

一． 上升增長
1．…add up to… 增加了
eg. The total amount of … added up to 14 billion pounds(14%) in 1994.

2． to jump to / to soar to.. 一躍達(dá)到/ 猛增到…
eg. The total working days lost soared to 10 million in 1979.

3．…an increase of about…percent as compared with.. 與…相比大約增加了…
eg. In August as many as 39 car accidents were reported, indicating an increase of about 79% as compared with the number of January.

4．…to experience an increase/incline …有了增長
eg. Tobacco consumption is experiencing an incline.


二． 下降，減少
1．…to sink/drop/reduce to… 減少到…
eg. The rate of strikes sank/dropped to the lowest point in 1979.

2．…to experience a decrease/decline …有了減少
eg. Tobacco consumption is experiencing a decrease.

注意：
修飾上升/減少的副詞有：
rapidly slowly dramatically respectively

表達(dá)上升/減少的比較后狀態(tài)的詞有：
the highest peak the lowest point 10 million 10%


三． 起伏
1．…to go up and down …起伏不定
eg. The strike rate went up and down during the period from 1952 to 1967.

2．There be ups and downs …有起有伏
eg. Between 1972 and 1979, there were several ups and downs in （某方面）.


四． 穩(wěn)定
1．…to remain steady/level/unchanged …保持穩(wěn)定，幾乎不變
eg. The rate of …remained steady (fairly level/almost unchanged) during the four years from 1963 to 1967.

2．…to level off (vi.)
eg. After a steady decline for a whole decade, the …rate shows signs of leveling off.

注意：
修飾起伏或穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)的副詞有：
almost fairly

可以用于表達(dá)起伏，穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)的句子中的詞組或句型：
the general situation was not worsening
show indications of improvement
it can be predicted that…
eg. The rate of …remained steady during the four years from 1963 to 1967,and it can be predicted that the general situation was not worsening.
eg. The rate of …remained steady during the four years from 1963 to 1967,showing signs of improvement in …


五． 成正比，反比
1．…be in direct /inverse ratio to/with 與…成正比/反比
eg. Male illustrations are in direct ratio to /with the advancement of grades, while female illustrations are in inverse ratio.


六． 占百分之幾，幾分之幾
1….to form/comprise/make up/constitute ….percent …占百分之…
eg. Women comprise more than 50% of the US.population.
eg. Females make up only 24% of the illustrations whereas males constitute 76%.

2．…to form/comprise/constitute a half/third/fourth of……占…的1/2,1/3,1/4
eg. Female illustrions form less than a fourth of the total.

3．…account for…percent 占百分之幾
eg. ……, accounting for approximately 20 percent of…



七． 倍數(shù)
1．A be …times as much/many as B
eg. The annual rainfall of Hunan is 5 times as much as that of Sichuan.

2．A doubles/is half/triples B A是B的兩倍，一半，三倍
eg. The annual rainfall of Jidda doubles that of Janta, but is only half the amount of rain Kuwait receives each year.



附一 圓盤比例型圖表

例： 一個(gè)圓盤顯示了大學(xué)生在food, books, transportations, entertainment, clothes, unknown中的開銷，它們各自占的比例依次是60%,3%,5%,10%,10%,12%，要求你描敘這個(gè)圓盤圖。

描述:
The above pie chart consists of 6 segments, the largest one representing food, which accounts for 60% of the total. Clothes and entertainment each takes up 10%. 5% goes to transportation and 3% books. All the rest expenses, 12% of all ,is spend on unknown items.

總結(jié)寫作模式：
…pie chart consists of…segments, the largest one representing…,which accounts for …of the total.…each takes up….…goes to….All the rest…, …of all,…….

.

八.原因結(jié)果
1….(結(jié)果)…, owing to (原因) [owing to 為分詞結(jié)構(gòu)>

2….(結(jié)果)…, attributable to（原因） [attributable to為形容詞短語>

3….(結(jié)果) lie in the fact that（原因） [ 同位語從句 >

4….（結(jié)果）result from（原因） [句型一般>

5. It is precisely because （原因）…that （導(dǎo)致結(jié)果）… [強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)>

6. …, as a result, …（導(dǎo)致結(jié)果）… [as a result做插入語>

7. （原因）be responsible for（結(jié)果） [常見句型>

8. （原因），which in turn（結(jié)果）
eg. They give rise to unfair competition, which in turn throws original businesses into a commercial panic.


九．采取措施，提出建議
1. My suggestion to deal with/solve/relieve the problem are as follows. In the first place,…. Secondly,…. Finally,… [常見句型>

2. If we let the situation go as it is, …. By that time, …. 如果讓這種情況繼續(xù)發(fā)展下去，那么……。到那個(gè)時(shí)候，……。[比較好的句型>


3. More and more people are realizing the importance of…[進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)， more and more比many好>

4. Great efforts/More measures/Due attention must be taken/paid to do …[ 被動(dòng)語態(tài)，due attention 和be paid to 搭配>


5. If……, will there be anything that can make me even happier? 如果（我們?cè)趺丛趺醋觯�，那將沒有比這令我更高興的了。[條件句，反問句>

6. It is important/necessary/urgent/desirable(希望)/advisable(明智) for sb. to do sth. [It is …for …to do…句型>


7. enhance the awareness of people that…

8. The first nut for us to crack is… 我們首先要解決的是……。 [比The first thing we should do is … 句型 高級(jí)的多，精彩的多，生動(dòng)的多>


9. ……as soon as possible [常見句型>

10. sth. be of the utmost importance [ be of n. 結(jié)構(gòu)， 比sth. be much important好>


十．方式，比較
1. (Just) as …, so… 正如… [ 比較句型 >
eg. Just as water is the most important of liquids, so air is the most important of gases.

2. in much the same way/manner that… 正如…, 和…一樣
eg. The Americans spend Christmas Day in much the same way that the Europeans do.


十一. 讓步
1. now that …… 既然…… [讓步從句>
eg. Now that the decision has been made, we must try our best to carry it out.

2. unless…not… [ 讓步從句>
eg. It is a vicious cycle and unless you consider these social, economic and environmental problems in one context, you are not serious about meeting the challenges. [注意例句中的consider sth. in one context句型:把什么事情放在一起加以綜合考慮>


十三. 強(qiáng)調(diào)句
1. only [既是強(qiáng)調(diào)句,又是倒裝句>
eg. Only in this way can you hope to improve the present situation.

2. It is …that…
eg. It is because he was too careless that he failed in the exam.

3. nothing but 只不過；只有…
eg. If what we have been striving for is nothing but pleasure-seeking, our nation will be deprived of the right to rise.(這里nothing but 可以去掉,不影響句意,但有了nothing but,就強(qiáng)調(diào)了后面的名詞)


十四. 假設(shè)
1. Supposing……, it is likely that…. 假設(shè)…, 那么很可能… [假設(shè), 虛擬語態(tài)>
eg. Supposing you wanted to buy a washing machine, it is more than likely you would obtain details regarding performance, price, etc. from an advertisement.


十五. 反問
1. What else can …? ……..還能做什么呢?
eg. What else can the poor parents do but obey? 這些可憐的家長除了聽從外還能做什么呢?

2. How could ……? 怎能….
eg. How could I put the English books aside to read pastime books?


十六. 比較
1. A is to B what X is to Y. A對(duì)于B 就象X對(duì)于Y
eg. Food is to man what oil is to machines.
2. ……more…, less…
eg. The closer to Christmas, the crazier they get; they become more agitated, less patient.



十七. 否定
1. 雙重否定
not uncommon = common 平常的,普通的
not unusual = usual 平常的，通常的
not inevitable=evitable 可以避免的
(盡量把要強(qiáng)調(diào)的普通的形容詞改成雙重否定, 為文章多增加亮點(diǎn))

2. by no means 并沒有;當(dāng)然不

3. no longer/more 不再
eg. I am no longer that ignorant girl.


十八. 程度
1. all the more 更加
eg. That makes London all the more fascinating, doesn’t it?
eg. It is all the more surprising therefore that…

2. more than 做副詞, 意為 “多過…”, “比…以上”, “比…更”
eg. I am more than happy to hear from you.

3. more than you can… 遠(yuǎn)超過你…
eg. The situation is very abominable more than you can stand.環(huán)境非常惡劣,你無法忍受.



十九. 論相互關(guān)系
1. A have much(nothing) to do with B

2. A be closely related to B

3.A be directly bound up with B

4. a definite link between …and…


二十一.直陳觀點(diǎn)
1. more than…can 簡直不,無法,難以…
eg. The beauty of the city is more than I can describe.

2. beyond description 無法描述
eg. The beauty of the city is beyond description.

3. There is no point(use) in doing… …是沒有任何意義的.

4. The first nut for us to crack is … 我們首先要解決的問題是…

5. short-sighted policy 眼光短淺的政策

6. while ……with one hand, ……with the other. 當(dāng)(我們)一方面…., 而另一方面…
eg. While money is eagerly collected in vast sums with one hand, it is paid out in increasingly vaster sums with the other.

7. far from 遠(yuǎn)離,遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不,非但不
eg. Far from taking exception(take exception:反對(duì)), no one is even mildly surprised.

8. be bound to
eg. Any discussion of this topic is bound to question the aims of education.

9. (or) vice-versa 反之亦然

10. sth. be measured in terms of … sth.用…來衡量
eg. “success” is measured in terms of freedom from insecurity.

11…. (現(xiàn)象)…, upon which views vary from person to person.

12.A be more essential to B. 對(duì)B來說, A是尤為關(guān)鍵重要的.

13.Distinguished scientific accomplishment is a matter of opportunity and of continuous and concentrated effort over long years. (很優(yōu)美的句子,值得借鑒)

14. from the …point of view 從…角度來看
eg. From the health point of view 從健康的角度來看

15. ……must be rooted out in order to …. …必須根除以…
eg. Moral corruption must be rooted out in order to preserve the integrity of the state. 為了使國家健康發(fā)展,必須根除腐敗.

16. …represent only the tip of the iceberg. …….只是冰山一角
eg. The most famous stars represent only the tip of the iceberg.

17. The rapid progress in science and technology has given a powerful shove-ahead to the productive forces of the world and the economic and social development of humanity. 科技的快速發(fā)展帶給世界生產(chǎn)力和人類經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)的發(fā)展一個(gè)強(qiáng)勁的推動(dòng)力(2001年江澤民的七.一講話).

18. ….stand tall and aim far, broaden one’s vision and give full play to one’s intelligence and wisdom on the broad arena of reform, opening-up and the modernization drive. 站的高看的遠(yuǎn),開擴(kuò)自己的視野,在改革開放和現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)的大舞臺(tái)上充分發(fā)揮個(gè)人才智(2001年江澤民的七.一講話). (句中很多的詞組都是作文中可以運(yùn)用到的,比如改革開放:reform (and) opening-up等)

19….demonstrate the value of one’s life and work hard to achieve feats that will live up to the expectations of the people and the times. 證實(shí)自己的人生價(jià)值,努力的工作取得成就,而不辜負(fù)人民和時(shí)代的期望. (出處同上)

20.When asked about…, the overwhelming majority of people say that ….But other people think of … as…. / But I think quite differently. (對(duì)報(bào)刊上某一問題(已有不同的人發(fā)表了不同的觀點(diǎn))發(fā)表自己的觀點(diǎn))

21.It is generally believed/accepted/held that… 通常認(rèn)為….

22 It is no denying the fact that…. 無可否認(rèn)…

23….. , so…that…
eg. The river is very clear, so clear that you can see the fishes coming and going in it.
eg. Everything is covered with a thick layer of dust, so poisonous that all the grass, trees, vegetables and flowers gradually die.



二十二. 辨證分析
1. Just as the popular saying goes, “Every coin has two sides”. From one side,…. from the other side,…. 正如一個(gè)諺語所說的, “每個(gè)硬幣都有兩面(事物都是一分為二的)”.從一方面看….. 從另一方面來看…..



二十三. 比喻,擬人
1. They are taken prisoners by fame and their achievements turn into a bar to further advance.

2. True and deep love of life is the spring from which flow courage, confidence and power.




二十四.副詞
1. admittedly 應(yīng)當(dāng)承認(rèn):
Admittedly, a few governments have taken timid measures.

2. simply 簡而言之:
The answer is simply money.

3. discreetly 小心謹(jǐn)慎地:
point out discreetly that…

4. conceivably 可以想象地:
Smoking may, conceivably, be harmful.

5. surely 肯定地:
This is surely the most short-sighted policy you could imagine.

6. eagerly 渴望地

7. increasingly 不斷增長地
While money is eagerly collected in vast sums with one hand, it is paid out in increasingly vaster sums with the other.

8. honestly: 誠實(shí)地:
the government is honestly concerned about the welfare of its people政府真心實(shí)意地關(guān)心它的人民的福利

9. certainly: 當(dāng)然地
As individuals we are certainly weak, but if …作為個(gè)人,我們當(dāng)然是弱小的,但是如果…


結(jié)束語

這份句型總結(jié),只是包含了大部分的句型結(jié)構(gòu).對(duì)任何人的寫作都有一定的幫助.但是請(qǐng)不要完全依賴這份總結(jié).（更多更好的短語,句型需要自己在閱讀中不斷積累總結(jié)