2017考研英語翻譯中的"轉(zhuǎn)換"思維大剖析

來源：考試吧時間：2017-01-04 09:17:19

　　在英譯漢過程中，有些句子可以逐詞對譯，有些句子則由于英漢兩種語言的表達方式不同，就不能用"一個蘿卜一個坑"的方法來逐詞對譯。原文中有些詞在譯文中需要詞類轉(zhuǎn)換和結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換，才能使?jié)h語譯文通順自然。

　　一、詞類轉(zhuǎn)換

　　▶轉(zhuǎn)譯成動詞

　　1.名詞轉(zhuǎn)換成動詞

　　經(jīng)典例題: Interest in historical methods has arisen，less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.

　　分析:interest在原文中是名詞，而在譯文中為了符合中文的表達方式，在不改變意思的前提下，將它改成動詞。

　　參考譯文: 人們之所以關(guān)注歷史研究的方法，主要是因為史學家們內(nèi)部分歧過大，其次才是因為外界并不認為歷史是一門學科。(1999年真題)

　　經(jīng)典例題: With the click of a mouse，information from the other end of the globe will be transported to your computer screen at the dizzying speed of seven_and_a_half times around the earth per second.

　　參考譯文: 只要一點鼠標，來自世界另一端的信息便會以每秒繞地球七周半的驚人速度傳輸?shù)侥愕碾娔X屏幕上。

　　2.形容詞轉(zhuǎn)換成動詞

　　經(jīng)典例題: Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion problems arising from mass migration movements-themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport.

　　參考譯文: 由于人口的猛增或大量人口流動(現(xiàn)代交通工具使大量人口流動變得相對容易)所造成的種種問題也會增加社會壓力。(2000年真題)

　　經(jīng)典例題: Doctors have said that they are not sure they can save his life.

　　參考譯文: 醫(yī)生們說他們不敢肯定能否救得了他的命。

　　Success is dependent on his effort.

　　參考譯文成功與否取決于他的努力。

　　3.副詞轉(zhuǎn)換成動詞

　　經(jīng)典例題: She opened the window to let fresh air in.

　　參考譯文: 她把窗子打開，讓新鮮空氣進來。

　　4.介詞轉(zhuǎn)換成動詞

　　經(jīng)典例題: Many laboratories are developing medicines against AIDS.

　　參考譯文: 許多實驗室正在研制治療艾滋病的藥物。

　　經(jīng)典例題: "Coming!"Away she skimmed over the lawn，up the path，up the steps，across the veranda，and into the porch.

　　參考譯文: "來了!"她轉(zhuǎn)身蹦著跳著地跑了，越過草地，跑上小徑，跨上臺階，穿過涼臺，進了門廊。

　　▶轉(zhuǎn)換成名詞

　　1.動詞轉(zhuǎn)換成名詞

　　經(jīng)典例題: The university aims at the first rate of the world.

　　參考譯文學校的目標是世界一流。

　　經(jīng)典例題: The net and electronic commerce will foster a large number of free_fancers，and this will affect social structure in a big way.

　　參考譯文: 網(wǎng)絡(luò)和電子商業(yè)將會造就一大批自由職業(yè)者，從而將對社會結(jié)構(gòu)產(chǎn)生深遠的影響。

　　經(jīng)典例題: Numerous abstentions marked the French elections.

　　參考譯文: 這次法國選舉的特點是棄權(quán)的人多。

　　2.形容詞轉(zhuǎn)換成名詞

　　經(jīng)典例題: They did their best to help the sick and the wounded.

　　參考譯文: 他們盡了比較大努力幫助病號和傷號。

　　經(jīng)典例題: The different production cost is closely associated with the sources of power.

　　參考譯文: 生產(chǎn)成本的差異與能源密切相關(guān)。

　　3.代詞轉(zhuǎn)換成名詞

　　經(jīng)典例題: According to a growing body of evidence，the chemicals that make up many plastics may migrate out of the material and into foods and fluids，ending up in your body.

　　分析: your body直譯是"你的身體"，而細讀原文，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)其實your body是泛指人體。作者為了引起與讀者的共鳴，用了與讀者更息息相關(guān)的your。在翻譯時，應(yīng)將此代詞轉(zhuǎn)換成名詞，體現(xiàn)其真實含義。

　　參考譯文越來越多的證據(jù)表明，許多塑料制品的化學成分會移動到食物或流體上去，比較終進入人體內(nèi)。

　　經(jīng)典例題: Though we can't see it，there is air all around us.參考譯文雖然我們看不見空氣，可我們周圍到處都有空氣。

　　4.副詞轉(zhuǎn)換成名詞

　　經(jīng)典例題: The new type of machine is shown schematically in Figure1.

　　參考譯文圖一所示是這種新型機器的簡圖。

　　經(jīng)典例題: Internally the earth consists of two parts，a core and a mantle.參考譯文地球的內(nèi)部由兩部分組成:地核和地幔。

　　▶轉(zhuǎn)換成形容詞

　　1.副詞轉(zhuǎn)換成形容詞

　　經(jīng)典例題: The engineer had prepared meticulously for his design.

　　參考譯文: 工程師為這次設(shè)計做了十分周密的準備。

　　經(jīng)典例題: When tables and other materials are included，they should be conveniently placed，so that a student can consult them without turning over too many pages.

　　參考譯文: 當書中列有表格或其他參考資料時，應(yīng)當將這些內(nèi)容編排在適當?shù)奈恢�，以便使學生在查閱時，不必翻太多的書頁。

　　2.名詞轉(zhuǎn)換成形容詞

　　經(jīng)典例題: Most teenagers feel no difficulty in learning and operating computers.

　　參考譯文: 絕大部分青少年在學習和操作電腦方面并不覺得困難。

　　經(jīng)典例題: The instrument has been welcomed by users because of its stability in serviceability，reliability in operation and simplicity in maintenance.

　　參考譯文: 該儀器性能穩(wěn)定，操作可靠，維護方便，因而受到用戶的歡迎。

　　▶轉(zhuǎn)換成副詞

　　形容詞轉(zhuǎn)換成副詞

　　經(jīng)典例題: The wide application of electronic machines in scientific work，in designing and in economic calculations will free man from the labor of complicated computations.

　　參考譯文: 在科學研究、設(shè)計和經(jīng)濟計算方面廣泛地應(yīng)用電子計算機可以使人們從繁重的計算勞動中解放出來。

　　經(jīng)典例題: By dialing the right number，you may be able to select a play，golf lesson or lecture in physics，from a pre-taped library in a remote city，for showing on your home screen.

　　參考譯文只要撥對了號碼，你就可以在家里電視機上選看到由遠方城市一座圖書館發(fā)出的預(yù)先錄制的一出戲，一堂打高爾夫球的講課，或者一次物理學講演。

　　二、結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換

　　結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換著眼于句子成分的相互轉(zhuǎn)換和基本句型的改變。句子成分的相互轉(zhuǎn)換主要在主語與賓語，補語與表語，主語與定語，定語與狀語，狀語與主語之間進行。

　　▶句子成分的轉(zhuǎn)換

　　1.非主語譯成主語

　　經(jīng)典例題: Since the invention of the transistor at the Bell Telephone Laboratories in1984，it has found its way into varied applications in the commercial，industrial and military fields.

　　參考譯文: 自從1984年貝爾電話研究所發(fā)明晶體管以來，晶體管的種種應(yīng)用已遍及商業(yè)、工業(yè)和軍事各個領(lǐng)域。(狀語譯成主語)

　　經(jīng)典例題: Television is different from radio in that it sends and receives pictures.

　　參考譯文: 電視和無線電的不同點在于電視能收發(fā)圖像。(表語譯成主語)

　　經(jīng)典例題: Matter is usually electrically neutral，that is，it has as many protons，as electrons.

　　參考譯文: 物質(zhì)通常是不帶電的，就是說，它的質(zhì)子和電子數(shù)量是相等的。(賓語譯成主語)

　　2.非謂語譯成謂語

　　經(jīng)典例題: There is a need for improvement in your study habits.

　　參考譯文: 你的學習習慣需要改進。(主語譯成謂語)

　　3.非賓語譯成賓語

　　經(jīng)典例題: He is admired by everybody.

　　參考譯文: 大家都很欽佩他。(主語譯成賓語)

　　經(jīng)典例題: Materials to be used for structural purpose are chosen so as to behave elastically in the environmental condition.