一、 長(zhǎng)短句原則

　　工作還得一張一馳呢，老讓讀者讀長(zhǎng)句，累死人!寫一個(gè)短小精辟的句子，相反，卻可以起到畫龍點(diǎn)睛的作用。而且如果我們把短句放在段首或者段末，也可以揭示主題：

　　As a creature, I eat; as a man, I read. Although one action is to meet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy the intellectual need of mind, they are in awayquite similar.

　　如此可見，長(zhǎng)短句結(jié)合，抑揚(yáng)頓挫，豈不爽哉?牢記!

　　強(qiáng)烈建議：在文章第一段(開頭)用一長(zhǎng)一短，且先長(zhǎng)后短;在文章主體部分，要先用一個(gè)短句解釋主要意思，然后在闡述幾個(gè)要點(diǎn)的時(shí)候采用先短后長(zhǎng)的句群形式，定會(huì)讓主體部分妙筆生輝!文章結(jié)尾一般用一長(zhǎng)一短就可以了。

　　二、 主題句原則

　　國(guó)有其君，家有其主，文章也要有其主。否則會(huì)給人造成“群龍無(wú)首”之感!相信各位讀過一些破爛文學(xué)，故意把主體隱藏在文章之內(nèi)，結(jié)果造成我們稀里糊涂!不知所云!所以奉勸各位一定要寫一個(gè)主題句，放在文章的開頭(保險(xiǎn)型)或者結(jié)尾，讓讀者一目了然，必會(huì)平安無(wú)事!特別提示：隱藏主體句可是要冒險(xiǎn)的!

　　To begin with, you must work hard at your lessons and be fully prepared beforetheexam(主題句). Without sufficient preparation, you can hardly expect to answer all the questions correctly.

　　三、 一 二 三原則

　　領(lǐng)導(dǎo)講話總是第一部分、第一點(diǎn)、第二點(diǎn)、第三點(diǎn)、第二部分、第一點(diǎn)… 如此羅嗦�？僧吘惯�是條理清楚�？脊賯兛次恼乱脖厝灰�通過這些關(guān)鍵性的“標(biāo)簽”來(lái)判定你的文章是否結(jié)構(gòu)清楚，條理自然。***方法很簡(jiǎn)單，只要把下面任何一組的詞匯加入到你的幾個(gè)要點(diǎn)前就清楚了。

　　1)first, second, third, last(不推薦，原因：俗)

　　2)firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally(不推薦，原因：俗)

　　3)the first, the second, the third, the last(不推薦，原因：俗)

　　4)in the first place, in the second place, in the third place, lastly(不推薦，原因：俗)

　　5)to begin with, then, furthermore, finally(強(qiáng)烈推薦)

　　6)to start with, next, in addition, finally(強(qiáng)烈推薦)

　　7)first and foremost, besides, last but not least(強(qiáng)烈推薦)

　　8)most important of all, moreover, finally

　　9)on the one hand, on the other hand(適用于兩點(diǎn)的情況)

　　10)for one thing, for another thing(適用于兩點(diǎn)的情況)

　　建議：不僅僅在寫作中注意，平時(shí)說話的時(shí)候也應(yīng)該條理清楚!

　　四、 短語(yǔ)優(yōu)先原則

　　寫作時(shí)，尤其是在考試時(shí)，如果使用短語(yǔ)，有兩個(gè)好處：其一、用短語(yǔ)會(huì)使文章增加亮點(diǎn)，如果老師們看到你的文章太簡(jiǎn)單，看不到一個(gè)自己不認(rèn)識(shí)的短語(yǔ)，必然會(huì)看你低一等。相反，如果發(fā)現(xiàn)亮點(diǎn)—精彩的短語(yǔ)，那么你的文章定會(huì)得高分了。其二、關(guān)鍵時(shí)刻思維短路，只有湊字?jǐn)?shù)，怎么辦?用短語(yǔ)是一個(gè)辦法!比如：I cannot bear it.可以用短語(yǔ)表達(dá)：I cannot put up with it. I want it.

　　可以用短語(yǔ)表達(dá)：I am looking forward to it.這樣字?jǐn)?shù)明顯增加，表達(dá)也更準(zhǔn)確。

　　五、 多實(shí)少虛原則

　　原因很簡(jiǎn)單，寫文章還是應(yīng)該寫一些實(shí)際的東西，不要空話連篇。這就要求一定要多用實(shí)詞，少用虛詞。

　　我這里所說的虛詞就是指那些比較大的詞。比如我們說一個(gè)很好的時(shí)候，不應(yīng)該之說 nice 這樣空洞的詞，應(yīng)該使用一些諸如 generous, humorous, interesting, smart, gentle, warm-hearted,hospital 之類的形象詞。再比如：

　　走出房間，general 的詞是：walk out of the room

　　但是小偷走出房間應(yīng)該說：slip out of the room

　　小姐走出房間應(yīng)該說：sail out of the room

　　小孩走出房間應(yīng)該說：dance out of the room

　　老人走出房間應(yīng)該說：stagger out of the room

　　所以多用實(shí)詞，少用虛詞，文章將會(huì)大放異彩!

　　六、 多變句式原則

　　1)加法(串聯(lián))

　　都希望寫下很長(zhǎng)的句子，像個(gè)老外似的，可就是怕寫錯(cuò)，怎么辦，比較保險(xiǎn)的寫長(zhǎng)句的方法就是這些，可以在任何句子之間加 and, 但比較好是前后的句子又先后關(guān)系或者并列關(guān)系。比如說：

　　I enjor music and he is fond of playing guitar.如果是二者并列的，我們可以用一個(gè)超級(jí)句式：

　　Notonlythefurcoatissoft,butitisalsowarm.(notonly…butalso…)

　　其它的短語(yǔ)可以用：besides, furthermore, likewise, moreover

　　2)轉(zhuǎn)折(拐彎抹角)

　　批評(píng)某人缺點(diǎn)的時(shí)候，我們總習(xí)慣先拐彎抹角說說他的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，然后轉(zhuǎn)入正題，再說缺點(diǎn)，這種方式雖然陰險(xiǎn)了點(diǎn)，可畢竟還比較容易讓人接受。所以呢，我們說話的時(shí)候，只要在要點(diǎn)之前先來(lái)點(diǎn)廢話，注意二者之間用個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)折詞就夠了。

　　The car was quite old, yet it was in excellent condition. Thecoatwasthin,but it was warm.

　　更多的短語(yǔ)：despite that, still 仍, however 然而, nevertheless 然而, in spite of 不管, despite不管, notwithstanding .雖然

　　3)因果(so, so, so)

　　昨天在街上我看到了一個(gè)女孩，然后我主動(dòng)搭訕，然后我們?nèi)タХ葟d，然后我們認(rèn)識(shí)了，然后我們成為了朋友…可見，講故事的時(shí)候我們總要追求先后順序，先什么，后什么，所以然后這個(gè)詞就變得很常見了。其實(shí)這個(gè)詞表示的是先后或因果關(guān)系!

　　The snow began to fall, so we went home.

　　更多短語(yǔ)：then, therefore, consequently, accordingly, hence, as a result, for this reason, so that

　　4)失衡句(頭重腳輕，或者頭輕腳重)

　　有些人腦袋大，身體小，或者有些人腦袋小，身體大，雖然我們不希望長(zhǎng)成這個(gè)樣子，可如果真的是這樣了，也就必然會(huì)吸引別人的注意力。文章中如果出現(xiàn)這樣的句子，就更會(huì)讓考官看到你的句子與眾不同。其實(shí)就是主語(yǔ)從句，表語(yǔ)從句，賓語(yǔ)從句的變形。

　　舉例：This is what I can do. Whether he can go with us or not is not sure.

　　同樣主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)可以改成如下的復(fù)雜成分：When to go, Why he goes away…

　　5)附加(多此一舉)

　　如果有了老婆，總會(huì)遇到這樣的情況，當(dāng)你再講某個(gè)人的時(shí)候，她會(huì)插一句說，我昨天見過他;或者說，就是某某某，如果把老婆的話插入到我們的話里面，那就是定語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句或者是插入語(yǔ)。

　　The man whom you met yesterday is a friend of mine. I don’t enjoy that book you are reading.

　　Mr liu, our oral English teacher, is easy-going.

　　其實(shí)很簡(jiǎn)單，同位語(yǔ)--要解釋的東西刪除后不影響整個(gè)句子的構(gòu)成;定語(yǔ)從句—借用之前的關(guān)鍵詞并且用其重新組成一個(gè)句子插入其中，但是 whom or that 關(guān)鍵詞必須要緊跟在先行詞之前。

　　6)排比(排山倒海句)

　　文學(xué)作品中比較吸引人的地方莫過于此，如果非要讓你的文章更加精彩的話，那么我希望你引用一個(gè)個(gè)的排比句，一個(gè)個(gè)得對(duì)偶句，一個(gè)個(gè)的不定式，一個(gè)個(gè)地詞，一個(gè)個(gè)的短語(yǔ)，如此表達(dá)將會(huì)使文章有排山倒海之勢(shì)!

　　Whether your tastes are modern or traditional, sophisticated or simple, there is plenty in London for you.

　　Nowadays, energy can be obtained through various sources such as oil, coal, natural gas,solar heat, the wind and ocean tides.

　　We have got to study hard, to enlarge our scope of knowledge, to realize our potentials and to pay for our life. (氣勢(shì)恢宏)

　　要想寫出如此氣勢(shì)恢宏的句子非用排比不可!

　　七、 挑戰(zhàn)極限原則

　　既然十挑戰(zhàn)極限，必然是比較難的，但是并非不可攀!

　　原理：在學(xué)生的文章中，很少發(fā)現(xiàn)諸如獨(dú)立主格的句子，其實(shí)也很簡(jiǎn)單，只要花上 5 分鐘的時(shí)間看看就可以領(lǐng)會(huì)，它就是分詞的一種特殊形式，分詞要求主語(yǔ)一致，而獨(dú)立主格則不然。比如：

　　The weather being fine, a large number of people went to climb the Western Hills.

　　Africa is the second largest continent, its size being about three times that of China.

　　如果您可一些出這樣的句子，不得高分才怪!

　　文章主體段落三大殺手锏：

　　一、舉實(shí)例

　　思維短路，舉實(shí)例!提出一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)，舉實(shí)例!提出一個(gè)方案，舉實(shí)例!而且者也是我們揭示一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)比較好的方式，任何情況下，只要我們無(wú)法繼續(xù)文章，不管三七二十一，盡管舉例子!

　　In order to attract more customers, advertisers have adopted every possible stimulative factor in making ads, such as sound, light, colours, cartoon films and human performance. For instance, to advertise a certain food, advertisers will ask an actor or actress to sit at a table and devour the seemingly delicious food while they fime him or her.

　　更多句型：To take … as an example, One example is…, Another example is…, for example

　　二、做比較

　　方法：寫完一個(gè)要點(diǎn)，比較與之相似的;又寫完一個(gè)要點(diǎn)，再比較與之相反的;

　　世界上沒有同樣的指紋，沒有相同的樹葉，文章亦同，只有通過比較，你才會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)二者的相同點(diǎn)(through comparison)和不同點(diǎn)(through contrast) 。下面是一些短語(yǔ)：

　　相似的比較：in comparison, likewise, similarly, in the same manner

　　相反的比較：on the other hand, conversely, whereas, while, instead, nevertheless, in contrast, on the contrary, compared with …,…

　　三、換言之

　　沒話說了，可以換一句話再說，讓你的文章在多一些字，或者文鄒鄒地說，是讓讀者更充分的理解你的觀點(diǎn)。

　　實(shí)際就是重復(fù)重復(fù)再重復(fù)!下面的句子實(shí)際上就三個(gè)字 I love you!

　　I am enthusiastic about you. That is to say, I love you.

　　I am wild about you. In other words, I have fallen in love with you.

　　或者上面我們舉過的例子：

　　I cannot bear it.可以用短語(yǔ)表達(dá)：I cannot put up with it.

　　因此可以這樣說：I cannot bear it. That is to say, I cannot put up with it or I am fed up with it.

　　更多短語(yǔ)：in more difficult language, in simpler words, put it more simply“引言”段落中的常用句型：

　　1. …is a very popular topic which is much talked about not only by …but also by …

　　家庭人口多好還是家庭人口少好是一個(gè)非常通俗的主題，不僅是城里人，而且農(nóng)民都經(jīng)常談?wù)撨@個(gè)問題。

　　Weahter a large family is a good thing or not is a very popular topic which is often talked about not only by city residents but by farners as well.

　　2.There is no denying the fact that…

　　無(wú)可否認(rèn)，空氣污染是一個(gè)極其嚴(yán)重的問題：城市當(dāng)局應(yīng)該采取有力措施來(lái)解決它。

　　There is no denying the fact that air pollution is an extemerely serious problem:the city authorities should take strong measures to deal with it.

　　3.As is known to all,…

　　眾所周知，假冒偽劣商品損害了消費(fèi)者的利益。

　　As is known to all,fake and inferior commodities harm the interests of consumers.(=do a lot of harm to the interests of comsumers)

　　4.More and more people are realing the importance of …

　　現(xiàn)在越來(lái)越多的人認(rèn)識(shí)到法制教育的重要性。為了維護(hù)社會(huì)治安，我們每人都應(yīng)該接受法制教育。

　　Tody an increaasing number of people have realized that law education is of great importance .In order to keep law and order,very one of us is supposed to get(=receive)a law education.

　　5.FromwhatIhavementionedabovewecanseeclearlythat…

　　從上面我所提到的，我們可以清楚地看到，電視暴力對(duì)青少年的影響是極其深遠(yuǎn)的。

　　From what I have mentoned above,we can see clearly that violence on TV has great influence on young adults’behaviour.(或 teenagers’behavior 或 youngsters’behavior)

　　“正文”段落中常用的句型：

　　1.There are some good reasons for…(分析原因)

　　two possible

　　人民生活狀況的改善原因有兩點(diǎn)。首先，我們一直在貫徹執(zhí)行改革開放政策。其次，國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)正在迅速發(fā)展，而且出生率已經(jīng)得到控制。

　　There are two reasons for the improvement in people’s living conditions.Inthefirst place,we have been carrying out the reform and opening-up policy.Secondly,there has been a rapid expansion of our national economy .Further-more,the birth rate has been put under control.

　　2.My suggestions to deal with the problem are as follows.In the first place,… Secondly,…Finally… solve

　　tackle

　　relieve (提出建議)

　　我對(duì)解決這個(gè)問題的建議如下。首先，迫在眉睫的是建立自然保護(hù)區(qū)。其次，有些瀕臨滅絕的珍稀野生動(dòng)物應(yīng)該收捕、人工喂養(yǎng)并繁殖。比較后，對(duì)于捕獵珍稀野生動(dòng)物的人必須嚴(yán)懲。

　　My suggestions to deal with the problem are as follows .To begin with,it is urgent to create nature reserves.Secondly,certain rare wild animals that are goingtobeextinct should be collected,fed and reproduced artificially.Finally ,those who hunter them must be punished severely.

　　3.Different people have different opinions on this question.Some people believe that …

　　Others

　　problem. matter. argue that… Still others assert that…(論述不同看法)

　　人們對(duì)失敗持有不同的態(tài)度。面對(duì)失敗，有人能夠經(jīng)得起考驗(yàn)，從失敗中汲取教訓(xùn)，并努力去完成他們下定決心要做的事情。然而，另一些人卻喪失信心并退卻了。

　　People differ in their attitudes towards failure.Faced with it ,some of them can stand up to it .draw useful lessons from it and try hard to fulfii what they are determined to do.Others,however,lose heart and give in.

　　4.It is important (nessary, urgent, difficult, easy, expensive, desirable, abvisable,convenient, comfortable)for sb. to do sth. (發(fā)表意見)

　　人們希望建立更多的醫(yī)院、購(gòu)物中心、娛樂中心、電影院和其他公用設(shè)施來(lái)滿足人民日益增長(zhǎng)的需求。

　　It is desirable to build more hospitals,shopping centres,recreation centres,cinemas and other public facilities to meet the growing needs of people.

　　5.As a popular saying goes “Everything has two sides.” (分析利弊)

　　常言道：“事物總是一分為二的”。如今人們從科技發(fā)明中得到越來(lái)越多的好處。另一方面，科技進(jìn)步也給我們帶來(lái)了許多麻煩。現(xiàn)在許多國(guó)家的人民飽嘗公害之苦。

　　As a popular saying goes, “Everything has two sides.” Now people (the public)are benefiting more and more from scientific and technological inventions. On the other hand,the progress of science and technology is bringing us a lot of trouble.Peoplein many countries are srffering from public hazards.

　　6.For example, … (舉例闡述) For instance, … Let’s take …for examlpe.

　　就拿汽車為例。汽車不僅污染城市空氣，而且使城市擁擠不堪。此外，汽車造成許多交通事故。汽車所產(chǎn)生的噪音使居住在街道兩旁的居民日夜不得安寧。

　　Les ’ s take cars for example.They not only pollute the air in cities,but make them crowed.Furthermore,they carse a lot of traffic accidents. (…, they are responsible for a lot of traffic accidents.) The noise made by cars disturbs the residents living on both sides of streets all day and night.

　　7.It is generally believed that … accepted (引證觀點(diǎn)) thought held

　　普遍認(rèn)為，在發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家人口增長(zhǎng)的主要原因與其說是出生率的上升，還不如說是由于醫(yī)療保健的改善的使死亡率下降了。

　　It is generally believed (=thought) that the chief reason for the increase in population in developed coutries is not so much the rise in birth rates as the decline in death rates as a result of the improvement in medical care.

　　8. …causes (produces, brings about, leads to, results in …)(因果關(guān)系)毫無(wú)疑問，需求的增長(zhǎng)導(dǎo)致了價(jià)格的上漲。

　　There is no doubt that the increase in demand causes(results in/leads to) the rise in prices.

　　圖表概述或描述中常用的句型

　　1. As is shown by the graph,… (概述圖表)

　　in the table.

　　正如曲線所示，比較近 54 年來(lái)該國(guó)人口飛速增長(zhǎng)。

　　As is shown by the graph,there has been a rapid increase in the population of the country in the past five years.

　　2. It can be seen from the table that … (得出結(jié)論) shown graph concluded figures estimated statistics

　　A. 從表中所給的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字可以看出，從 1985 年到 1990 年中國(guó)的人均收入迅速提高。

　　From the statistics given in the table it can be seen that the average personal income of the Chinese people increased (grew 、rose) rapidly from 1985 to 1990.

　　B. 從曲線圖可以得出結(jié)論，比較近 5 年來(lái)中國(guó)人口的出生率已經(jīng)大大下降。

　　It can be concluded from the graph that there has been a great decline in birth rates in China in the past five years.

　　3. … amount to … (數(shù)量總計(jì)) add up to come to

　　sum up to

　　全部費(fèi)用合計(jì) 200 美元。All the expenses (costs) amount to (= add up to) $ 200.

　　4. … increase from … to … ( 數(shù)量增減 ) decrease rise fall drop

　　A. 這個(gè)工廠生產(chǎn)的彩電已由 1986 年的 5000 臺(tái)增加到 1990 年的21000 臺(tái)。

　　The number of colour TV sets produced by the factory increased (rose , grew , climbed) from 5000 in 1986 to 21000 in 1990.

　　B.參加者的人數(shù)增加到 30 萬(wàn)。The number of paticipants grew up to 300000 persons = increased , reaching 300000 persons).

　　C. 這個(gè)學(xué)校的教職工人數(shù)已減少到 700 人。The number of teaching staff members in this school has decreased to 700 persons.

　　5.(be)three times as + 形容詞 + as 總產(chǎn)量 total output 鋼的年產(chǎn)量 the annual output of 上升 17% rise by 17per cent steel 日產(chǎn)量 the daily output 導(dǎo)致產(chǎn)量下降 result in a diminished output

　　現(xiàn)在我們地區(qū)的糧食產(chǎn)量相當(dāng)于 1970 年的 3倍。

　　The grain production (= output)in our area now is three times as great as that of 1970.

　　6.Compared with … , …

　　與去年相比，今年 13 項(xiàng)主要產(chǎn)品的產(chǎn)量都有大幅度增長(zhǎng)。The factory has an output of 9 million cigarettes daily.

　　Compared with that of last year,the output of 13 main products (= items) this year has increased to a great extent.

　　7.There is (was) a rapid rise in … be on the rise

　　has been sharp increase on the increase

　　sudden decrease on the decline

　　steady decline

　　gradual fall

　　slow drop

　　slight

　　比較近幾年來(lái)這個(gè)地區(qū)的棉花產(chǎn)量有了迅速增長(zhǎng)。

　　The cotton output in this area has increased rapidly in the past few years.

　　——“結(jié)尾”段落中常用的句型：

　　1. In my opinion, … 2. Personally, I … 3. In short (= In brief), …

　　4. In conclusion, … 5.As far as I’m concerned, … 6. To conclude , it seems clearthat…

　　至于說到我，我贊成前一種觀點(diǎn)。所以，我的結(jié)論是，只要我們堅(jiān)持正確的東西，改正錯(cuò)誤的東西，我們就一定能成功。

　　As far as I’ mconcerned,I’ m in favour of the former view.Therefore,my conclusion is that we are certain to succeed as long as we stick to what is right and correct what is wrong.

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