在考研英語學(xué)習(xí)中,我們一提到定語,大家多會(huì)想到形容詞做前置定語,用來修飾其后的名詞,如a big apple, big作定語修飾apple。實(shí)際上,定語分為兩類,一是前置定語,二是后置定語。后置定語同樣在英語句子中高頻的出現(xiàn),只是大家沒有太過注意,例如somebody injured, the money left, something desirable, the years to come。今天我們就來談一下后置定語的幾種類型,同時(shí)看一下后置定語如何助跑寫作,讓英語句型更為多樣。
一.介詞短語作后置定語,如the bird in the tree(樹上的小鳥),the standard of living(生活水平),the way to the hotel(去旅館的路),the life in the future(未來的生活)。
二.不定式短語作后置定語,用來修飾限定其前的名詞或名詞性短語。分為以下三類:
1. 在某些名詞結(jié)構(gòu)中可用動(dòng)詞不定式作后置定語。
I have a lot of homework to do.
He is the first to finish the task.
There are a lot of things to do.
2. 在某些抽象名詞后可用動(dòng)詞不定式作后置定語,具體說明抽象名詞的內(nèi)容。常見名詞有ability, anxiety, attempt, decision, chance, courage, right, determination, promise, ambition, effort, drive, eagerness, failure, inclination, intention, movement, need, opportunity, plan, reason, struggle, time, way, wish等。例句:
He has the ability to do the work.
I don't have the courage to tell you the secret.
3. 動(dòng)詞不定式有時(shí)可替代一個(gè)定語從句,與其前修飾的名詞是主動(dòng)關(guān)系,在時(shí)態(tài)上含有將來的含義。例如:
Perhaps in the years to come(=that will come),we will meet again.
In the lectures to follow(=that will follow), she talked about her trip to China.
三、分詞短語作后置定語。這時(shí)一般可以改寫為定語從句,現(xiàn)在分詞作后置定語與修飾的名詞是主動(dòng)關(guān)系,過去分詞作后置定語與修飾的名詞是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。例如,
S1:There is a lady waiting for you.=There is a lady who waits for you.
S2:What is the language spoken in China?=What is the language which is spoken in China?
S1中,lady和wait之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系,S2中,language與spoken之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。
我們?cè)趯懽鲿r(shí),為了讓句子結(jié)構(gòu)更為高級(jí),或是達(dá)到句式多樣的目的,常用分詞短語作后置定語來代替定語從句。如在2012年的考研英語作文中,我們?cè)诿鑸D表示兩個(gè)人對(duì)同樣的半瓶水表現(xiàn)出不同的態(tài)度時(shí),可以說:As is shown in the picture, there is a contrast between two men facing the same problem with half a bottle of water. 在這個(gè)英語句子中,我們用現(xiàn)在分詞短語作men的后置定語,相當(dāng)于定語從句who face the same problem with half a bottle of water. 再如,在表達(dá)一個(gè)人眉頭緊縮,因?yàn)樗隽税l(fā)出嘆息,可以說:The one frowning in anxiety is sighing because the water is spoilt out of the bottle。此句中,現(xiàn)在分詞短語作one的后置定語,相當(dāng)于從句who frowns in anxiety。用現(xiàn)在分詞短語代替從句可以使句式更簡短,句型也更為高級(jí),更加豐富。同時(shí)也顯示出考生深厚的語法功底。
所以,大家在平時(shí)的寫作訓(xùn)練中,可以試著使用不定式短語或是分詞短語作后置定語來代替定語從句,從而提高句型的豐富度,讓我們的作文更為出彩。
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