考研英語(yǔ)閱讀、翻譯等題型中多包含長(zhǎng)難句,尤其閱讀是考研英語(yǔ)中重要的得分點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn),對(duì)長(zhǎng)難句的分析則決定了對(duì)閱讀的徹底理解。但有的同學(xué)遇到長(zhǎng)難句,可能會(huì)感到迷茫,無(wú)所適從;其實(shí)英語(yǔ)里的所有句子,不管句子多長(zhǎng),結(jié)構(gòu)多么復(fù)雜,看起來多難,無(wú)外乎是由英語(yǔ)中的8種句子成分(即:主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ))組合而成,或者說是在英語(yǔ)中的5種基本句型(即:主謂結(jié)構(gòu)、主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)、主系表結(jié)構(gòu)、主謂雙賓結(jié)構(gòu)、主謂賓賓補(bǔ)結(jié)構(gòu))的框架之上添加修飾成分?jǐn)U展而來的,所以只要掌握了長(zhǎng)難句拆分的方法,再長(zhǎng)再難的句子就都迎刃而解了。
考研英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)難句拆分要遵循這樣的原則:把主句和從句拆分出來,把主干部分和修飾部分拆分出來。但是遇到長(zhǎng)難句時(shí),具體要從哪些地方切入進(jìn)行拆分呢?
考研英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)難句拆分信號(hào):
1、標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào):比如,2個(gè)逗號(hào)形成插入語(yǔ),破折號(hào)表示解釋說明,分號(hào)相當(dāng)于“and”表示并列;
2、連詞:并列句的并列連詞and、or、but、yet、for等,從句的從屬連詞which、that、when、how、if等;
3、介詞:介詞引導(dǎo)介詞短語(yǔ),介詞短語(yǔ)在句子中可充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)等修飾成分;
4、不定式符號(hào)to:不定式符號(hào)to引導(dǎo)不定式短語(yǔ),在句子中除了可以充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)等主干成分外,還可做定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)等修飾成分;
5、分詞:分詞包括現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞,在句子中可充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)修飾成分。
下面我們就按照長(zhǎng)難句拆分原則,依照這些拆分信號(hào),結(jié)合考研英語(yǔ)閱讀或翻譯真題中的長(zhǎng)難句進(jìn)行實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練一下吧!
This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.
(1)句子拆分
拆分點(diǎn):從屬連詞、介詞、標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)
This trend began ∥during the Second World War, ∥ when several governments came to the conclusion ∥that the specific demands ∥that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen ∥in detail.
(2)句子結(jié)構(gòu)
找謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(began, came, wants, cannot be foreseen);
↓
找連詞(when, that, that)
↓
前面沒有從屬連詞的動(dòng)詞即為主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞
↓
確定主從句
主句:This trend began during the Second World War ;
從句:定語(yǔ)從句when several governments came to the conclusion修飾the Second World War,本從句嵌套著一個(gè)二級(jí)從句即同位語(yǔ)從句that the specific demands cannot generally be foreseen in detail修飾conclusion和一個(gè)三級(jí)從句that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment修飾demands。
(3)解析
during the Second World War介詞短語(yǔ)做狀語(yǔ);when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail 做定語(yǔ)修飾the Second World War ;that the specific demands cannot generally be foreseen in detail同位語(yǔ)從句修飾conclusion ;that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment修飾demands。
(4)本句的參考譯文
這種趨勢(shì)始于第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間,當(dāng)時(shí)一些國(guó)家的政府得出結(jié)論:政府向科研機(jī)構(gòu)提出的要求通常是無(wú)法詳盡預(yù)見的。
總之,只要考生對(duì)句子結(jié)構(gòu)有個(gè)透徹的理解,弄清句子的各個(gè)成分,并可以借助連詞、介詞、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞等手段把句子由簡(jiǎn)單變得復(fù)雜,由復(fù)雜變得簡(jiǎn)單,這樣句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析技能提高了,長(zhǎng)難句也就攻克了,對(duì)于考研閱讀和翻譯的理解也就簡(jiǎn)單了。
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2015.03
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