歷年考研真題中,閱讀、翻譯、新題型中都包含定語從句的考查,而且是考查的重點(diǎn)。對(duì)于英語基礎(chǔ)薄弱,或者是放開英語多年的考生來說,如何攻克考研英語中的定語從句,是一個(gè)很棘手的問題。面對(duì)多數(shù)同學(xué)的困惑,文都考研小編將在本節(jié)著重講解定語從句的一些知識(shí),廣大考生可以此為參考,一方面給自己增加信心,一方面讓自己的英語知識(shí)更加扎實(shí)。
一、定語從句的定義:
用來修飾前面的名詞或者代詞的具有完整的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的句子就叫定語從句。定語從句有兩個(gè)必備的基本元素。一個(gè)是先行詞;一個(gè)是關(guān)系詞。被定語從句所修飾的詞稱為先行詞,定語從句必須置于先行詞之后。
1. 先行詞
(1)名詞或代詞做先行詞。
例:He laughs best who laughs last.
(2)短語做先行詞。
例:Many of life’s problems which were solved by asking family members, friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve.
(3)句子做先行詞。
例:The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.
I am a student, which you all know.
2. 關(guān)系詞/引導(dǎo)詞(關(guān)系代詞、關(guān)系副詞)
(1)定語從句里面關(guān)系代詞的用法。
1) 常用的關(guān)系代詞:which, that, who(m), whose, what, as, than。Whom現(xiàn)在用的很少。前面有介詞時(shí)只能用which,不能用that。 定語從句的先行詞為all, everything, something, nothing, anything或用作名詞的little, much或先行詞前有only, any, no時(shí),先行詞為序數(shù)詞或形容詞比較高級(jí)所修飾時(shí),先行詞是兩個(gè)不同性質(zhì)的詞,一個(gè)指人,一個(gè)指物時(shí),先行詞表示確切時(shí)間(time,day)、距離(distance)、方向(direction)、倍數(shù)(times)、方式(way)時(shí),關(guān)系代詞用that。
2) 關(guān)系代詞what, as, than在考試中的特殊情況。
A. What
a. what是子母同體。既是先行詞也是關(guān)系詞。所以,What前面不應(yīng)該再出現(xiàn)先行詞。 如果前面已經(jīng)有一個(gè)先行詞,就不能用what來引導(dǎo)。
例:You can have everything what you like. what=all that, 所以這兒不能用what.
b. what單獨(dú)使用,后面不加名詞。
例:She is not what she used to be.
c. what 后面加名詞
例:What money I have has been given to you.
B. as
as引導(dǎo)定語從句。既可引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句,也可引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句一般是固定用法。如as…as, such…as, the same...as考試中經(jīng)�?嫉�。
例:Such a student as works hard were be sure to succeed.
as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。as引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾整個(gè)句子時(shí),一定要和主句用逗號(hào)隔開,即非限制性定語從句,先行詞就是它所修飾的整個(gè)句子,該從句可放在主句前、主句后或插入主句中,as在句中作主語或賓語。
例:As is so often pointed out knowledge is a two edge weapon which can be used equally for good or evil.
I was a boy which you know. which可以用as替換。
C. than 作為關(guān)系代詞可以引導(dǎo)定語從句
例:More families consist of one parent households or two working parents; consequently, children are likely to have less supervision at home ____ was common in the traditional family structure .
A. than B. that C. which D. as
特點(diǎn):
1) than作為關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)詞在從句中一般必須做主語或者作賓語。
2) than 前面的主句必須要有比較級(jí)
3) 比較級(jí)所修飾的名詞就是than指代的對(duì)象
(2)定語從句里面關(guān)系副詞的用法。
1)常用的關(guān)系副詞:when, where, why
2) When引導(dǎo)定語從句的用法。
A. 先行詞必須是表示時(shí)間的名詞。
Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers’ misfortunes.
B. 如何區(qū)分when引導(dǎo)的定語從句和狀語從句。用句子表示狀語就是狀語從句。例如:When I go to school, I will work hard.
從兩方面區(qū)分:
When 引導(dǎo)的定語從句前一定有表示時(shí)間的名詞;When 引導(dǎo)的狀語語從句前沒有有表示時(shí)間的名詞。
從翻譯的角度看如果是引導(dǎo)的定語從句可以不翻譯。如果是狀語從句就必須翻譯成當(dāng)……時(shí)候。
When=on which
Where
where=in which
where引導(dǎo)的從句先行詞必須是表示地點(diǎn)的名詞。例如:
I was born in Beijing where the Olympic games will be held.
先行詞表示地點(diǎn),不一定用where來引導(dǎo)。例如:
I have never been to Beijing, but it’s the place __.
A. where I’d like to visit
B. in which I’d like to visit
C. I most want to visit
D. that I want to visit it most
3.區(qū)分關(guān)系代詞引出的定語從句和關(guān)系副詞引出的定語從句
考試中涉及定語從句的考點(diǎn)經(jīng)常是選關(guān)系詞,而區(qū)分關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞是做題依據(jù),關(guān)系代詞中除whose在句中作定語外,其他各詞均在句中作主語或賓語,即除去關(guān)系代詞后,其后不是一個(gè)完整的句子;而關(guān)系副詞在句中作狀語,即除去關(guān)系副詞后,其后是一個(gè)完整句子。
例1:I’ve kept up a friendship with a girl whom I was at school with twenty years ago.(畫線部分不是一個(gè)完整的句子)(1998年第8題)
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