句子一：

　　For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.

　　句子分析：

　　第一、句子可以拆分為三段：For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, / and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been / had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.

　　第二、句子的結(jié)構(gòu)：

　　1)主干結(jié)構(gòu)是并列句they do not compensate for..., and thus do not tell...

　　2) how able是表語(yǔ)前置，正常語(yǔ)序是：an underprivileged youngster might have been how able

　　3)比較后一個(gè)句子是虛擬語(yǔ)氣句的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)：had he grown up under more favorable circumstances等于If he had grown up under more favorable circumstances

　　第三、詞的處理：

　　hey 指示代詞，測(cè)試

　　compensate for 彌補(bǔ)

　　gross social inequality 明顯的社會(huì)不公

　　and thus 因此

　　ell 說(shuō)明

　　underprivileged 貧困的、物質(zhì)條件差的

　　under more favorable circumstances 在較好的環(huán)境下

　　參考譯文：

　　例如，測(cè)試并不彌補(bǔ)明顯的社會(huì)不公，因此它們不能說(shuō)明一個(gè)物質(zhì)條件差的年輕人，如果在較好的環(huán)境下成長(zhǎng)的話，會(huì)有多大才干。

　　句子二：

　　How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.

　　句子分析：

　　第一、句子可以拆分為三段：How well the predictions will be validated by later performance / depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom / with which it is interpreted.

　　第二、句子主干結(jié)構(gòu)是：

　　1)How well...引導(dǎo)的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)是主語(yǔ)從句，How well是主語(yǔ)從句中的狀語(yǔ)前置，depends是句子謂語(yǔ)

　　2)depends后面兩個(gè)介詞短語(yǔ)作并列賓語(yǔ)upon...and on...

　　3) the information used是名詞+過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)

　　4)with which it is interpreted定語(yǔ)從句，先行詞是the skill and wisdom，代詞it指代the information

　　第三、詞的處理：

　　be validated by 為……所證實(shí)

　　depends upon 取決于

　　reliability 可靠性

　　appropriateness 適應(yīng)性

　　interpreted 解釋

　　參考譯文：

　　這些測(cè)試在多大程度上為后來(lái)的表現(xiàn)所證實(shí)，這取決于所采用信息的數(shù)量、可靠性和適應(yīng)性，以及解釋這些信息的技能和才智。

　　句子三：

　　Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.

　　句子分析：

　　第一、句子可以拆分為三段：Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation / depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity / and upon such factors as cost and availability.

　　第二、句子主干結(jié)構(gòu)是：Whether to use..., or both...引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句，depends是句子謂語(yǔ)，upon... and upon...是并列結(jié)構(gòu)的雙賓語(yǔ)。

　　第三、詞的處理：

　　Whether to..., or 是……還是……

　　both 指代前句的tests, other kinds of information

　　in a particular situation 在某一特定情況下

　　therefore 因此

　　the evidence from experience 經(jīng)驗(yàn)依據(jù)

　　concerning 與……有關(guān)的

　　comparative validity 相對(duì)效度

　　such factors as... 諸如……等因素

　　參考譯文：

　　因此，在某一特定情況下，究竟是采用測(cè)試還是其他種類的信息，或是兩者兼用，須憑有關(guān)相對(duì)效度的經(jīng)驗(yàn)依據(jù)而定，也取決于諸如費(fèi)用和有無(wú)來(lái)源等因素。

　　句子四：

　　Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.

　　句子分析：

　　第一、句子可以拆分為三段：Some philosophers argue / that rights exist only within a social contract, / as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.

　　第二、句子的結(jié)構(gòu)：

　　1)主干結(jié)構(gòu)是主從復(fù)合句：Some philosophers argue that...

　　2)that引導(dǎo)的是賓語(yǔ)從句

　　3)as part of...是賓語(yǔ)從句中的rights的主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。

　　第三、詞的處理：

　　argue 論證

　　a social contract 社會(huì)契約

　　as part of 作為(是)……的一部分

　　entitlements 利益，權(quán)利

　　參考譯文：

　　有些哲學(xué)家論證說(shuō)，權(quán)利只存在社會(huì)契約中，是責(zé)任與利益相交換的一部分。

　　句子五：

　　It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all.

　　句子分析：

　　第一、句子可以拆分為三段：It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: / it invites you to think that animals should be treated / either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all.

　　第二、句子的結(jié)構(gòu)是：

　　1)it invites you to think that...后面是賓語(yǔ)從句。

　　2) animals should be treated either with..., or with...要么……要么……，是表示選擇的方式狀語(yǔ)。

　　3)the consideration后面的humans extend to other humans是定語(yǔ)。

　　第三、詞的處理：

　　leads ...to extremes 引向極端

　　at the outset 從一開始

　　invites you to think 使人們認(rèn)為

　　consideration 關(guān)切，體諒

　　humans extend to other humans 人對(duì)待人

　　參考譯文：

　　這種說(shuō)法從一開始就將討論引向兩個(gè)極端，它使人們認(rèn)為應(yīng)這樣對(duì)待動(dòng)物：要么像對(duì)人類自身一樣關(guān)切體諒，要么完全冷漠無(wú)情。