（一）法律類

    GOING BACK AND GETTING IT RIGHT

    By almost every measure， Paul Pfingst is an unsentimental prosecutor. Last week the San Diego County district attorney said he fully intends to try suspect Charles Andrew Williams， 15， as an adult for the Santana High School shootings. Even before the tragedy， Pfingst had stood behind the controversial California law that mandates treating murder suspects as young as 14 as adults.

    So nobody would have wagered that Pfingst would also be the first D.A. in the U.S. to launch his very own Innocence Project. Yet last June， Pfingst told his attorneys to go back over old murder and rape convictions and see if any unravel with newly developed DNA-testing tools. In other words， he wanted to revisit past victories——this time playing for the other team. "I think people misunderstand being conservative for being biased，" says Pfingst. "I consider myself a pragmatic guy， and I have no interest in putting innocent people in jail."

    Around the U.S.， flabbergasted defense attorneys and their jailed clients cheered his move. Among prosecutors， however， there was an awkward pause. After all， each DNA test costs as much as $5，000. Then there's the unspoken risk： if dozens of innocents turn up， the D.A. will have indicted his shop.

    But nine months later， no budgets have been busted or prosecutors ousted. Only the rare case merits review. Pfingst's team considers convictions before 1993， when the city started routine DNA testing. They discard cases if the defendant has been released. Of the 560 remaining files， they have re-examined 200， looking for cases with biological evidence and defendants who still claim innocence.

    They have identified three so far. The most compelling involves a man serving 12 years for molesting a girl who was playing in his apartment. But others were there at the time. Police found a small drop of saliva on the victim's shirt——too small a sample to test in 1991. Today that spot could free a man. Test results are due any day. Inspired by San Diego， 10 other counties in the U.S. are starting DNA audits.

    By Amanda Ripley ez ncisco sijevic rtwell； Lisa McLaughlin； Joseph Pierro； Josh Tyrangiel and Sora Song

    注 （1）本文選自Time； 03/19/2001， Vol. 157 Issue 11， p62， 1p， 2c， 3bw

    注 （2）本文習(xí)題命題模仿對(duì)象2004年真題text 1.

    1.How did Pfingst carry out his own Innocence Project？

    [A]By getting rid of his bias against the suspects.

    [B]By revisiting the past victories.

    [C]By using the newly developed DNA-testing tools.

    [D]By his cooperation with his attorneys.

    2.Which of the following can be an advantage of Innocence Project？

    [A]To help correct the wrong judgments.

    [B]To oust the unqualified prosecutors.

    [C]To make the prosecutors in an awkward situation.

    [D]To cheer up the defense attorneys and their jailed clients.

    3.The expression “flabbergasted”（Line 1， Paragraph 3） most probably means _______.

    [A]excited

    [B]competent

    [C]embarrassed

    [D]astounded

    4.Why was Pfingst an unsentimental prosecutor？

    [A]He intended to try a fifteen-year old suspect.

    [B]He had no interest in putting the innocent in jail.

    [C]He supported the controversial California law.

    [D]He wanted to try suspect as young as fourteen.

    5.Which of the following is not true according to the text？

    [A]Pfingst‘s move didn’t have a great coverage.

    [B] Pfingst‘s move had both the positive and negative effect.

    [C] Pfingst‘s move didn’t work well.

    [D]Pfingst‘s move greatly encouraged the jailed prisoners.

    篇章剖析

    本文采用的是記敘文的模式。第一段指出芬斯特作為一位鐵面無(wú)私的檢查官的一些做法；第二段指出芬斯特實(shí)施 “清白計(jì)劃”的打算及做法；第三段指出實(shí)施“清白計(jì)劃”造成的反應(yīng)以及可能存在的問(wèn)題；第四段和第五段是實(shí)施“清白計(jì)劃”的結(jié)果和影響。

    詞匯注釋

    prosecutor [5prRsIkju：tE（r）]n.檢察官 ，檢察員，起訴人，原告

    controversial [kRntrE5v：F（E）l]adj.爭(zhēng)論的， 爭(zhēng)議的

    mandate [5mAndeIt]v.批準(zhǔn)制訂一個(gè)訓(xùn)令，如通過(guò)法律；發(fā)布命令或要求：

    wager [5weIdVE（r）]v.下賭注， 保證

    conviction [kEn5vIkF（E）n]n.定罪， 宣告有罪

    unravel[Qn5rAv（E）l]v. 闡明， 解決

    flabbergast[5flAbE^B：st； （？@） -^Ast]v.使大吃一驚， 啞然失色， 使目瞪口呆

    indict[In5daIt]v.起訴， 控告， 指控， 告發(fā)

    bust[bQst]v.破產(chǎn)或缺錢

    oust[aJst]v.剝奪， 取代， 驅(qū)逐

    discard[dI5skB：d]v.拋開；遺棄；廢棄

    molest[mE5lest]v.騷亂， 困擾， 調(diào)戲

    saliva[sE5laIvE]n.口水， 唾液

    難句突破

    1.Even before the tragedy， Pfingst had stood behind the controversial California law that mandates treating murder suspects as young as 14 as adults.

    主體句式： …Pfingst had stood behind …

    結(jié)構(gòu)分析： Even before the tragedy是本句的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)；主句是Pfingst had stood behind…；that 引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句修飾law；在從句中，as…as是一詞組，意思是“和…一樣”；出現(xiàn)的第三個(gè)as是介詞，意思是“作為”。

    句子譯文：甚至在這場(chǎng)悲劇發(fā)生之前芬斯特就支持加利福尼亞州的一項(xiàng)頗有爭(zhēng)議的法律。這項(xiàng)法律規(guī)定，以成人身份受審的謀殺嫌疑犯的比較低年齡可以降到十四歲。

    題目分析

    1.答案為C，屬事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。文中對(duì)應(yīng)信息“Pfingst told his attorneys to go back over old murder and rape convictions and see if any unravel with newly developed DNA-testing tools.”是對(duì)第二段第一句的補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明。

    2.答案為A，屬推理判斷題。從上下文我們可以得知，實(shí)施“清白計(jì)劃”就是使用先進(jìn)的DNA技術(shù)來(lái)重新審理過(guò)去的案件當(dāng)中可能存在的冤案錯(cuò)案。

    3.答案為D， 屬猜詞題。從第二段第一句話我們得知芬斯特可能是美國(guó)第一個(gè)實(shí)施非常獨(dú)特的“清白計(jì)劃”的人，因此他的做法很可能是令人感到吃驚的，從而可猜出該詞的含義。

    4.答案為B，屬推理判斷題。從第一段和第二段給出的事例我們可以看出，芬斯特不愿放過(guò)任何一個(gè)犯罪的人，即便他的年齡還不算大；他也不愿使無(wú)辜者蒙冤，即便案件已經(jīng)審理。

    5.答案為C，屬推理判斷題。正因?yàn)?“Pfingst‘s move works well”，美國(guó)才又有“ten other counties are starting DNA audits”，而且，“no budgets have been busted or prosecutors ousted”。

    （二）教育類

    PLIGHT OF THE PRESCHOOLERS

    How do they beat the odds？

    Competition for admission to the country's top private schools has always been tough， but this year Elisabeth Krents realized it had reached a new level.

    Her wake-up call came when a man called the Dalton School in Manhattan， where Krents is admissions director， and inquired about the age cutoff for their kindergarten program. After providing the information （they don't use an age cutoff）， she asked about the age of his child. The man paused for an uncomfortably long time before answering. "Well， we don't have a child yet，" he told Krents. "We're trying to figure out when to conceive a child so the birthday is not a problem."

    School obsession is spreading from Manhattan to the rest of the country. Precise current data on private schools are unavailable， but interviews with representatives of independent and religious schools all told the same story： a glut of applicants， higher rejection rates. "We have people calling us for spots two years down the road，" said Marilyn Collins of the Seven Hills School in Cincinnati. "We have grandparents calling for pregnant daughters."

    Public-opinion poll after poll indicates that Americans' No. 1 concern is education. Now that the long economic boom has given parents more disposable income， many are turning to private schools， even at price tags of well over $10，000 a year. "We're getting applicants from a broader area， geographically， than we ever have in the past，" said Betsy Haugh of the Latin School of Chicago， which experienced a 20 percent increase in applications this year.

    The problem for the applicants is that while demand has increased， supply has not. "Every year， there are a few children who do not find places， but this year， for the first time that I know of， there are a significant number of children who don't have places，" said Krents， who also heads a private-school admissions group in New York.

    So what can parents do to give their 4-year-old an edge？ Schools know there is no foolproof way to pick a class when children are so young. Many schools give preference to siblings or alumni children.

    Some use lotteries. But most rely on a mix of subjective and objective measures： tests that at best identify developmental maturity and cognitive potential， interviews with parents and observation of applicants in classroom settings. They also want a diverse mix. Children may end up on a waiting list simply because their birthdays fall at the wrong time of year， or because too many applicants were boys.

    The worst thing a parent can do is to pressure preschoolers to perform——for example， by pushing them to read or do math exercises before they're ready. Instead， the experts say， parents should take a breath and look for alternatives. Another year in preschool may be all that's needed. Parents， meanwhile， may need a more open mind about relatively unknown private schools——or about magnet schools in the public system. There's no sign of the private-school boom letting up. Dalton's spring tours， for early birds interested in the 2001-2002 school year， are filled. The wait list？ Forget it. That's closed， too.

    By Pat Wingert Newsweek； 05/15/2000， Vol. 135 Issue 20， p76， 2/3p， 1c

    注 （1） ：本文選自 Newsweek ， 05/15/2000， p76

    1.The author uses the examples to show __________.

    [A]the concern of Americans

    [B]the charm of the private schools

    [C]the fierce situation for preschoolers

    [D]the economic situation of American families

    2.What is implied in Paragraph 4？

    [A]The harsh way of forming a class.

    [B]The high expectation of the parents.

    [C]The wise selection of the school.

    [D]The difficulty of getting enrolled.

    3.The author ‘ s attitude toward this event is __________.

    [A]indifferent

    [B]apprehensive

    [C]supportive

    [D]indignant

    4.Instead of giving their children great pressure to outperform， the parents should ______.

    [A]avoid the competition and wait for another year

    [B]give up their first choice and go to the unknown school

    [C]let their children be and do what they want to do

    [D]deal with the matter more casually and rethink the situation

    5.The text intends to express _________.

    [A]the popularity of the private schools

    [B]parents ‘ worry about their children ’ s schooling

    [C]the plight of the preschoolers

    [D]the severe competition in going to school

    篇章剖析

    本文采用提出問(wèn)題 —— 分析問(wèn)題的模式。文章以實(shí)例作為切入點(diǎn)，著重闡述了學(xué)齡前兒童所面臨的困境。第一段和第二段指出家長(zhǎng)對(duì)子女教育問(wèn)題的關(guān)注；第三段指出兒童入學(xué)難這一現(xiàn)象及其原因；第四段指出一些學(xué)校的招生辦法以及有些學(xué)生無(wú)法入學(xué)的原因；第五段指出父母應(yīng)該怎么做。

    詞匯注釋

    wake-up call （ 賓館提供的 ） 喚醒服務(wù)，叫早服務(wù)

    kindergarten [kIndE5^B：t（E）n] n. 幼兒園 adj. 幼兒園的 ， 初級(jí)的 ， 啟蒙階段的

    figure out v. 合計(jì)為 ， 計(jì)算出 ， 解決 ， 斷定 ， 領(lǐng)會(huì)到

    conceive [kEn5si：v] v. 懷孕 ， 考慮 ， 設(shè)想

    obsession [Eb5seF（E）n] n. 迷住 ， 困擾

    glut [^lQt] n. 供應(yīng)過(guò)剩；充斥

    edge [edV] n. 刀口 ， 利刃 ， 鋒 ， 優(yōu)勢(shì) ， 邊緣 ， 優(yōu)勢(shì) ， 尖銳 give an edge to 加劇 ， 使尖銳化；鼓舞 ， 使興奮；給 （ 刀等 ） 開刃 ， 使鋒利

    foolproof [5fu：lpru：f] adj. 十分簡(jiǎn)單的 ， 十分安全的 ， 極堅(jiān)固的

    sibling[5sIblIN] n. 兄弟 ， 姐妹 ， 同胞 ， 同屬

    alumni [E`lQmnaI ] n. pl. 男畢業(yè)生 ， 男校友

    lottery [5lRtErI] n. 抽彩給獎(jiǎng)法

    cognitive [ `kC^nItIv ] adj. 認(rèn)知的 ， 認(rèn)識(shí)的 ， 有感知的

    diverse [daI5v：s] adj. 不同的 ， 變化多的

    alternative [C：l5t：nEtIv] n. 二中擇一 ， 可供選擇的辦法 ， 事物 adj. 選擇性的

    boom [bu：m] n. 繁榮 ， 隆隆聲

    let up v. 停止 ， 中止 ， 放松

    難句突破

    1.But most rely on a mix of subjective and objective measures： tests that at best identify developmental maturity and cognitive potential， interviews with parents and observation of applicants in classroom settings.

    主體句式： most rely on a mix of subjective and objective measures …

    結(jié)構(gòu)分析：本句是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句。冒號(hào)之后的成分做 measures 的同位語(yǔ)； tests ， interviews 和 observation 屬于并列結(jié)構(gòu)。

    句子譯文：但大多數(shù)學(xué)校還是用主觀和客觀結(jié)合的方法：進(jìn)行考試，確定孩子的發(fā)育成熟程度和認(rèn)知潛能；同學(xué)生家長(zhǎng)面談，或在教室觀察孩子的反應(yīng)能力。

    題目分析

    1. 答案為 C ，屬事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。文中頭兩段舉例說(shuō)明子女教育問(wèn)題成了美國(guó)家庭的頭等大事，由此引發(fā)學(xué)齡前兒童入學(xué)難這一社會(huì)問(wèn)題。

    2. 答案為 A ，屬推理判斷題。第四段闡述了學(xué)校選學(xué)生的一些傾向和做法。對(duì)于一個(gè)幾歲的孩子及其家長(zhǎng)又是主觀考察，又是客觀考察，又是抽簽，還要考慮班里學(xué)生的多樣性，等等。對(duì)于孩子來(lái)講，真是有些勉為其難。

    3. 答案為 B ，屬情感態(tài)度題。全文表達(dá)了對(duì)學(xué)齡前兒童的關(guān)注，以及對(duì)他們所處環(huán)境的憂慮和擔(dān)心。

    4. 答案為 D ，屬事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。原文對(duì)應(yīng)信息“ Instead， the experts say， parents should take a breath and look for alternatives. ”

    5. 答案為 C ，屬中心思想題。全文的中心都圍繞著學(xué)齡前兒童所處的困境這一點(diǎn)。

    （三）經(jīng)濟(jì)類

    Plumper

    How does the country ‘ s economy compare with those of the EU？

    SOME of the concerns surrounding Turkey ‘ s application to join the European Union， to be voted on by the EU’s Council of Ministers on December 17th， are economic-in particular， the country‘s relative poverty. Its GDP per head is less than a third of the average for the 15 pre-2004 members of the EU. But it is not far off that of one of the ten new members which joined on May 1st 2004 （Latvia）， and it is much the same as those of two countries， Bulgaria and Romania， which this week concluded accession talks with the EU that could make them full members on January 1st 2007.

    Furthermore， the country ‘ s recent economic progress has been， according to Donald Johnston， the secretary-general of the OECD， "stunning". GDP in the second quarter of the year was 13.4% higher than a year earlier， a rate of growth that no EU country comes close to matching. Turkey’s inflation rate has just fallen into single figures for the first time since 1972， and this week the country reached agreement with the IMF on a new three-year， $10 billion economic programme that will， according to the IMF‘s managing director， Rodrigo Rato， "help Turkey…… reduce inflation toward European levels， and enhance the economy’s resilience".

    Resilience has not historically been the country ‘ s economic strong point. As recently as 2001， GDP fell by over 7%. It fell by more than 5% in 1994， and by just under 5% in 1999. Indeed， throughout the 1990s growth oscillated like an electrocardiogram recording a violent heart attack. This irregularity has been one of the main reasons （along with red tape and corruption） why the country has failed dismally to attract much-needed foreign direct investment.

    Its stock of such investment （as a percentage of GDP） is lower now than it was in the 1980s， and annual inflows have scarcely ever reached $1 billion （whereas Ireland attracted over $25 billion in 2003， as did Brazil in every year from 1998 to 2000）。

    One deterrent to foreign investors is due to disappear on January 1st 2005. On that day， Turkey will take away the right of virtually every one of its citizens to call themselves a millionaire. Six noughts will be removed from the face value of the lira； one unit of the local currency will henceforth be worth what 1m are now-ie， about