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    Section IUse of English

    Directions：

    Read the following text. Choose the best word（s） for each numbered blank and mark A， B， C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points）

    Weak dollar or no， $46，000 — the price for a single year of undergraduate instruction amid the red brick of Harvard Yard — is 1. But nowadays cost is 2 barrier to entry at many of America's best universities. Formidable financial-assistance policies have 3 fees or slashed them deeply for needy students. And last month Harvard announced a new plan designed to 4 the sticker-shock for undergraduates from middle and even upper-income families too.

    Since then， other rich American universities have unveiled 5 initiatives. Yale， Harvard's bitterest 6， revealed its plans on January 14th. Students whose families make 7 than $60，000 a year will pay nothing at all. Families earning up to $200，000 a year will have to pay an average of 10% of their incomes. The university will 8 its financial-assistance budget by 43%， to over $80m.

    Harvard will have a similar arrangement for families making up to $180，000. That makes the price of going to Harvard or Yale 9 to attending a state-run university for middle-and upper-income students. The universities will also not require any student to take out 10 to pay for their 11， a policy introduced by Princeton in 2001 and by the University of Pennsylvania just after Harvard's 12. No applicant who gains admission， officials say， should feel 13 to go elsewhere because he or she can't afford the fees.

    None of that is quite as altruistic as it sounds. Harvard and Yale are， after all， now likely to lure more students away from previously 14 options， particularly state-run universities， 15 their already impressive admissions figures and reputations.

    The schemes also provide a 16 for structuring university fees in which high prices for rich students help offset modest prices for poorer ones and families are less 17 on federal grants and government-backed loans.

    Less wealthy private colleges whose fees are high will not be able to 18 Harvard or Yale easily. But America's state-run universities， which have traditionally kept their fees low and stable， might well try a differentiated 19 scheme as they raise cash to compete academically with their private 20. Indeed， the University of California system has already started to implement a sliding-fee scale.

    1. \[A\] cheap\[B\] reasonable\[C\] high\[D\] expensive

    2. \[A\] still\[B\] no\[C\] becoming\[D\] certain

    3. \[A\] eliminated\[B\] increased\[C\] doubled\[D\] decreased

    4. \[A\] relieve\[B\] suspend\[C\] enhance\[D\] diminish

    5. \[A\] different\[B\] same\[C\] similar\[D\] encouraging

    6. \[A\] counterpart\[B\] coordinator\[C\] rival\[D\] cooperator

    7. \[A\] less\[B\] more\[C\] richer\[D\] poorer

    8. \[A\] enhance\[B\] expand\[C\] increase\[D\] elevate

    9. \[A\] incomparable\[B\] comparable\[C\] distinguishable\[D\] identical

    10. \[A\] part-time job\[B\] work\[C\] loans\[D\] savings

    11. \[A\] charge\[B\] fare\[C\] payment\[D\] tuition

    12. \[A\] policy\[B\] implementation\[C\] adjustment\[D\] announcement

    13. \[A\] pressured\[B\] ashamed\[C\] insecure\[D\] unhappy

    14. \[A\] cheaper\[B\] more reasonable\[C\] public\[D\] better

    15. \[A\] expanding\[B\] shrinking\[C\] enhancing\[D\] diminishing

    16. \[A\] chance\[B\] model\[C\] disposition\[D\] location

    17. \[A\] independent\[B\] thankful\[C\] detached\[D\] reliant

    18. \[A\] beat\[B\] win\[C\] copy\[D\] follow

    19. \[A\] pricing\[B\] tuition\[C\] scholarship\[D\] financial aiding

    20. \[A\] rivals\[B\] counterparts\[C\] coordinators\[D\] cooperators

    Section IIReading Comprehension

    Part A

    Directions：

    Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A， B， C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. （40 points）

    Text 1

    It is the world's fourth-most-important food crop， after maize， wheat and rice. It provides more calories， more quickly， using less land and in a wider range of climates than any other plant. It is， of course， the potato.

    The United Nations has declared 2008 the International Year of the Potato. It hopes that greater awareness of the merits of potatoes will contribute to the achievement of its Millennium Development Goals， by helping to alleviate poverty， improve food security and promote economic development. It is always the international year of this or month of that. But the potato's unusual history means it is well worth celebrating by readers of The Economist because the potato is intertwined with economic development， trade liberalisation and globalisation.

    Unlikely though it seems， the potato promoted economic development by underpinning the industrial revolution in England in the 19th century. It provided a cheap source of calories and was easy to cultivate， so it liberated workers from the land. Potatoes became popular in the north of England， as people there specialised in livestock farming and domestic industry， while farmers in the south （where the soil was more suitable） concentrated on wheat production. By a happy accident， this concentrated industrial activity in the regions where coal was readily available， and a potato-driven population boom provided ample workers for the new factories. Friedrich Engels even declared that the potato was the equal of iron for its “historically revolutionary role”。

    The potato promoted  free trade by contributing to the abolition of Britain's Corn Laws — the cause which prompted the founding of The Economist in 1843. The Corn Laws restricted imports of grain into the United Kingdom in order to protect domestic wheat producers. Landowners supported the laws， since cheap imported grain would reduce their income， but industrialists opposed them because imports would drive down the cost of food， allowing people to spend more on manufactured goods. Ultimately it was not the eloquence of the arguments against the Corn Laws that led to their abolition — and more's the pity. It was the tragedy of the Irish potato famine of 1845， in which 1million Irish perished when the potato crop on which they subsisted succumbed to blight. The need to import grain to relieve the situation in Ireland forced the government， which was dominated by landowners who backed the Corn Laws， to reverse its position.

    This paved the way for liberalisation in other areas， and free trade became British policy. As the Duke of Wellington complained at the time， “rotten potatoes have done it all.”

    In the form of French fries， served alongside burgers and Coca-Cola， potatoes are now an icon of globalisation. This is quite a turnaround given the scepticism which first greeted them on their arrival in the Old World in the 16th century. Spuds were variously thought to cause leprosy， to be fit only for animals， to be associated with the devil or to be poisonous. They took hold in 18th century Europe only when war and famine meant there was nothing else to eat； people then realised just how versatile and reliable they were. As Adam Smith， one of the potato's many admirers， observed at the time， “The very general use which is made of potatoes in these kingdoms as food for man is a convincing proof that the prejudices of a nation， with regard to diet， however deeply rooted， are by no means unconquerable.” Mashed， fried， boiled and roast， a humble tuber changed the world， and free-trading globalisers everywhere should celebrate it.

    21. According to the text， what are the features of potatoes？

    \[A\] Lower price， quicker growing speed， less land required， and wider range of climate.

    \[B\] More calories， quicker growing speed， less labor required in growing and processing， and wider range of climate.

    \[C\] More calories， quicker growing speed， less land required， and wider range of climate.

    \[D\] More calories， quicker growing speed， less land required， and wider range of products to be made of.

    22. What is the ultimate purpose of establishing 2008 the International Year of the Potato？

    \[A\] Promote the sales volume of potatoes all over the globe.

    \[B\] Help the farmers that grow potatoes but are still in poverty.

    \[C\] Promote a greater awareness of the merits of potatoes among the public.

    \[D\] Alleviate poverty， improve food security and promote economic development.

    23. Friedrich Engels declared that the potato was the equal of iron for its “historically revolutionary role”， then according to the text， what does this “historically revolutionary role” refer to？

    \[A\] Its high volume of production， and consequently lower price， greatly supported the workers in the factories then.

    \[B\] It liberated workers from the land， thus providing labour force for the industry.

    \[C\] It changed the agriculture structure of England， which ultimately resulted in a shift from an agricultural country to an industrial one.

    \[D\] It can provide more calories， thus saving land for cotton growing， and consequently boosting the textile industry.

    24. According to the text， which of the following is NOT true about Britain's Corn Laws？

    \[A\] These laws were ultimately abolished after a fierce argument in the Parliament.

    \[B\] Landowners supported the laws because domestic products were more expensive， and then they could gain more.

    \[C\] Industrialists opposed the laws because cheap imported grains would help them develop the market.

    \[D\] Irish potato famine of 1845 directly forced the government to reverse its position of sustaining these laws.

    25. Why were potatoes at last accepted by Europeans？

    \[A\] They changed their diet to a more diversified trend.

    \[B\] French fries swept all over the world alongside burgers and Coca-Cola.

    \[C\] Potatoes saved them when war and famine stroke Europe in 18th century.

    \[D\] It became very important goods for Europe in trading with Asia.

    Text 2

    Twenty-seven years ago， Egypt revised its secular constitution to enshrine Muslim sharia as “the principal source of legislation”。 To most citizens， most of the time， that seeming contradiction — between secularism and religion — has not made much difference. Nine in ten Egyptians are Sunni Muslims and expect Islam to govern such things as marriage， divorce and inheritance. Nearly all the rest profess Christianity or Judaism， faiths recognised and protected in Islam. But to the small minority who embrace other faiths， or who have tried to leave Islam， it has， until lately， made an increasingly troubling difference.

    Members of Egypt's 2，000-strong Bahai community， for instance， have found they cannot state their religion on the national identity cards that all Egyptians are obliged to produce to secure such things as driver's licenses， bank accounts， social insurance and state schooling. Hundreds of Coptic Christians who have converted to Islam， often to escape the Orthodox sect's ban on divorce， find they cannot revert to their original faith. In some cases， children raised as Christians have discovered that， because a divorced parent converted to Islam， they too have become officially Muslim， and cannot claim otherwise.

    Such restrictions on religious freedom are not directly a product of sharia， say human-rights campaigners， but rather of rigid interpretations of Islamic law by over-zealous officials. In their strict view， Bahai belief cannot be recognised as a legitimate faith， since it arose in the 19th century， long after Islam staked its claim to be the final revelation in a chain of prophecies beginning with Adam. Likewise， they brand any attempt to leave Islam， whatever the circumstances， as a form of apostasy， punishable by death.

    But such views have lately been challenged. Last year Ali Gomaa， the Grand Mufti， who is the government's highest religious adviser， declared that nowhere in Islam's sacred texts did it say that apostasy need be punished in the present rather than by God in the afterlife. In the past month， Egyptian courts have issued two rulings that， while restricted in scope， should ease some bothersome strictures.

    Bahais may now leave the space for religion on their identity cards blank. Twelve former Christians won a lawsuit and may now return to their original faith， on condition that their identity documents note their previous adherence to Islam.

    Small steps， perhaps， but they point the way towards freedom of choice and citizenship based on equal rights rather than membership of a privileged religion.

    26. According to the text， what impact did the revision of Egypt's secular constitution have on its citizens' lives？

    \[A\] It did not make much difference to all the citizens.

    \[B\] Most of the Muslims felt that there was no much difference， but Christians， Judaists and people who embraced other religions felt increasing troubles.

    \[C\] Muslims， Christians and Judaists were protected in Islam， thus feeling no much difference， while other who embraced other faiths felt increasingly troubling difference.

    \[D\] Only Buddhists were specially treated， while others not.

    27. What trouble may people who are neither Muslims nor Christians nor Judaists encounter according to the text？

    \[A\] They cannot preserve their own customs.

    \[B\] They cannot state their religion on the national identity cards.

    \[C\] They will not be able to divorce.

    \[D\] They cannot leave Egypt.

    28. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the text？

    \[A\] Bahai belief is a legitimate faith according to some Islamic officials.

    \[B\] Any attempt to leave Islam will be punishable by death， whatever the situation is.

    \[C\] Bahai belief is a religion that boasts a long history.

    \[D\] Islamic officials tend to employ strict interpretations of Islamic law when it comes to the issue of religious freedom.

    29. What progress has now been made toward religious freedom？

    \[A\] They can revert to their original faith freely， as long as it is clearly stated on their ID cards that they used to be in Islam.

    \[B\] People may be freely reverted to their original faith， on condition that their children remain in Islam.

    \[C\] To those who converted to Islam， only their children can be reverted to their original faith.

    \[D\] The government has officially declared that such restriction on religious freedom would be abolished.

    30. What is the main purpose of this text？

    \[A\] To introduce the status quo of religious freedom in Egypt.

    \[B\] To ask for help in alleviating the restricted religious freedom in Egypt.

    \[C\] To force the government into action of some changes.

    \[D\] To promote the idea that freedom of choice and citizenship shall be based on equal rights rather than membership of a privileged religion.

    Text 3

    Remember Second Life， the virtual world that was supposed to become almost as important as the first one？ Now populated by no more than 84，000 avatars at a time， it has turned out to be a prime example of how short-lived Internet fads can be. Yet if many adults seem to have given up on virtual worlds， those that cater to children and teenagers are thriving. Several have even found a way to make money.

    In America， nearly 10 million children and teenagers visit virtual worlds regularly， estimates eMarketer， a market researcher — a number the firm expects to increase to 15 million by 2013. As in January， there were 112 virtual worlds designed for under-18s with another 81 in development， according to Engage Digital Media， a market research firm.

    All cater to different age groups and tastes. In Club Penguin， the market leader， which was bought by Disney in 2007 for a whopping $700 million， primary-school children can take on a penguin persona， fit out their own igloo and play games. Habbo Hotel， a service run from Finland， is a global hangout for teenagers who want to customise their own rooms and meet in public places to attend events. Gaia Online， based in Silicon Valley， offers similar activities， but is visited mostly by older teens who are into Manga comics.

    Not a hit with advertisers， these online worlds earn most of their money from the sale of virtual goods， such as items to spruce up an avatar or a private room. They are paid for in a private currency， which members earn by participating in various activities， trading items or buying them with real dollars.

    This sort of stealth tax seems to work. At Gaia Online， users spend more than $1 million per month on virtual items， says Craig Sherman， the firm's chief executive. Running such a virtual economy is not easy， which is why Gaia has hired a full-time economist to grapple with problems that are well known in the real world， such as inflation and an unequal distribution of wealth.

    There are other barriers that could limit the growth of virtual worlds for the young， but the main one is parents. Many do not want their offspring roaming virtual worlds， either because they are too commercial or are thought to be too dangerous. Keeping them safe is one of the biggest running costs， because their sponsors have to employ real people to police their realms.

    Youngsters are also a fickle bunch， says Simon Levene of Accel Partners， a venture-capital firm. Just as children move from one toy to another， they readily switch worlds or social networks， often without saying goodbye.

    Even so， Debra Aho Williamson， an analyst at eMarketer， believes “these worlds are a training ground for the three-dimensional web”。 If virtual worlds for adults， which so far have been able to retain only hardcore users， manage to hang on for a few years， they may yet have a second life.

    31. In the first paragraph it says that “Several have even found a way to make money”。 Which of the following could possibly be the “way”？

    \[A\] Sales of the copies of the game.

    \[B\] Sales of virtual goods in the game.

    \[C\] Sales of game peripheral goods， such as dolls and OST CDs.

    \[D\] Development of different games towards gamers of different ages.

    32. Why do online games not mean “a hit with advertisers”？

    \[A\] The advertisers do not have appropriate ways to advertise in the online world.

    \[B\] Online game companies do not want to cooperate with the advertisers.

    \[C\] The profit pattern of online games does not leave much space for them.

    \[D\] The advertisers deem that online games will not be a rising industry.

    33. Which of the following may NOT be the barriers to limit the growth of virtual worlds？

    \[A\] Inflation and unequal distributions of wealth can also happen in the virtual world.

    \[B\] The virtual world could grow complicated enough to force employment of special staff to manage it.

    \[C\] Parents would keep their children from the online games in order to keep them safe.

    \[D\] The online game companies will have to keep the virtual world safe， at some rather high cost.

    34. What can we infer from Simon Levene's comments？

    \[A\] Young people will usually change games.

    \[B\] Young people are only attracted by the novelties in the games.

    \[C\] Game companies will have to use various measures to keep young people continuing playing their games.

    \[D\] Current prosperity of online games market may not last long due to the capriciousness of young people.

    35. What may “stealth tax” in “This sort of stealth tax seems to work” refer to？

    \[A\] Online world promotes transaction without seeing the currencies， thus boosting the consumption.

    \[B\] Things in the online world do not need to be taxed， and then is cheaper than actual ones.

    \[C\] Companies have already paid the tax for the players.

    \[D\] People buy things in the online world in a largely unnoticed way， either by himself or by others.

    Text 4

    Scores of workers from MTV Networks walked off the job yesterday afternoon， filling the sidewalk outside the headquarters of its corporate parent， Viacom， to protest recent changes in benefits. The walkout highlighted the concerns of a category of workers who are sometimes called permalancers： permanent freelancers who work like full-time employees but do not receive the same benefits.

    Waving signs that read “Shame on Viacom，” the workers， most of them in their 20s， demanded that MTV Networks reverse a plan to reduce health and dental benefits for freelancers beginning On Jan. 1st. In a statement， MTV Networks noted that its benefits program for full-time employees had also undergone changes， and it emphasized that the plan for freelancers was still highly competitive within the industry. Many freelancers receive no corporate benefits. But some of the protesters asserted that corporations were competing to see which could provide the most mediocre health care coverage. Matthew Yonda， who works at Nickelodeon， held a sign that labeled the network “Sick-elodeon.” “I've worked here every day for three years — I'm not a freelancer，” Mr. Yonda said. “They just call us freelancers in order to bar us from getting the same benefits as employees.”

    The changes to the benefits package were announced last Tuesday. Freelancers were told that they would become eligible for benefits after 160 days of work， beginning in January. While that eased previous eligibility rules， which required freelancers to work for 52 weeks before becoming eligible， it would have required all freelancers not yet eligible for benefits to start the waiting period over again on Jan. 1st. The 401（k） plan was also removed. On Thursday， acknowledging the complaints， MTV Networks reinstated the 401（k） plan and said freelancers who had worked consistently since March would be eligible.

    Fueled by a series of blog posts on the media Web site Gawker — the first post was headlined “The Viacom Permalance Slave System” — a loose cohort of freelancers created protest stickers and distributed walkout fliers last week. Caroline O'Hare， a unit manager who has worked for MTV for more than two years， said the new health care plan — with higher deductibles and a $2，000 cap on hospital expenses each year — had provoked outrage. “They think they can treat us like children that don't have families， mortgages or dreams of retirement，” she said.

    Outside Viacom's headquarters， several workers held posters with the words， “There's too many of us to ignore.” It was unclear how many freelancers are on the company's payroll； an MTV Networks' spokeswoman said the figure was not known because it rises and falls throughout the year. The company has 5，500 full-time employees， excluding freelancers， around the world.

    Two freelancers and one full-time employee， who asked not to be identified for fear of retribution， estimated that the percentage of freelancers in some departments exceeded 75 percent. Another labor action is expected to take place outside Viacom later this week. Members of the Writers Guild of America， who have been on strike for five weeks， are expected to picket there on Thursday.

    36. Which of the following is NOT true on MTV Networks' new benefits plan for freelancers？

    \[A\] Its benefits plan for freelancers is highly competitive in the industry.

    \[B\] Its freelancers cannot get the same benefits as the full-time employees do.

    \[C\] The freelancers who are not eligible for benefits should start the waiting period over again on Jan. 1st.

    \[D\] The freelancers are against the new plan which substantially undermined their benefit.

    37. What can we infer from the assertion that “corporations were competing to see which could provide the most mediocre health care coverage”？

    \[A\] Some benefits packages for full-time employees have already been a standard for freelancers.

    \[B\] Those who provide lesser health care coverage will be degraded in the industry evaluation.

    \[C\] Some companies use mediocre health care coverage as an edge in attracting freelancers.

    \[D\] It is a common practice for the companies not to provide adequate health care coverage for freelancers.

    38. What does the word “reinstate” （Line 6， Paragraph 3） most probably mean？

    \[A\] redesign\[B\] repair\[C\] restore\[D\] reset

    39. Why did the MTV Networks' spokeswoman say the number of freelancers was unclear？

    \[A\] The figure rises and falls all over the year.

    \[B\] The company wants to keep it as a secret so that they can better stand the protest.

    \[C\] As they are only freelancers， their payrolls are not included in the financial system of the company.

    \[D\] They do not want to treat freelancers the same as full-time employees.

    40. Which of the following is NOT true according to the text？

    \[A\] Government may intervene in this dispute.

    \[B\] Strike will continue and labours union may intervene.

    \[C\] Companies decided to compromise with these freelancers.

    \[D\] Some freelancers have filed law suits against Viacom.

    Part B

    Directions：

    In the following article， some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45， choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices， which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points）

    Long before man lived on the Earth， there were fishes， reptiles， birds， insects， and some mammals. Although some of these animals were ancestors of kinds living today， others are now extinct， that is， they have no descendants alive now. Nevertheless， we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells have been preserved in the rocks as fossils. 41.  That kind of rock in which the remains are found tells us much about the nature of the original land， often of the plants that grew on it， and even of its climate.

    When an animal dies， the body， its bones， or shell， may often be carried away by streams into lakes or the sea and there get covered up by mud. If the animal lived in the sea its body would probably sink and be covered with mud. More and more mud would fall upon it until the bones or shell become embedded and preserved. 42.  Thus it follows that there must be many kinds of mammals， birds， and insects of which we know nothing.

    43.  Later forms are more complex， and among these are the sea-lilies， relations of the star-fishes， which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed， or to rocks. There were also crab-like creatures， whose bodies were covered with a horny substance. The body segments each had two pairs of legs， one pair for walking on the sandy bottom， the other for swimming. The head was a kind of shield with a pair of compound eyes， often with thousands of lenses. They were usually an inch or two long but some were 2 feet.

    The shellfish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known. Of these， the ammonites are very interesting and important. They have a shell composed of many chambers， each representing a temporary home of the animal. As the young grew larger it grew a new chamber and sealed off the previous one. Thousands of these can be seen in the rocks on the Dorset Coast.

    The first animals with true backbones were fishes， first known in the rocks of 375 million years ago. About 300 million years ago the amphibians， the animals able to live both on land and in water， appeared. They were giant， sometimes 8 feet long， and many of them lived in the swampy pools in which our coal seam， or layer， formed. 44.  About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over and most of the groups died out. The mammals quickly developed， and we can trace the evolution of many familiar animals such as the elephant and horse. 45.

    \[A\] The best index fossils tend to be marine creatures. These animals evolved rapidly and spread over large areas of the world.

    \[B\] The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles and for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land， in the sea， and in the air.

    \[C\] Many of the later mammals， though now extinct， were known to primitive man and were featured by him in cave paintings and on bone carvings.

    \[D\] Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action， and most of these are of animals that lived in or near water.

    \[E\] The earliest animals whose remains have been found were all very simple kinds and lived in the sea.

    \[F\] Many factors can influence how fossils are preserved in rocks. Remains of an organism may be replaced by minerals， dissolved by an acidic solution to leave only their impression， or simply reduced to a more stable form.

    \[G\] From them we can tell their size and shape， how they walked， the kind of food they ate. Very occasionally the rocks show impression of skin， so that， apart from color， we can build up a reasonably accurate picture of an animal that died millions of years ago.

    Part C

    Directions：

    Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. （10 points）

    It is hard to get a grip on food. The UN's World Health Organisation worries about diminishing supplies and increased prices in poor countries； recent riots and near-riots in Haiti， Bangladesh and Egypt were sparked by the growing cost of wheat and rice. But， as Paul Roberts observes in “The End of Food”， the developed world has lived through “a near miraculous period during which the things we ate seemed to grow only more plentiful， more secure， more nutritious， and simply better.” 46. In the second half of the 20th century， world output of corn， wheat and cereal crops more than tripled. Yet there is not enough to feed the rich， the aspirational and the poor in the world. A golden age has been transformed quite suddenly into a global crisis.

    Mr Roberts insists that modern agribusiness is unsustainable and becoming more so. “Precisely at the moment in history when we need to shift our system of food production into overdrive， our agricultural engine is breaking down，” he says. The industry has taken cheap oil for granted. Oil fuels transportation and farm machinery， and natural gas is the basis of synthetic nitrogen production （prices have tripled since 2002）。 Agriculture accounts for three-quarters of freshwater use， and water is becoming an increasingly scarce and expensive resource. Climate change makes some old assumptions about farming redundant. 47. A combination of these factors， he says， will ultimately force a complete rethinking of the way we make food.

    For years government subsidies held down grain prices， making food cheaper. 48. Water was also plentiful — it takes 1，000 tonnes of water to produce a tonne of grain — and an ingenious process known as Haber-Bosch makes synthetic nitrogen fertiliser easily available to grain farmers. Ruthless price-cutting at supermarkets means consumers have grown accustomed to eating too much. （In the late 19th century， Europeans already thought Americans ate three or four times more than was necessary.） The most damaging consequence is that by 2000 31% of American adults were obese， with another 16% defined as overweight. American airlines spend $275 million a year more on fuel simply to lift the heavier passengers. Mr Roberts claims that every year obesity causes 400，000 premature deaths in America. Food has become as deadly as tobacco.

    A fruitful start would be to halve the size of portions in all American restaurants， but most consumers are reluctant rethinkers. 49. Eating organic product could be a partial solution， although one study suggests that the cost of avoiding intensive farm chemicals would mean a 31% increase in food prices. Government scientists believe that genetically modified crops might be the only way out of the crisis， but a majority of consumers are reluctant to listen.

    Is there a model for the future？ 50. Fashionably， Mr. Roberts believes that a local system based on easily obtainable seasonal foods that do not need to be transported huge distances would form part of a solution. The economics and greenery of this are far from proven. Mr Roberts can find only one country that has made “serious efforts” in this direction： Cuba， hardly a comforting example. The coming food crisis， warns the author， is as intractable as global warming， and no less urgent.

    Section III Writing

    Part A

    51. Directions：

    One of your pen friends， John， will be visiting your city. However， for some reasons， you cannot meet him at the airport on time. Write a letter asking him to wait for you at the airport and tell him how to recognize you. Your letter should be no less than 100 words. You don't need to write the address. Don't sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use Roger instead. （10 points）

    Part B

    52. Directions：

    Study the following drawing carefully and write an essay in which you should

    1） describe the drawing；

    2） interpret its meaning；

    3） support your view with examples.

    You should write about 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.（20 points）

    考研2011考研英語(yǔ)比較后點(diǎn)題第二套參考答案

    Section IUse of English

    「先睹為快」

    1. D2. B3. A4. A5. C6. C7. A8. B9. B10. C

    11. D12. D13. A14. A15. C16. B17. D18. C19. A20. B

    「文章大意」

    哈佛等私立大學(xué)雖然學(xué)費(fèi)高昂，但是它們提出了一系列助學(xué)金政策來(lái)幫助中低收入家庭。哈佛宣布其政策之后，其他的私立學(xué)校也相繼跟進(jìn)，他們紛紛宣稱(chēng)學(xué)生不該因付不起學(xué)費(fèi)而被迫往它處求學(xué)，并以此與公立學(xué)校競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。他們還設(shè)立了一種大學(xué)收費(fèi)模式——對(duì)富裕學(xué)生施行高收費(fèi)，以此來(lái)幫助補(bǔ)貼較困難的以及不符合領(lǐng)取聯(lián)邦津貼和政府貸款條件的家庭的學(xué)生。

    「答案透析」

    1. 「答案」 D.

    形容詞辨析，首先這里的主干部分是$46，000 is…，price是在破折號(hào)內(nèi)的，因此可以把high排除掉。而再看后文里的獎(jiǎng)助學(xué)金之類(lèi)的政策，可以說(shuō)這筆學(xué)費(fèi)應(yīng)該是很高的，而非合理的或便宜的，故選擇expensive.

    2. 「答案」 B.

    既然前文提到這些學(xué)校的學(xué)費(fèi)很貴，那么從邏輯上說(shuō)進(jìn)這些學(xué)校學(xué)費(fèi)該是一個(gè)很大的障礙。而本句有一個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)折，說(shuō)明應(yīng)當(dāng)是沒(méi)有障礙，因此選擇no.

    3. 「答案」 A.

    首先本句的結(jié)構(gòu)是一個(gè)讓步的關(guān)系，即需要填入的這個(gè)動(dòng)詞的程度應(yīng)當(dāng)比or后面的成分更深。那么看or后面的slashed them deeply for needy students，為需要的學(xué)生大大降低了學(xué)費(fèi)，那么可以推斷出B項(xiàng)和C項(xiàng)不合適。而D項(xiàng)和A項(xiàng)相比，D項(xiàng)是普通意義上的減少，并不會(huì)比大大降低有多少程度上的遞進(jìn)，故選擇A項(xiàng)。

    4. 「答案」 A.

    A項(xiàng)緩和，B項(xiàng)中止，C項(xiàng)加強(qiáng)，D項(xiàng)減少。結(jié)合這個(gè)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)sticker-shock，這是一個(gè)美國(guó)術(shù)語(yǔ)，直譯是“標(biāo)簽震驚”，也就是看了標(biāo)簽上的價(jià)錢(qián)后震驚不已，形容定價(jià)太高。那么前述的減免學(xué)費(fèi)政策自然應(yīng)當(dāng)是緩和這種震驚。C項(xiàng)在意思上肯定不對(duì)，B、D不適用于這種抽象性的對(duì)象。

    5. 「答案」 C.

    從后文看，耶魯?shù)却髮W(xué)也出臺(tái)了相應(yīng)的減免學(xué)費(fèi)政策，那么應(yīng)當(dāng)是similar；前文并未提及哈佛的具體措施，所以same無(wú)從談起。

    6. 「答案」 C.

    哈佛和耶魯?shù)年P(guān)系，相提并論、相互競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，乃至相互合作都是可以的。那么重點(diǎn)需要理解bitterest這個(gè)單詞的修飾作用，bitter在這里是指顯示出嫉妒、怨恨或失望的，因此結(jié)合選項(xiàng)，rival比較為合適。

    7. 「答案」 A.

    結(jié)合文章主題是減免學(xué)費(fèi)的高校財(cái)政支持政策，那么能夠享受這些政策的應(yīng)該是低收入家庭，所以是less than…。poorer than 后面的所比較對(duì)象不符合語(yǔ)法規(guī)范，故不選。

    8. 「答案」 B.

    根據(jù)后面的by 43%判斷，expand和increase比較合適，enhance和elevate都不能在后面加上具體的百分比。而increase后面的賓語(yǔ)更多的是具體的數(shù)值，而不是僅僅一個(gè)budget，故expand比較為合適。

    9. 「答案」 B.

    前文說(shuō)哈佛也對(duì)年收入接近18萬(wàn)美元的家庭有相應(yīng)的學(xué)費(fèi)減免計(jì)劃，如此一來(lái)，進(jìn)入哈佛學(xué)習(xí)的學(xué)費(fèi)將相應(yīng)降低，那么這和州立大學(xué)的學(xué)費(fèi)相比呢？一般來(lái)說(shuō)哈佛等私立大學(xué)的學(xué)費(fèi)會(huì)比公立大學(xué)的學(xué)費(fèi)高，有了這個(gè)計(jì)劃，則相應(yīng)降低，故應(yīng)當(dāng)是comparable，可比較的，比得上的。

    10. 「答案」 C.

    take out是一個(gè)固定搭配，意為“獲取，辦理”。后文的動(dòng)詞為支付，則可以判斷出是要通過(guò)借款或者打工來(lái)支付，take out part-time job不符合搭配，使用take part-time jobs即可。savings或work都不符合題意。

    11. 「答案」 D.

    A項(xiàng)charge一般指收費(fèi)，B項(xiàng)一般指交通費(fèi)，C項(xiàng)指付款、報(bào)酬，綜合全文，都是在說(shuō)學(xué)費(fèi)，故選出D項(xiàng)。

    12. 「答案」 D.

    本文第一段說(shuō)“And last month Harvard announced a new plan”，那么可以判斷出這里指代前文哈佛的announcement；若選擇implementation，由于本處并未提及該公告，故應(yīng)當(dāng)有implementation of…之類(lèi)。policy會(huì)造成語(yǔ)義殘缺，而adjustment并未在文中提及。

    13. 「答案」 A.

    本句是說(shuō)任何獲得入學(xué)許可的同學(xué)都不會(huì)因?yàn)闊o(wú)力負(fù)擔(dān)學(xué)費(fèi)而覺(jué)得該去其他地方。A項(xiàng)有壓力的，語(yǔ)義合適；B項(xiàng)羞愧的，這不符合常識(shí)，或者說(shuō)并非常態(tài)；C項(xiàng)不安全和D項(xiàng)不高興在文中都未曾提及。

    14. 「答案」 A.

    本題要抓住后面的particularly state-run universities，前文說(shuō)到哈佛和耶魯之類(lèi)的大學(xué)經(jīng)過(guò)學(xué)費(fèi)減免計(jì)劃之后學(xué)費(fèi)同公立大學(xué)差不多，那么這里結(jié)合選項(xiàng)，cheaper比較為合適，more reasonable未有提及，public則意思不對(duì)，即previously public說(shuō)明之前是公立，現(xiàn)在是私立了；better也未有提及。

    15. 「答案」 C.

    首先根據(jù)句意判斷，哈佛耶魯與公立學(xué)校競(jìng)爭(zhēng)以招來(lái)更多的學(xué)生，這肯定是有積極意義的，所以像shrink和diminish這樣的含有消極意義的詞匯不符合題意。同時(shí)這個(gè)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)是reputation和figure，expand無(wú)法與reputation搭配，故選擇C.

    16. 「答案」 B.

    此處的scheme指代前面各大高校的資助政策，后面是說(shuō)分別收費(fèi)有助于減少對(duì)聯(lián)邦貸款的依賴(lài)，那么結(jié)合選項(xiàng)，應(yīng)當(dāng)是model比較為合適。文中并未提及有關(guān)高校學(xué)費(fèi)區(qū)分的困難及機(jī)會(huì)，故A項(xiàng)不選。disposition和location都不符合文意。

    17. 「答案」 D.

    既然對(duì)于學(xué)生的學(xué)費(fèi)進(jìn)行了區(qū)分收取，那么中低收入家庭所要負(fù)擔(dān)的學(xué)費(fèi)就較之前少一些，故可以不用再大規(guī)模地向聯(lián)邦借貸。“The universities will also not require any student to take out loans to pay for their tuition”從這句話(huà)可以推斷。故應(yīng)該是依賴(lài)程度更低，故選D.

    18. 「答案」 C.

    A項(xiàng)打敗，B項(xiàng)贏得，C項(xiàng)模仿，D項(xiàng)跟隨。這里是說(shuō)學(xué)費(fèi)高昂但是財(cái)力并不雄厚的私立學(xué)校并不能輕松哈佛和耶魯，文中并未提及相互競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的內(nèi)容，故A、B項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。從全文來(lái)看應(yīng)當(dāng)是說(shuō)他們也想引入?yún)^(qū)分收費(fèi)的政策，所以應(yīng)當(dāng)是copy，選項(xiàng)follow應(yīng)當(dāng)為follow one's example方為合適，故選C.

    19. 「答案」 A.

    根據(jù)前文copy哈佛或耶魯?shù)谋硎�，可以推斷出他們也是要區(qū)分收費(fèi)，那么便是pricing.

    20. 「答案」 B.

    這里前面是說(shuō)公立大學(xué)，那么與之競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的對(duì)應(yīng)者應(yīng)當(dāng)是私立大學(xué)，那么應(yīng)該是private counterparts，故選擇B.

    「難句聚焦」

    1. Harvard and Yale are， after all， now likely to lure more students away from previously cheaper options， particularly state-run universities， enhancing their already impressive admissions figures and reputations.

    「分析」主體結(jié)構(gòu)是Harvard and Yale are now likely to lure…。After all作整句的狀語(yǔ)。particularly后面這一部分作options的同位語(yǔ)，現(xiàn)在分詞enhancing引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)。

    2. But America's state-run universities， which have traditionally kept their fees low and stable， might well try a differentiated pricing scheme as they raise cash to compete academically with their private counterparts.

    「分析」主體結(jié)構(gòu)是America's state-run universities might well try…。which引導(dǎo)一個(gè)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。as引導(dǎo)一個(gè)原因狀語(yǔ)從句。

    Section IIReading Comprehension

    Part A

    Text 1

    「先睹為快」

    21. C 22. D 23. B 24. A 25. C

    「答案透析」

    21. 「答案」 C.

    本題需要仔細(xì)閱讀第一段第二句“It provides more calories， more quickly， using less land and in a wider range of climates than any other plant”這便說(shuō)的是馬鈴薯的特點(diǎn)。那么結(jié)合選項(xiàng)，A項(xiàng)的lower price文中沒(méi)有提及，B項(xiàng)的less labor in processing未有提及，D項(xiàng)中的wider range of products to be made of也未有提及，故選C.

    22. 「答案」 D.

    求解本題需要找到“It hopes that greater awareness of the merits of potatoes will contribute to the achievement of its Millennium Development Goals， by helping to alleviate poverty， improve food security and promote economic development”。這一句有三層意思，一是讓人們?cè)鲞M(jìn)對(duì)馬鈴薯優(yōu)點(diǎn)的了解，二是有助于減少貧困、提高食品安全性以及促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，三是實(shí)現(xiàn)聯(lián)合國(guó)的千年發(fā)展目標(biāo)。第一層是活動(dòng)本身的目的，第二層是手段，第三層是比較終目標(biāo)。而A、B項(xiàng)在文中都未有提及，故結(jié)合問(wèn)題，D項(xiàng)比較為合適。

    23. 「答案」 B.

    A項(xiàng)說(shuō)馬鈴薯產(chǎn)量高，價(jià)格便宜，有力支持了工廠(chǎng)的工人，但文中并未有此表述，故不選。B項(xiàng)說(shuō)使人們脫離了田地間的勞作，從而為工業(yè)提供了勞動(dòng)力，這在第三段中可以找到對(duì)應(yīng)的表述，故選。C項(xiàng)說(shuō)改變了英國(guó)的農(nóng)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)，文中也沒(méi)有表述。D項(xiàng)說(shuō)提供更多的熱量是正確的，但是提供更多的土地供棉花種植卻并不正確。

    24. 「答案」 A.

    A項(xiàng)說(shuō)是經(jīng)過(guò)議會(huì)激烈辯論后被廢除的，而在文中是說(shuō)比較終并不是口若懸河的辯論而是同情廢止了《谷物法》，故答案選A項(xiàng)。B項(xiàng)說(shuō)國(guó)內(nèi)產(chǎn)品更貴，地主可以賺更多的錢(qián)，對(duì)應(yīng)文中“廉價(jià)進(jìn)口的谷物會(huì)降低他們的收益”。C項(xiàng)說(shuō)進(jìn)口谷物有助于他們開(kāi)拓市場(chǎng)，這需要找到文中說(shuō)的進(jìn)口谷物“會(huì)降低食物價(jià)格，從而讓人們?cè)谥圃旌玫纳唐飞匣ㄙM(fèi)更多”，這兩者意思相同。D項(xiàng)則是第四段的比較后兩句的總結(jié)。

    25. 「答案」 C.

    本題求解在比較后一段中的“They took hold in 18th-century Europe only when war and famine meant there was nothing else to eat； people then realised just how versatile and reliable they were”。A項(xiàng)文中沒(méi)有提及，B項(xiàng)是馬鈴薯被歐洲人接受之后呈現(xiàn)的現(xiàn)象，C項(xiàng)則可以直接對(duì)應(yīng)，D項(xiàng)文中也未有提及，故選擇C.

    「難句聚焦」

    1. Unlikely though it seems， the potato promoted economic development by underpinning the industrial revolution in England in the 19th century.

    「分析」本句主體結(jié)構(gòu)是the potato promoted economic development.前面的unlikely though it seems調(diào)整容易理解的句序應(yīng)當(dāng)為unlikely it seems， though，…。

    2. Ultimately it was not the eloquence of the arguments against the Corn Laws that led to their abolition — and more's the pity.

    「分析」本句為強(qiáng)調(diào)句結(jié)構(gòu)，it is （not） that…。And more's the pity 還原成句子就是 it is more the pity that…。

    「譯海拾貝」

    在世界的糧食作物中，它的重要性?xún)H次于玉米、小麥和稻谷。與其它農(nóng)作物相比，它能夠提供更多的熱量，生長(zhǎng)速度更快，而所占土地面積卻比它們要少，適宜它生長(zhǎng)的氣候條件也更廣。它，當(dāng)然就是馬鈴薯了。

    聯(lián)合國(guó)已經(jīng)宣布2008年為“馬鈴薯國(guó)際年”。它希望人們了解馬鈴薯的優(yōu)點(diǎn)后將有助于減少貧困、提高食品安全性以及促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)聯(lián)合國(guó)的千年發(fā)展目標(biāo)。它不是這個(gè)的國(guó)際年就是那個(gè)的國(guó)際月。但是馬鈴薯不尋常的歷史意味著它非常值得《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家》讀者們贊美——因?yàn)轳R鈴薯的歷史與經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展、貿(mào)易自由化及全球化是交織在一起的。

    雖然馬鈴薯其貌不揚(yáng)，但是它確實(shí)為英國(guó)19世紀(jì)的工業(yè)革命打下了基礎(chǔ)，推動(dòng)了其經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展。它是價(jià)廉的熱量來(lái)源，也很容易栽種，因此使人脫離了田地間的勞作。馬鈴薯在英國(guó)北方種植廣泛，因?yàn)楸狈降娜藢?zhuān)門(mén)從事牲畜農(nóng)業(yè)和家庭產(chǎn)業(yè)，而南方的農(nóng)場(chǎng)主（這里的土壤更適合種馬鈴薯）則種植小麥。完全巧合的是，這使得工業(yè)集中在這個(gè)煤炭資源豐富的地區(qū)，而馬鈴薯產(chǎn)業(yè)導(dǎo)致了人口的大量剩余，這又為新的工廠(chǎng)提供了充足的勞動(dòng)力。弗里德。恩格斯甚至宣稱(chēng)馬鈴薯“歷史性的革命作用”可以與鐵相提并論。

    馬鈴薯促進(jìn)了自由貿(mào)易的發(fā)展，使英國(guó)的《谷物法》被廢除——而這也促成了1843年《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家》的創(chuàng)立�！豆任锓ā废拗萍Z食進(jìn)口到英國(guó)以保護(hù)國(guó)內(nèi)的小麥生產(chǎn)商。土地?fù)碛姓咧С诌@項(xiàng)法律，因?yàn)楸阋说倪M(jìn)口糧食會(huì)讓他們的收入減少，但工廠(chǎng)主則反對(duì)這項(xiàng)法律，因?yàn)檫M(jìn)口會(huì)讓食品價(jià)格降低，這樣人們就會(huì)把更多的錢(qián)花在工業(yè)產(chǎn)品上。比較終并不是口若懸河的辯論而是同情廢止了《谷物法》。起因是1845年愛(ài)爾蘭馬鈴薯歉收，由于他們所賴(lài)以生存的馬鈴薯得了枯萎病，導(dǎo)致了一百萬(wàn)愛(ài)爾蘭人死亡。愛(ài)爾蘭需要進(jìn)口糧食來(lái)緩解災(zāi)情，這迫使由支持《谷物法》的土地?fù)碛姓咚�組成的政府不得不改弦易轍。

    這就為其它領(lǐng)域的自由化鋪平了道路，自由貿(mào)易也就成為了英國(guó)的政策。當(dāng)時(shí)的惠靈頓公爵苦嘆道：“腐爛的馬鈴薯實(shí)現(xiàn)了這所有的目標(biāo)。”

    馬鈴薯以炸薯?xiàng)l的形式跟夾餅和可樂(lè)一起出售，它現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)是全球化的標(biāo)志。這完全是個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)變，考慮到在十六世紀(jì)它們傳到舊大陸的時(shí)候人們心存疑慮。馬鈴薯當(dāng)時(shí)被認(rèn)為會(huì)引起麻風(fēng)病，只適合動(dòng)物吃，與惡魔有關(guān)，而且有毒。只有在十八世紀(jì)的歐洲，當(dāng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)和饑荒使人們無(wú)以為食的時(shí)候，它們才被接受；直到那時(shí)，人們才知道馬鈴薯的用途是多么的廣，又是多么的可靠。正如眾多的馬鈴薯的贊賞者之一亞當(dāng)。斯密斯所言，“這些國(guó)家對(duì)于馬鈴薯作為食物的利用完全可以讓人相信：一個(gè)民族對(duì)于飲食的偏見(jiàn)，不管是多么根深蒂固，也決不會(huì)不可改變。”通過(guò)搗碎、油炸、清煮和烘烤，小小的馬鈴薯改變了這個(gè)世界，每個(gè)自由貿(mào)易的全球化者都應(yīng)該贊美它。

    Text 2

    「先睹為快」

    26. C 27. B 28. D 29. A 30. D

    「答案透析」

    26. 「答案」 C.

    A項(xiàng)，沒(méi)有影響所有的公民，但是第一段中明確說(shuō)明有一小部分所受影響嚴(yán)重，故A項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。B項(xiàng)，只有穆斯林沒(méi)覺(jué)得有變化，而其他宗教的信徒都覺(jué)得有區(qū)別，但是文中是說(shuō)Nearly all the rest profess Christianity or Judaism， faiths recognised and protected in Islam，故B項(xiàng)也不對(duì)。C項(xiàng)，穆斯林，基督徒和猶太教徒都不會(huì)受太大影響，除了一小部分其他信仰者或是那些試圖脫離伊斯蘭教者，故此C正確。D項(xiàng)提到了佛教徒，但是文中并未提及，故D項(xiàng)不選。

    27. 「答案」 B.

    本題需要注意第二段。A項(xiàng)不能保持他們自己的習(xí)俗，文中并未提及，故不選。B項(xiàng)不能在身份證上表明他們的宗教信仰，這可以在第二段所舉的例子中找到對(duì)應(yīng)表述，故正確。C項(xiàng)說(shuō)不能離婚，第二段中的表述是很多人因?yàn)椴荒茈x婚而從基督教轉(zhuǎn)換到伊斯蘭教，但并沒(méi)有說(shuō)明其他宗教的情況，故不選。D項(xiàng)不能離開(kāi)埃及，文中也沒(méi)有提及，故不選。

    28. 「答案」 D.

    A項(xiàng)一些伊斯蘭官員認(rèn)為巴哈教是合法宗教，但是第四段中說(shuō)“他們認(rèn)為，嚴(yán)格看來(lái)，巴哈教信仰不能被承認(rèn)是一種合法的信仰”，故A項(xiàng)不正確。B項(xiàng)說(shuō)任何試圖離開(kāi)伊斯蘭教的行為，不管什么情況，都應(yīng)被處以死刑，貌似和文中符合，但是原文是they brand，污蔑，因此事實(shí)并非如此，B不正確。C項(xiàng)巴哈教有很長(zhǎng)的歷史，但是文中說(shuō)其僅產(chǎn)生于19世紀(jì)，故C不正確。D項(xiàng)伊斯蘭官員總是傾向于采取嚴(yán)格的伊斯蘭法律解釋?zhuān)�這與文中所述符合，故選擇D項(xiàng)。

    29. 「答案」 A.

    本題主要在倒數(shù)第二段，是說(shuō)有些基督徒贏得了官司，可以返回原來(lái)的信仰，只是要在身份證上注明自己曾經(jīng)信仰過(guò)伊斯蘭教。那么回過(guò)頭來(lái)看選項(xiàng)，A項(xiàng)符合文意；B項(xiàng)說(shuō)孩子仍需信仰伊斯蘭教，這文中并未提及；C項(xiàng)說(shuō)只有孩子能夠返回原來(lái)的信仰，同樣文中也沒(méi)有提及；D項(xiàng)政府公開(kāi)宣稱(chēng)不再限制宗教自由，這在文中也沒(méi)有說(shuō)明。故A項(xiàng)正確。

    30. 「答案」 D.

    全文的目的需要看一下比較后一段，“這些公民權(quán)利應(yīng)該是平等的而不能依據(jù)一個(gè)人的宗教身份而有什么特權(quán)”，然后再看選項(xiàng)。A項(xiàng)說(shuō)是介紹埃及的宗教自由現(xiàn)狀，文中有很大一部分著墨于此，但這只是手段，并非目的。B項(xiàng)說(shuō)呼吁埃及拓寬宗教自由，這在文中并未看到。C項(xiàng)說(shuō)迫使政府采取措施改善現(xiàn)狀，一篇文章并不能產(chǎn)生迫使的作用，況且還是外國(guó)人寫(xiě)的文章。D項(xiàng)意思與比較后一段的意思比較符合，是通過(guò)文章宣傳平等的概念，借宗教自由之名呼吁平等的公民權(quán)利。

    「難句聚焦」

    1. But to the small minority who embrace other faiths， or who have tried to leave Islam， it has， until lately， made an increasingly troubling difference.

    「分析」主體結(jié)構(gòu)是it has made an increasingly troubling difference.to the small 一句引導(dǎo)的是狀語(yǔ)，而until lately是插入的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。

    2. Such restrictions on religious freedom are not directly a product of sharia， say human-rights campaigners， but rather of rigid interpretations of Islamic law by over-zealous officials.

    「分析」主體結(jié)構(gòu)是such restrictions are not a product of… but rather of…。say human rights campaigners是插入語(yǔ)。rather在這里用以提出更為確切的說(shuō)法，表示兩者比較，正確的為后者。

    「譯海拾貝」

    27年前，埃及修改了它的世俗憲法，強(qiáng)調(diào)要以伊斯蘭教教法作為“立法之根本”。對(duì)大多數(shù)埃及公民來(lái)說(shuō)，在大多數(shù)時(shí)候，這種看上去的矛盾——世俗和宗教之間——似乎并沒(méi)有造成多少影響。十分之九的埃及人是遜尼派穆斯林，他們希望用伊斯蘭教規(guī)來(lái)管理諸如結(jié)婚、離婚以及繼承之類(lèi)的事情。其他的埃及人幾乎全都是基督徒或是信仰猶太教，這兩種宗教在伊斯蘭教中是得到認(rèn)同和保護(hù)的宗教。但近來(lái)，對(duì)于一小部分其他信仰者或是那些試圖脫離伊斯蘭教者，這次修憲導(dǎo)致的差異使他們?cè)絹?lái)越覺(jué)得麻煩重重。

    例如達(dá)到2000之多的巴哈教社區(qū)的成員們已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)他們不能在身份證上表明他們的宗教信仰，而所有埃及人都有義務(wù)這樣做來(lái)獲得諸如駕照、銀行帳戶(hù)、社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)以及享受公立教育等。數(shù)百名曾經(jīng)因逃避正教在離婚上的禁令而皈依到伊斯蘭教的基督徒（科普特教會(huì)：埃及的基督教會(huì)，信奉基督一性論的教義）發(fā)現(xiàn)他們無(wú)法恢復(fù)原來(lái)的信仰。在有些情況下，信仰基督長(zhǎng)大的孩子們發(fā)現(xiàn)因其離婚父母皈依伊斯蘭教，而使他們自己被列入正式穆斯林，并且喪失了信仰其他宗教的權(quán)利。

    人權(quán)運(yùn)動(dòng)人士表示，這樣一些對(duì)宗教信仰自由的限制約束并不是直接源自伊斯蘭教法，而是狂熱的官員通過(guò)伊斯蘭法律進(jìn)行的強(qiáng)行解釋。他們認(rèn)為，嚴(yán)格看來(lái)，巴哈教信仰不能被承認(rèn)是一種合法的信仰，這是因?yàn)樗�產(chǎn)生于19世紀(jì)，不久之后，伊斯蘭教宣稱(chēng)獲得了始于亞當(dāng)一系列預(yù)言中的比較終啟示。同樣，這些官員誣蔑任何試圖離開(kāi)伊斯蘭教的行為，不管什么情況，都屬于背教并需要用死刑來(lái)進(jìn)行懲處。

    但是比較近這樣的觀點(diǎn)受到了質(zhì)疑。伊斯蘭教大法學(xué)家Ali Gomaa作為政府比較高宗教顧問(wèn)，在去年宣布，在伊斯蘭教那神圣的經(jīng)文里沒(méi)有哪里提到過(guò)背教必須像現(xiàn)在那樣接受死刑的處罰，事實(shí)上，根據(jù)經(jīng)文，這種懲罰應(yīng)該是死后由真主作出。在過(guò)去的一個(gè)月，埃及法院已經(jīng)作出兩項(xiàng)規(guī)定，在保留限制范圍的同時(shí)，放寬一些令人感到麻煩的約束。

    也許現(xiàn)在巴哈教徒可以在他們的身份證上為其宗教信仰而留下空余。12名前基督徒贏得了一場(chǎng)訴訟，他們也許現(xiàn)在可以回到他們?cè)瓉?lái)的信仰了，條件是他們的身份文件要注明他們以前曾經(jīng)信仰伊斯蘭教。

    這也許只能算是一個(gè)小小的進(jìn)步，但他們?yōu)檫x擇自由和公民權(quán)利指明了前進(jìn)的道路。這些公民權(quán)利應(yīng)該是平等的而不能依據(jù)一個(gè)人的宗教身份而有特權(quán)之分。

    Text 3

    「先睹為快」

    31. B 32. C 33. A 34. D 35. A

    「答案透析」

    31. 「答案」 B.

    雖然這一句出現(xiàn)在第一段，但是答案需要到第四段中去找，第四段提到“這些虛擬世界的利潤(rùn)來(lái)源是虛擬物品的銷(xiāo)售”。那么可以判斷出既不是游戲拷貝，也不是游戲衍生品，更不是游戲產(chǎn)品細(xì)分年齡，故選擇B項(xiàng)。

    32. 「答案」 C.

    本題的答案同樣在第四段，because后面給出了原因，說(shuō)主要利潤(rùn)來(lái)源是游戲里的虛擬物品的銷(xiāo)售，這種盈利模式之下廣告商很難從中獲取分成，因?yàn)檫@是以虛擬貨幣完成的，虛擬貨幣的獲得只有一部分通過(guò)實(shí)際貨幣獲得，因此降低了廣告商的盈利空間，因此C項(xiàng)符合文意。A項(xiàng)說(shuō)沒(méi)有合適的方式進(jìn)行廣告，大體上也是正確，但是和C項(xiàng)相比，C項(xiàng)更為具體。B項(xiàng)說(shuō)有些公司并不愿意和廣告商合作，這按常理判斷應(yīng)該不會(huì)，因?yàn)榕c廣告商合作對(duì)于公司來(lái)說(shuō)基本上是利大于弊。D項(xiàng)說(shuō)廣告商不認(rèn)為網(wǎng)絡(luò)游戲有前途，這無(wú)法從文中得到，因此綜合來(lái)看C項(xiàng)比較符合文意。

    33. 「答案」 A.

    阻礙網(wǎng)絡(luò)游戲產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展的因素文中總共提到了三點(diǎn)，第五段后半部分提到運(yùn)營(yíng)過(guò)于復(fù)雜，第六段中提到的父母的壓力和保證線(xiàn)上世界的安全。再結(jié)合選項(xiàng)，可以看出A項(xiàng)與原文不符，通貨膨脹和財(cái)富分配不均都屬于現(xiàn)實(shí)中的問(wèn)題，故選擇A項(xiàng)。

    34. 「答案」 D.

    本題需要掌握比較后兩段，看原文的這段話(huà)，是說(shuō)年輕人玩網(wǎng)游并不意味著會(huì)從一而終，喜新厭舊是常事，言下之意是說(shuō)雖然網(wǎng)絡(luò)游戲市場(chǎng)現(xiàn)在一派繁榮，但是能持續(xù)多久卻是個(gè)未知數(shù)。后面一段接著又說(shuō)了這些公司應(yīng)該吸引這些玩家更久一點(diǎn)。結(jié)合起來(lái)看，由此可以推斷出D選項(xiàng)符合題意。A項(xiàng)就是原文的字面意思，B項(xiàng)也是字面意思，可以從兒童和玩具的例子中得出，C項(xiàng)并不能推斷出來(lái)，因?yàn)樵�文并未有提及任何解決方案，只是說(shuō)明了會(huì)存在的問(wèn)題。

    35. 「答案」 A.

    本句為第五段的第一句，那么this sort of肯定是承前指代，即指代第四段的內(nèi)容，也就是虛擬交易，虛擬物品，虛擬貨幣等內(nèi)容，沒(méi)有使用真實(shí)貨幣即進(jìn)行了交易，結(jié)合選項(xiàng)可知A項(xiàng)比較符合，B和C都沒(méi)有提及，而D項(xiàng)說(shuō)人們?cè)诰W(wǎng)絡(luò)世界里購(gòu)物都是不為他人所知的，運(yùn)用常識(shí)判斷，可以得知其并不完全符合實(shí)際情況。

    「難句聚焦」

    1. Not a hit with advertisers， these online worlds earn most of their money from the sale of virtual goods， such as items to spruce up an avatar or a private room.

    「分析」主體結(jié)構(gòu)為these online worlds earn most of their money from the sale of virtual goods.Not a hit with advertisers為狀語(yǔ)，such as作the sale of virtual goods的同位語(yǔ)。

    2. Running such a virtual economy is not easy， which is why Gaia has hired a full-time economist to grapple with problems that are well known in the real world， such as inflation and an unequal distribution of wealth.

    「分析」主體結(jié)構(gòu)為Running such a virtual economy is not easy，動(dòng)詞ing形式作主語(yǔ)，后面跟一個(gè)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。在這個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句里，why作關(guān)系副詞，其后的that引導(dǎo)一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句。

    「譯海拾貝」

    還記得“第二人生”嗎，那個(gè)曾經(jīng)被認(rèn)為將會(huì)與現(xiàn)實(shí)生活同樣重要的虛擬世界？但現(xiàn)在，其同時(shí)在線(xiàn)人數(shù)比較多不超過(guò)8萬(wàn)4千人，極好地證明了網(wǎng)絡(luò)流行到底有多短命。如果說(shuō)許多成年人看起來(lái)好像已經(jīng)脫離了虛擬世界，那么那些能夠迎合兒童和青少年的虛擬世界卻正在興盛起來(lái)。它們中的有些甚至已經(jīng)找到了生財(cái)之道。

    在美國(guó)，將近有一千萬(wàn)的兒童和青少年定期訪(fǎng)問(wèn)各種網(wǎng)絡(luò)游戲，一個(gè)名為eMarketer的市場(chǎng)調(diào)查公司估計(jì)，到2013年該人數(shù)將上升至一千五百萬(wàn)人。根據(jù)EDM（Engage Digital Media，一個(gè)市場(chǎng)調(diào)研公司）的統(tǒng)計(jì)，截至今年1月，已經(jīng)有112個(gè)虛擬社區(qū)是為18歲（含）以下青少年設(shè)計(jì)的，同時(shí)，另外81個(gè)正在開(kāi)發(fā)中。

    這些游戲合起來(lái)可以滿(mǎn)足各種年齡層和各種不同口味的群體的偏好。在企鵝俱樂(lè)部（Club Penguin，游戲市場(chǎng)的領(lǐng)先者，于2007年被迪斯尼以7億美元的高價(jià)收購(gòu)）那款游戲里，小學(xué)生們能夠扮演企鵝，裝備他們自己的小冰屋，玩各種各樣的游戲。哈伯旅館（Habbo Hotel），來(lái)自于芬蘭的線(xiàn)上服務(wù)，成為了全球青少年聚集的巢穴。利用這項(xiàng)服務(wù)，青少年們可以定制自己的房間，也能夠參與到公共事件中去。誕生于硅谷的Gaia Online也提供了相似的游戲，但是它的用戶(hù)群集中在年齡稍大的青少年中，他們往往非常熱愛(ài)動(dòng)漫。

    然而這些游戲并不需要廣告宣傳，主要靠銷(xiāo)售虛擬的物品來(lái)盈利，比如用于裝扮虛擬人物或個(gè)人房間的物品。它們往往用虛擬貨幣支付，這些貨幣可以通過(guò)參與豐富多彩的活動(dòng)、虛擬交易和付出真實(shí)美元來(lái)獲得。

    這種隱匿負(fù)擔(dān)的方式似乎很有效果。Gaia Online的總裁克雷格。謝爾曼表示，用戶(hù)們每月在虛擬物品上的花費(fèi)超過(guò)一百萬(wàn)美元。但經(jīng)營(yíng)這樣一個(gè)虛擬經(jīng)濟(jì)并不容易，這也是為什么Gaia會(huì)聘請(qǐng)全職的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家來(lái)處理各種在現(xiàn)實(shí)世界中都會(huì)遇到的問(wèn)題，比如通貨膨脹和財(cái)富分配不均。

    當(dāng)然，許多制約因素都能夠抑制青少年虛擬游戲的增長(zhǎng)，但主要的壓力來(lái)自父母。很多家長(zhǎng)都不愿意他們的孩子游弋于虛擬世界中，一方面是因?yàn)檫@些游戲過(guò)于商業(yè)化，另一方面他們覺(jué)得太危險(xiǎn)。讓這些游戲環(huán)境變得安全是一件十分燒錢(qián)的事情，因?yàn)樗鼈兊倪\(yùn)營(yíng)商不得不雇傭真人來(lái)管理自己建立起來(lái)的王國(guó)。

    風(fēng)險(xiǎn)資本公司Accel Partners的西門(mén)。萊文表示，年輕人是一群讓人捉摸不定者，就像兒童對(duì)玩具喜新厭舊一般，他們常常不用告別就很容易變換自己主攻的游戲世界或者社交網(wǎng)絡(luò)。

    即使是這樣，eMarketer公司的分析師Debra Aho Williamson認(rèn)為“這些虛擬社區(qū)為三維網(wǎng)絡(luò)奠定了基礎(chǔ)”。如果那些迄今為止只能夠抓住核心用戶(hù)的成人虛擬游戲還能夠再堅(jiān)持幾年的話(huà)，它們也許還能迎來(lái)自己的第二春吧。

    隱匿負(fù)擔(dān)：直譯的詞，是指利用不讓人們接觸紙幣的方式來(lái)完成交易，從而鼓勵(lì)多消費(fèi)，典型的例子是信用卡。其心理學(xué)依據(jù)是，當(dāng)人們進(jìn)行交易時(shí)，如果手能夠親自接觸通貨，人們會(huì)產(chǎn)生惜買(mǎi)的情緒。

    Text 4

    「先睹為快」

    36. C 37. D 38. C 39. B 40. A

    「答案透析」

    36. 「答案」 C.

    題目要求找出和新福利方案不符合的一項(xiàng)，關(guān)于A在第二段有所提及，是MTV為自己辯護(hù)的證據(jù)；B在全文中都有體現(xiàn)，第一段工人罷工的原因就是自由職業(yè)者不能和正式員工享受一樣的福利；選項(xiàng)C在文章的第三段提到，雖然一開(kāi)始計(jì)劃改變后是這樣規(guī)定的，但因職員的抗議，公司又重新恢復(fù)了401方案，只要從三月份以來(lái)一直在工作的員工就可以享受新的福利方案。選項(xiàng)D，全文中各個(gè)段落都提到了這一點(diǎn)。因此，只有C是符合題意的。

    37. 「答案」 D.

    題目說(shuō)從“公司在互相較勁看誰(shuí)能提供比較普通的醫(yī)療保健保險(xiǎn)”這句我們可以得到什么信息，首先要注意mediocre是個(gè)貶義詞，那么most mediocre，其意思也就是說(shuō)看誰(shuí)提供的醫(yī)療健康保險(xiǎn)比較少，覆蓋范圍比較小，比較能節(jié)省成本，也就是說(shuō)大家都不提供適當(dāng)?shù)慕】滇t(yī)療保險(xiǎn)。再來(lái)看選項(xiàng)，A說(shuō)已經(jīng)成為了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，這顯然是不正確的；B說(shuō)提供醫(yī)療健康保險(xiǎn)較低的在行業(yè)評(píng)分中會(huì)被降級(jí)，這在文中完全沒(méi)有提及；C項(xiàng)說(shuō)有些公司用基本的健康醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)作為招聘的一項(xiàng)優(yōu)勢(shì)，這并未提及；D項(xiàng)說(shuō)公司大都不提供適當(dāng)?shù)慕】滇t(yī)療保險(xiǎn)，這符合文意，故D項(xiàng)符合題意。

    38. 「答案」 C.

    首先看到reinstate這個(gè)詞是由re開(kāi)頭的，因此這個(gè)單詞應(yīng)該有“重復(fù)”或者“重新”的意思。有了這個(gè)前提，再結(jié)合上下文來(lái)看，401方案取消后，員工進(jìn)行了抗議，因此MTV對(duì)該方案采取了一定行動(dòng)。可以推測(cè)，是一種公司緩和氣氛而作的努力，那么應(yīng)該是恢復(fù)了該方案。答案為C.選項(xiàng)A，redesign重新設(shè)計(jì)，也即推翻重來(lái)，但文中是說(shuō)恢復(fù)實(shí)施，故A不正確。B項(xiàng)repair，修理，與后面的賓語(yǔ)不搭配，故不選。D項(xiàng)reset，重新設(shè)置，也有推翻重來(lái)的意思，故也不符合文意。

    39. 「答案」 B.

    第五段中提到，目前工資薪水冊(cè)上有多少自由職員還不清楚，一位MTV網(wǎng)絡(luò)發(fā)言人聲稱(chēng)是因?yàn)檫@個(gè)數(shù)字全年都來(lái)回波動(dòng)，這很明顯是一個(gè)托辭，因?yàn)槊考夜�司都�?huì)有其各種人員的登記，要掌握具體的數(shù)據(jù)并不困難。只是公布該數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)公司不利，因?yàn)檫@會(huì)暴露公司自知其擁有大量的自由職員，因此公司不想讓外人知道這些數(shù)據(jù)，以便于在這場(chǎng)罷工斗爭(zhēng)中爭(zhēng)取有利形勢(shì)。因此B為正確答案。A項(xiàng)僅僅是其表面宣稱(chēng)的原因，并不如B項(xiàng)有說(shuō)服力。C項(xiàng)無(wú)從得知，而D選項(xiàng)可能是其公司的一貫態(tài)度，因而也可以作為原因，但是與B項(xiàng)相比，D項(xiàng)只是一種手段，B項(xiàng)才是真正的原因。

    40. 「答案」 A.

    A項(xiàng)說(shuō)政府部門(mén)會(huì)介入，而文中僅提及了美國(guó)作家協(xié)會(huì)，這并非政府部門(mén)，故不符合文意。B項(xiàng)說(shuō)罷工仍會(huì)繼續(xù)，而工會(huì)會(huì)介入，這在比較后一段可以找到對(duì)應(yīng)表述。C項(xiàng)說(shuō)公司決定和自由職業(yè)者妥協(xié)，這可以從公司恢復(fù)401計(jì)劃判斷出來(lái)。D項(xiàng)說(shuō)有些自由職業(yè)者已經(jīng)告了Viacom，這在比較后一段也有相關(guān)表述，故選擇A.

    「難句聚焦」

    1. Waving signs that read“Shame on Viacom，” the workers， most of them in their 20s， demanded that MTV Networks reverse a plan to reduce health and dental benefits for freelancers beginning on Jan. 1st.

    「分析」主體結(jié)構(gòu)為T(mén)he workers demanded that…。這是一個(gè)復(fù)合句，前面的現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作為主語(yǔ)的伴隨狀語(yǔ)；most of them in their 20s是主語(yǔ)的修飾語(yǔ)；謂語(yǔ)demand后是一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句，在該從句中，beginning on Jan 1st是一個(gè)現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作a plan的定語(yǔ)。

    2. While that eased previous eligibility rules， which required freelancers to work for 52 weeks before becoming eligible， it would have required all freelancers not yet eligible for benefits to start the waiting period over again on Jan. 1st.

    「分析」主體結(jié)構(gòu)為While that eased… it would have…。這是一個(gè)并列句，前半分句中有一個(gè)which引導(dǎo)的非限定定語(yǔ)從句修飾previous eligibility rules，后半分句中not yet eligible for benefits是后置定語(yǔ)用來(lái)修飾all freelancers.

    「譯海拾貝」

    昨天下午，MTV網(wǎng)絡(luò)的許多工人進(jìn)行罷工，他們站滿(mǎn)了其上級(jí)公司Viacom總部外的人行道，抗議比較近福利方面的變化。這次罷工突出反映了有時(shí)被稱(chēng)為永久的自由職業(yè)者的這么一類(lèi)工人的憂(yōu)慮：他們和全職員工一樣工作，但是卻得不到同樣的福利。

    這些工人大多數(shù)都是二十多歲，他們手中揮舞著寫(xiě)有“Viacom無(wú)恥”的標(biāo)語(yǔ)，要求MTV網(wǎng)絡(luò)收回于1月1日開(kāi)始實(shí)施的減少自由職業(yè)者健康和牙齒醫(yī)療方面福利的計(jì)劃。MTV網(wǎng)絡(luò)提到其全職員工的福利計(jì)劃也發(fā)生了一些變化，并且強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)自由職業(yè)者的福利計(jì)劃在本行業(yè)來(lái)說(shuō)還是有一定優(yōu)勢(shì)的。許多自由職業(yè)者沒(méi)有任何的公司福利。但是一些抗議者聲稱(chēng)公司在互相較勁看誰(shuí)能提供比較普通的醫(yī)療保健保險(xiǎn)。在Nickelodeon工作的Matthew Yonda手持的標(biāo)語(yǔ)將該網(wǎng)絡(luò)叫做“惡心的elodeon”。“我三年來(lái)每天都在這里工作——我不是自由職業(yè)者”，Yonda說(shuō)，“他們叫我們自由職業(yè)者，目的就是不讓我們享受和正式員工一樣的福利待遇。”

    福利待遇變化是上周二公布的，自由職業(yè)者被告知他們將從1月起，工作160天后才能有資格享受福利。雖然這樣一來(lái)放寬了以前的資格規(guī)定（該規(guī)定要求自由職業(yè)者在成為合格人員前必須工作52周），但卻要求所有還未有資格享受福利的自由職業(yè)者從1月1日重新開(kāi)始計(jì)算等待期。401（k）計(jì)劃也被取消了。星期四，MTV網(wǎng)絡(luò)在收到申訴后又恢復(fù)了401（k）計(jì)劃，宣布從三月以來(lái)就一直工作的自由職業(yè)者將有資格享受福利。

    媒體網(wǎng)Gawker上一系列的博客公告更是火上加油（第一篇公告標(biāo)題為“Viacom的永久自由職業(yè)者奴隸體系”），一群組織松散的自由職業(yè)者上周做了抗議張貼物并散發(fā)罷工傳單。Caroline O'Hare 是曾在MTV工作過(guò)兩年多的部門(mén)經(jīng)理，她說(shuō)這個(gè)新的健康保障計(jì)劃——有更高的扣除條款，并設(shè)定了每年醫(yī)療花費(fèi)2000美元的比較高限額——已經(jīng)引起了公憤。“他們覺(jué)得可以對(duì)待我們像對(duì)待沒(méi)有家庭、抵押和退休夢(mèng)想的孩子一樣。”她這樣說(shuō)。

    在Viacom總部外，幾個(gè)工人手中的條幅這樣寫(xiě)著：“我們?nèi)藬?shù)眾多，不容忽視。”還不清楚到底有多少自由職業(yè)者劃入該公司的薪水冊(cè)中，MTV網(wǎng)絡(luò)一位女發(fā)言人聲稱(chēng)由于一年中這個(gè)數(shù)字時(shí)高時(shí)低，所以現(xiàn)在這個(gè)數(shù)字還不能確定。該公司除自由職業(yè)者外，在全世界有5500名全職員工。

    兩個(gè)自由職業(yè)者和一個(gè)全職員工估計(jì)在某些部門(mén)自由職業(yè)者的比例超過(guò)75%，這三個(gè)人因害怕被公司報(bào)復(fù)而要求不公開(kāi)他們身份。另外一項(xiàng)勞動(dòng)訴訟可能將于本周晚些時(shí)候在Viacom外進(jìn)行。已經(jīng)罷工五周的美國(guó)作家協(xié)會(huì)的成員，有望于周四在此當(dāng)糾察員。

    Part B

    「先睹為快」

    41. G 42. D 43. E 44. B 45. C

    「文章大意」

    地球上曾經(jīng)有過(guò)的動(dòng)物中，有很多我們已無(wú)緣再見(jiàn)，只有通過(guò)化石我們才能對(duì)那些已消失的動(dòng)物稍有了解。能夠留下化石的動(dòng)物一般都生活在水邊，例如河、湖、海洋等。在化石中發(fā)現(xiàn)的比較早的動(dòng)物的結(jié)構(gòu)都很簡(jiǎn)單，后來(lái)出現(xiàn)了結(jié)構(gòu)較復(fù)雜的魚(yú)類(lèi)，它們長(zhǎng)有脊椎骨，還有貝類(lèi)等甲殼動(dòng)物，再接著就是兩棲動(dòng)物和爬行動(dòng)物，再后來(lái)是哺乳動(dòng)物，其中一些比較后期的化石，在原始人的巖畫(huà)上我們已經(jīng)可以看到。

    「答案透析」

    41. 「答案」 G.

    前面說(shuō)人類(lèi)出現(xiàn)之前很多動(dòng)物生命形態(tài)都滅絕了，但是它們身體的骨骼等組成部分卻保存在化石里。而后面則說(shuō)此類(lèi)巖石能告訴我們不少信息，那么可以判斷中間這一部分應(yīng)當(dāng)也是在說(shuō)明有關(guān)化石的內(nèi)容，而且是我們從化石中可以獲得什么內(nèi)容，故可以選擇出G.

    42. 「答案」D.

    前面說(shuō)了水生動(dòng)物化石的形成過(guò)程，后面說(shuō)我們就會(huì)知道有很多類(lèi)的哺乳動(dòng)物和鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)之類(lèi)，因此中間應(yīng)該繼續(xù)化石形成的討論，故可以選擇D.

    43. 「答案」 E.

    后一句講到了later forms are more complex，那么這必然是與前一句中所述內(nèi)容進(jìn)行比較，結(jié)合選項(xiàng)，可以判斷出選項(xiàng)E正確，因?yàn)镋中講述了早期的一些化石。

    44. 「答案」 B.

    這一段在說(shuō)動(dòng)物的進(jìn)化，魚(yú)類(lèi)——兩棲動(dòng)物，那么之后按照進(jìn)化順序，就應(yīng)該是爬行動(dòng)物，再是哺乳動(dòng)物。結(jié)合選項(xiàng)，B比較合適。

    45. 「答案」 C.

    接上文講爬行動(dòng)物的時(shí)代終結(jié)，之后便是哺乳動(dòng)物，那么選項(xiàng)中講哺乳動(dòng)物的C便為正確選項(xiàng)。

    Part C

    46. In the second half of the 20th century， world output of corn， wheat and cereal crops more than tripled. Yet there is not enough to feed the rich， the aspirational and the poor in the world. A golden age has been transformed quite suddenly into a global crisis.

    「分析」 more than在這里做副詞。aspiration是指渴望，熱切希望，那么句中包含在rich和poor之間，the aspirational則可以譯為朝著中產(chǎn)階級(jí)奮斗的人們。the poor譯為窮苦的人。

    「譯文」20世紀(jì)下半葉，世界玉米、小麥以及谷物產(chǎn)量增長(zhǎng)三倍多，可是仍不足以養(yǎng)活全世界人民，包括富人、窮人以及那些正努力朝著中產(chǎn)階級(jí)奮斗的人們。黃金時(shí)代突然演變成了全球性危機(jī)。

    47. A combination of these factors， he says， will ultimately force a complete rethinking of the way we make food.

    「分析」主體結(jié)構(gòu)是combination will force a rethinking.the way后面是一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句。

    「譯文」這些因素合在一起，他說(shuō)，將比較終迫使我們重新思考我們的糧食生產(chǎn)方式。

    48. Water was also plentiful — it takes 1，000 tonnes of water to produce a tonne of grain — and an ingenious process known as Haber-Bosch makes synthetic nitrogen fertiliser easily available to grain farmers.

    「分析」 復(fù)合句。Water was plentiful 和 process makes fertiliser…。破折號(hào)中間的為插入語(yǔ)，known as 作定語(yǔ)修飾process，easily后面作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。

    「譯文」水資源也比較充足——盡管生產(chǎn)一噸糧食就需要1000噸水——而且利用哈伯博施法的發(fā)明，使得農(nóng)民們可以獲得廉價(jià)的氮肥。

    49. Eating organic product could be a partial solution， although one study suggests that the cost of avoiding intensive farm chemicals would mean a 31% increase in food prices.

    「分析」復(fù)合句。although引導(dǎo)一個(gè)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，其中that引導(dǎo)一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句。

    「譯文」進(jìn)食有機(jī)食物或許能在一定程度上解決問(wèn)題，可一項(xiàng)研究表明，如果要避免大量使用農(nóng)業(yè)化學(xué)肥料，糧食價(jià)格將要上漲31%.

    50. Fashionably， Mr.  Roberts believes that a local system based on easily obtainable seasonal foods that do not need to be transported huge distances would form part of a solution.

    「分析」第一個(gè)that后面整個(gè)句子是一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句，即Mr.  Roberts believes that…，這個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句的主體結(jié)構(gòu)是a local system would form…，based on…為 system的定語(yǔ)，其中嵌套that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾seasonal foods.

    「譯文」按照普遍的觀點(diǎn)，Roberts認(rèn)為建立一種以容易獲取的應(yīng)季食物為基礎(chǔ)的本地體系，以使食物不需要長(zhǎng)距離運(yùn)輸，將會(huì)是解決方案的一部分。

    Section IIIWriting

    Part A

    Dear John，

    I am really happy that you can make this visit to our city. After all these years of correspondence， I cannot wait to see you， to hear your narration of your life in your city， and to discuss all those unfinished topics. However， I regret to inform you that I will not be able to meet you at the airport on time.

    The reason is that your flight will arrive early in the morning， and the most probable time I can make to the airport will be around an hour after your scheduled landing. So would you please wait for me in the arrival lounge after you pick up your luggage？ You may have a cup of coffee in the café there.

    By the way， as we have never met I must tell you how to identify me in the crowd： I will wear a blue and white stripes polo shirt， blue jeans， and a white baseball hat. Moreover I will have a piece of China Daily at hands.

    Hope we can meet soon.

    Sincerely yours，

    Roger

    Part B

    Groups of bees work together to produce honey. Their great efforts are unselfish， as all the honey they have produced is for an entire group rather than a single individual. The drawing above suggests that people should selflessly dedicate themselves to their community as a whole. This spirit of dedication requires faith. Selfless hard work is the embodiment of responsibility and strength.

    The health of nations requires a spirit of devotion. Chinese teachers， doctors and athletes who all work for the benefit of their country， for example， are devoting themselves regardless of fame or fortune. They are dedicated to the society they live in. No matter what type of job one holds， one should work hard and earnestly to improve one's community.

    The results of dedication， however， depend not only on one's willingness to give but also on one's ability. If you are enthusiastic about devoting yourself to your country， but do not have the skills it takes to do so， you cannot effect many changes. The more competent one is， the greater one's contribution will be. Therefore， it is essential that students focus on their studies and enhance their skills in order to properly give back to society.